Dermoid cyst causes. Dermoid ovarian cyst: treatment, causes, symptoms, signs, photos

Dermoid cyst - a neoplasm of a benign nature, consisting of hair, dermis. In some patients, the size of the focus capsule can reach five centimeters. The neoplasm consists of one or more chambers. Inside are keratinized skin flakes, hair and greasy white mass. If the removal of the dermoid cyst is not carried out in time, the focus may degenerate into cancerous tumor(occurs in 8% of cases).

It must be said that such a cyst in a newborn develops in the area of \u200b\u200b"gill" slits:

on the head - may appear on the neck, affect the eyes, mouth, nasolabial triangle, ears, nape;
in the brain - is extremely rare.

In children, the neoplasm cannot be large, because the focus is detected in the first year of life.

Etiology

A dermoid cyst forms during puberty and grows from birth. The tumor develops slowly, without showing symptoms, as a result of which the focus is not diagnosed for many years.

The exact cause of the problem has not been established. As with other congenital pathologies, a neoplasm develops as a result of a violation of embryogenesis.

Other reasons for the development of a benign capsule:

trauma during pregnancy;
transferred teratogenic infectious diseases during pregnancy;
use of prohibited medicines during the period of gestation;
chromosomal or genetic mutations.

The main reason is improper tissue fusion during puberty. main reason called a congenital malformation.

Classification

In medicine, education is divided depending on localization:

ovarian formation is the most common area of development;
dermoid cyst on the face - the affected area can be different (dermoid cyst of the ocular conjunctiva, dermoid cyst on the eye, dermoid cyst of the eyelid, superciliary arch, cyst on the lip);
focus on the back;
dermoid cyst on the coccyx;
dermoid revealed;
dermoid cyst on the head;
dermoid cyst of the mediastinum;
dermoid cyst of the floor of the mouth;
dermoid cyst found in the kidney;
cyst thyroid gland;
cystic tumor inside the skull and other varieties.

Very rarely, a focus is diagnosed in areas such as temporal, chewing and buccal.

In addition to the location, the neoplasm is distinguished by its consistency: soft or dense.

Symptoms

Signs of the development of dermoid pathology are the same as with the appearance of any benign formation - as a rule, almost no symptoms appear. With a severe form of development, there will still be signs of a tumor.

For example, with a strong proliferation of cystic ovarian formation, a woman will experience the following symptoms:

heaviness at the bottom abdominal cavity;
violation of the process of urination;
pain in the abdomen;

Dermoid formations, if they begin to grow, do not stop growing. Their development is very slow, but constant. Medications it is impossible to get rid of the foci. There is only one method of treatment - surgery. If neoplasms are not removed, inflammation of nearby organs may develop. Tumors can turn into cancer.

Diagnostics

Pathology can be diagnosed during a routine examination. An experienced doctor will make a correct diagnosis without much difficulty. In addition to the physical examination of the patient, various diagnostic procedures are prescribed:

ultrasound - will help clarify the nature of education;
CT scan;
Magnetic resonance imaging.

First, an ultrasound is ordered. If, according to the results of the procedure, the doctor was unable to make an accurate diagnosis, a CT or MRI is prescribed. If necessary, perform a puncture: the results of a histological examination will suggest a method of removal.

Treatment

The method of treatment of a dermoid cyst will be determined depending on the general condition of the patient, age, history and stage of development of the pathology.

The treatment of this kind of formation is the removal of the focus, because an inflammatory process can begin due to the tumor, malfunctions in the work of organs near the pathology after an increase in its size.

The most commonly used removal methods are:

laser excision;
laparoscopy of a dermoid cyst;
endoscopic method.

During the operation, the formation is opened, its contents are removed and the cavity is drained. After the fade inflammatory process the walls of the focus are removed - the operation takes no more than fifteen minutes. If the dermoid cyst is excised in a child, anesthesia is performed.

Resection is performed with minimal trauma. After removing the dermoid cyst, the doctor applies invisible cosmetic sutures. If you are "late" with the removal of the formation capsule, a relapse may occur.

With a strong inflammatory process, the abscess is opened and drained. In this case, it is possible to remove the formation only after the complete elimination of inflammation and wound healing.

Thanks to modern technologies, the patient can be discharged within two days after surgery. Any method of therapy gives a positive result: this is one of the safest operations.

Possible Complications

Dermoid formation grows very slowly, but the process does not stop for a minute. Recently, it has become more common to diagnose the degeneration of the focus into cancer. Malignancy occurs very quickly. For example, pathology in the small pelvis or in the abdominal cavity degenerates into a squamous oncological formation.

Complications include suppuration. Symptoms:

rise in temperature;
weakness;
- when the abscess ruptures, when the pus comes out of the focus to the outside.

In order to prevent negative consequences, it is necessary to consult a doctor if a pathology is detected. Subsequently, excision of the benign focus is performed.

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Diseases with similar symptoms:

It is no secret that in the body of every person with various processes, including the digestion of food, microorganisms are involved. Dysbacteriosis is a disease in which the ratio and composition of the microorganisms inhabiting the intestines are disturbed. This can lead to serious disorders of the stomach and intestines.

Intestinal obstruction is a severe pathological process, which is characterized by a violation of the process of release of substances from the intestine. This disease most often affects people who are vegetarians. There are dynamic and mechanical intestinal obstruction. If the first symptoms of the disease are detected, it is necessary to go to the surgeon. Only he can accurately prescribe treatment. Without timely medical attention, the patient may die.

A dermoid cyst occurs as a result of intrauterine development disorders. The disease is not dangerous for the patient, but in some cases it is better to remove the formation.

And now let's dwell on this in more detail.

What is a "dermoid ovarian cyst"?

A cyst is a pathological cavity in the tissues, which has a wall and contents. Often a cyst is found in women in the gynecological part. Approximately one fifth of the cyst in the ovary is represented by a dermoid cyst.

A dermoid cyst is not life-threatening, but must be removed if it grows in size. Its structure is not a hormone-dependent tumor, so the presence of this type of cyst does not lead to menstrual irregularities or problems with reproductive function. Malignant transformation occurs in only 1% of cases.

The fluid that accumulates inside the cyst is the secret that its walls produce. Specialists distinguish between functional cysts and true ones. The first arise as a result of any functional failure in the work of the body and may disappear on their own. True formations are more benign tumors and are removed only surgically.

What does a dermoid ovarian cyst look like with a photo

A dermoid cyst is also called a dermoid or teratoma. It has a round or oval shape. The walls of such an formation are thin, but strong enough.

In most cases, the dermoid cyst has only one chamber with fluid, but there are also multi-chamber formations. The internal fluid is thick and resembles mucus. It contains adipose tissue, bone and nerve tissue, sebaceous glands and even hair.

The dermoid cyst grows and develops very slowly. Some provoking factors can accelerate its formation, after which the size of the formation can reach 15 cm.

More often, cystic teratomas appear only in one of the ovaries; bilateral localization is rare. Usually this ovary is the right ovary, as it has a better blood supply and is larger.

The beginning of the growth of pathological formation falls on different age periods. Their range is very wide - from newborn to postmenopausal.

The first signs of a dermoid ovarian cyst

In the initial stages, the dermoid cyst and the presence of germinal tissue do not make themselves felt by any symptoms. As a rule, the accumulation of fluid is found by chance during an ultrasound examination for a completely different reason.

The formation of a cyst may be asymptomatic until the moment when its size becomes too large. As a rule, this occurs when it reaches 15 cm or more in diameter. A formation with a diameter of 5 cm reminds of itself with rare aching pains that can appear only in a certain position of the body.

When the teratoma begins to cause discomfort, the patient feels heaviness in the lower abdomen and fullness, soreness may appear. In this case, hormonal changes and menstrual irregularities do not occur.

Symptoms of a dermoid ovarian cyst

When the dermoid cyst becomes active and begins to grow in size, pressure on neighboring organs increases. squeezing Bladder and bowel leads to frequent urination, as well as constipation or diarrhea.

If the growth of a teratoma is accompanied by an inflammatory process, a woman's temperature rises, its values \u200b\u200bcan reach 39 degrees. At this stage, the disease cannot go unnoticed. Pain in the abdomen, and sometimes an increase in its size, force the patient to urgently consult a doctor. There are also violations of the general condition - weakness, nausea.

The leg on which the cyst rests can twist from the movement of the patient, as well as for some other reasons. This leads to a sharp deterioration in the woman's condition - there is a sharp pain in the peritoneum, a rise in temperature, irradiation of pain in the leg or rectum. Symptoms resemble acute peritonitis, which can indeed appear when the contents of the cyst are released due to a rupture of its membrane or fallopian tube.

The clinical picture of a large dermoid cyst is as follows:

pulling or sharp pains;
localization pain can migrate;
feeling of squeezing and bursting;
possible pain during urination, increased urge;
disruption of the intestines, which is manifested by both diarrhea and constipation;
an increase in the size of the abdomen below, which is clearly visible in women of thin build.

It happens that the symptomatology of the disease makes itself felt during pregnancy. The growing uterus compresses neighboring areas, due to which a teratoma of even a small size becomes palpable. During this period, it is usually detected during a routine ultrasound. With a small size of the pathological formation during pregnancy, it is not removed, and the treatment is carried out only after childbirth.

Due to the displacement of organs by the growing uterus, there is excessive pressure on the dermoid cyst. This leads to an increased likelihood of complications, in particular, rupture of the walls of the capsule or twisting of the leg and the formation of purulent contents. If the teratoma becomes dangerous, an urgent surgical intervention is performed, despite the presence of pregnancy.

Causes and prevention of dermoid ovarian cyst

The disease continues to be actively studied by specialists, and reliable causes of the occurrence of a dermoid cyst have not yet been identified. Presumably, the development of such formations is caused by a violation of tissue differentiation during the intrauterine development of the child. During a period of strong hormonal fluctuations (adolescence, menopause), new teratomas do not appear, but old ones increase in size. This suggests that hormonal changes are not the root cause of the disease.

When the process of formation of fetal tissues is disrupted, fragments of the embryonic tissue remain in the girl's ovary, from which the cyst then grows. Such tissues can be called universal, since they form during embryogenesis various bodies. They are made up of three layers:

ectoderm - the basis for the development of the skin, nervous tissue, intestines;
mesoderm - future bone and cartilage tissue, as well as muscles and blood vessels;
endoderm - from it the lungs, liver, and other organs are formed.

Due to the fact that the cyst is formed from the layers of the dermis, it is called dermoid. Now consider the causes which lead to its formation. This includes the reasons why the pathology of intrauterine development develops, as well as provoking factors that are the trigger.

Violation of embryogenesis can provoke the following reasons:

transferred infectious diseases during pregnancy;
alcohol, drugs, inhalation chemical substances, poisoning with various toxins;
severe stress, radioactive radiation, hypothermia or severe overheating.

Among the triggers for the development of cysts are:

hormonal surges;
diseases in the field of gynecology;
stress;
surgical interventions;
injuries in the peritoneal region.

There are no preventive measures regarding the occurrence of a dermoid cyst. Pathology is laid in prenatal period and is already present at the birth of a girl. However further development and the growth of education is preventable. These preventive measures include:

healthy lifestyle, exclusion of alcohol and smoking;
complete nutrition that will satisfy the body's need for all nutrients and trace elements;
regular examinations at the gynecologist, which will help to identify the onset of active cyst growth in time.

Diagnostics

A dermoid cyst can be detected by a gynecologist during a routine examination, as well as with the help of instrumental methods. The formation is easily palpated by a specialist with a two-handed gynecological examination. It can be felt in the form of an elastic movable ball, which does not cause pain to the patient (uncomplicated course) and is located laterally and anteriorly from the uterus.

The most informative in this case will be an ultrasound examination. It can be done with a transvaginal or abdominal probe. Ultrasonic Waves Detect Changes in ECHO Density internal organs and allow you to see the image of the cyst with its size, the thickness of the capsule and even the presence of inclusions. If after that the doctor cannot make an accurate diagnosis, the patient is given additional studies - computed or magnetic resonance imaging.

Differentiating a cyst with an ectopic pregnancy will allow a test to determine. In complicated cases, puncture or laparoscopy may be performed. A laboratory analysis for tumor markers is mandatory in order to exclude the malignant nature of the formation. Thus, the diagnosis includes the following studies:

gynecological examination by bimanual palpation;
MRI or CT;
pregnancy test;
laparoscopy;
determination of tumor markers.

In addition to the gynecologist, a surgeon and an oncologist can also take part in the diagnosis.

Treatment of a dermoid ovarian cyst

Conservative methods of exposure that could reduce the size of the dermoid cyst are unknown. Currently, the treatment is carried out only by surgery. Teratoma is not affected by medication, including those based on hormonal components.

Despite the popularity traditional medicine, in this case it is absolutely powerless. No herbs and animal products will give the desired effect. Doctors recommend that patients do not waste time preparing useless medicinal potions, but immediately seek qualified help. Delaying therapy or improper methods of influencing education can lead to complications and be life-threatening for the patient.

Preoperative preparation

An important stage of surgical intervention is preoperative preparation. In most cases, the cyst removal procedure is planned, so there is enough time for preparation. It includes:

A complete examination, which consists of a blood and urine test, a biochemical study, determining the level of sugar, blood type and Rh factor, coagulation patterns, a study for dangerous infections (syphilis, hepatitis, HIV). In addition, the woman takes a swab from the vagina.
Consultation of a general practitioner, gastroenterologist and dentist. Vachi may prescribe additional examinations if necessary.
Ultrasonography. Necessarily carried out before the operation to determine the exact size of the tumor and its location.
Conversation with the patient. It is the duty of the doctor to tell about the goals of the upcoming operation, how it will take place and how it can be dangerous. A woman should be fully informed about the possible complications and scope of manipulations. After clarification of all the details, the patient signs a written agreement.
Body preparation. A few days before the operation, anticoagulant drugs are canceled, and laxatives are prescribed the day before. An enema is given immediately before the operation. Eating is allowed later than 12 hours before the operation. These should be low-fat, easily digestible meals. Surgery should be scheduled during the first phase of the menstrual cycle to reduce the chance of bleeding.
thrombosis prevention. Thrombus formation is one of the most frequent complications of surgical manipulations. If a woman takes oral contraceptives, they are canceled a month before the planned operation. During the procedure itself, the lower limbs are bandaged with elastic bandages or are in special compression underwear.

Direct operation

The surgical approach is chosen by the surgeon. The decision is based on the characteristics of the disease, among which the following are relevant:

the presence of complications (torsion, purulent contents);
the location of the cyst;
benign or malignant nature of the formation;
the age of the patient;
the size of the teratoma;
stage and progress of the process.

Types of surgical interventions, among which the doctor chooses:

cystectomy. They try to remove the cyst completely, without violating the integrity of its capsule. The procedure is usually carried out with a small size of the formation, which has not grown deep into the tissues of the fallopian tube. Recommended for young women who plan to become pregnant in the future.
Resection of the ovary. The procedure is performed if the cyst has damaged part of the ovary. In this case, not only the formation itself is excised, but also part of the gland. Functions of the ovary, including reproductive, are restored after the operation.
Ovariectomy. The affected ovary is removed completely. Usually, this operation is done for women who no longer plan pregnancy or are in menopausal age.

In the vast majority of cases, operations are performed laparoscopically. Laparotomy is rarely needed. This reduces the risk of complications and shortens the recovery period.

Postoperative period

After laparotomy, the patient is allowed to get up the next day. With laparoscopy, this period is reduced to several hours. In the absence of complications, women are discharged for 5-10 days. During this period, drug therapy is carried out, which includes:

antibiotics to prevent inflammation and infection;
immunomodulators (if necessary);
vitamins to restore ovarian function;
anti-inflammatory drugs - help prevent inflammation and reduce pain;
hormonal contraceptives - for those who are planning a pregnancy. The drugs provide protection against unwanted pregnancy and give the ovaries time to recover.

Dermoid cyst is hollow benign formation, which is a dense capsule, with contents from particles of the dermis, hair, sebaceous elements. The size of the build-up can vary from 2 to 200 mm. Teratodermoid cyst is not amenable to classical therapy and folk ways It can only be removed surgically.

Symptoms of a dermoid cyst

Symptoms of a dermoid cyst, regardless of its localization, are characterized by an implicit character, they practically do not manifest themselves, since they develop slowly. Clinical manifestations occur when the size of the neoplasm exceeds 5-10 cm and begins to put pressure on nearby organs, the growth becomes inflamed, and suppuration occurs. In some cases, visually, the symptoms manifest themselves as a cosmetic defect (a cyst with hair on the eye, a neoplasm on the head). In most cases, the growth is detected by chance or at the time of exacerbation.

Manifestations depend on the location of the formation:

Symptoms of a large-sized dermoid ovarian cyst put pressure on neighboring organs, which causes constant aching pain in the lower abdomen, tension in the peritoneum, and an increase in the abdomen. There is a violation of the intestines (constipation, diarrhea), a disorder of urinary processes (frequent urges, pain in the lower abdomen during urination). A complicated neoplasm with suppuration provokes a woman with severe pain in the ovarian region, fever. The danger of ovarian dermoid formations lies in the possibility of their malignancy, therefore, these formations require mandatory surgical intervention;
Large growths in the pararectal region compress the rectum, resulting in pain and difficulty in defecation. Due to pressure on the lumen of the rectum, the feces become flat, take on a ribbon-like shape;
Large dermoids of the middle sections of the chest cavity (mediastinum) begin to put pressure on the trachea, lungs, and pericardium. As a result, there is shortness of breath, regularly manifested tachycardia, cough, cyanosis of the skin.

Causes of a dermoid cyst

The neoplasm owes its formation to disorders that occur during the period of embryonic development. The main causes of a dermoid cyst include:

hormonal factor. The development of a neoplasm can be triggered by changes in the hormonal background during puberty, menopause;
Consequences of injury or bruising of the peritoneum.

Dermoid ovarian cyst - teratoma is a dense hollow formation, the contents of which consist of keratinized elements, particles of hair, bones, sebaceous and fatty inclusions. The main cause of neoplasms are embryonic anomalies. The development of education to visible sizes occurs at the stages of age-related changes in the hormonal background: menopause, puberty.

In most cases, a dermoid cyst of the right ovary is formed. This is due to the more active functioning of the right organ. Hormonal failures are reflected in the right-sided ovary more strongly. The dermoid cyst of the left ovary is rare, while the teratoma formed on the organ does not reach large sizes. Usually the largest volume of neoplasm is 6 cm.

Ovarian teratomas are subject to mandatory removal, since one of the consequences of this type of neoplasm is infertility.

The dermoid cyst on the eyebrow is a congenital pathology. This neoplasm is manifested by external deformation of the facial tissues and is determined at an early age. The development of education is asymptomatic, but manifests itself visually. The structure of the growth is dense with clear boundaries, painless and mobile. Pain syndrome occurs with the development of inflammation. With suppuration of the neoplasm, the surrounding skin becomes painful, the temperature rises, attacks of headache, nausea and weakness may occur.

Education must be removed surgically, since a hollow node can deform bone tissue, have a negative effect on the nasopharynx, and the brain.

The dermoid cyst of the eye is a benign cavity formation, in most cases of a congenital nature. The outgrowth is localized in the area of the upper eyelid, in the cornea, on the apple, sclera. The development of the formation is asymptomatic, but its increasing volumes can affect the reduction in the size of the eye, provoke visual impairment that cannot be corrected with lenses or glasses.

The formation is a dense capsule filled with contents from particles of the epidermis, hair follicles. Often, hair is visible on the surface of the outgrowth, which is why given education called "hairy cyst".

A dermoid cyst on the head is a hollow outgrowth containing elements of hair, dermis, and keratinized particles. Not characterized by a clear localization. It can form on the lips, eyelids, eyeballs, the back of the head and any area of the scalp, bridge of the nose, ears, in the nasolabial folds, in the oral cavity, nasopharynx. At the initial stage of development, it is asymptomatic, developing is clearly visualized.

Treatment is possible exclusively by surgery. Removal of the mass is not performed in children whose age is less than 5 years, since general anesthesia is used during the operation. The exceptions are cases when the neoplasm threatens the health and life of the child.

Diagnosis of a dermoid cyst

The complex of diagnostic measures combines:

Consultation of the attending physician: visual examination, palpation;
Ultrasound examination;
Magnetic resonance imaging;
Radiation computed tomography;
Analysis for tumor markers;
Histology.

Dermoid cyst on ultrasound

This type of examination allows you to accurately assess the condition of the affected organ, gives accurate information about the formation of the neoplasm. Ultrasound examination allows you to identify the localization of the dermoid, determine the volume, contents of the capsule, the effect of the neoplasm on neighboring organs. The dermoid cyst of the superciliary arch, as well as dermoids localized in other areas, are determined in real time (3D, 4D projections). Ultrasound is a necessary research method for differentiating a dermoid cyst of the perineum and mesenchymoma.

MRI

Differential diagnosis makes necessary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This type of examination is based on the effect of high frequency magnetic radiation on the area of interest. The task of the study is to obtain images of the neoplasm in different planes. The method is one of the most accurate and visualizes soft tissues and organs in detail. MRI allows you to determine the nature of the capsular contents, the location of the formation, the degree of impact on neighboring organs. It is the most important method of differential diagnosis (differentiation of the dermoid cyst of the upper eyelid from cerebral hernia, mucoceles). With magnetic resonance imaging (unlike CT), X-rays are not used, so this diagnostic method can be prescribed for the study of teratomas in children, the detection of a dermoid cyst during pregnancy.

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Radiation diagnosis is one of the most common forms of radiography. The results of computed tomography are the most informative. The procedure is carried out by exposure to x-rays on the area under study, which allows you to determine the nature of the development of the neoplasm. This procedure is an important method for the study of teratoma, since there is a minimal risk of degeneration of the dermoid into a malignant tumor.

Blood test for tumor markers

In some cases (ovarian dermoid nodes, neoplasms of the brain), to identify the nature of the contents, a CA 125 blood test is taken for tumor markers. For the study, a venous blood sample is taken. The study allows you to determine the presence and specificity of cancer cells.

Histology

In most cases, a histological examination is performed after surgery. Before surgery, the sampling of biomaterial (a fragment of the formation) is prescribed for ovarian formations.

Dermoid cyst treatment

The only way to treat dermoids is surgery. As a rule, operations are carried out at the age of 5-7 years and beyond. Surgical treatment of a dermoid cyst, depending on its location, can take place under local or general anesthesia. In most cases, the excision of the formation takes place without affecting healthy tissue areas, the complete elimination of the growth along with nearby tissues occurs to prevent complications.

If the size of the formation is small, the operation lasts no more than 30 minutes. Purulent neoplasms require complex manipulations consisting of several stages (surgical treatment of a dermoid cyst in the ovaries with extensive organ damage, brain dermoids).

During surgery, a cystic capsule is opened, its contents are extracted, and the cavity is drained in cases of suppuration. Complete excision is performed to prevent recurrence and complications.

Modern methods of surgical exposure have a low degree of traumatization of nearby healthy tissues, a short recovery period. The most common methods of surgical intervention include laparoscopy, laser exposure, endoscopy. Dermoid removal is one of the safest operations with a favorable outcome.

Dermoid cyst removal

One of the most common ways to remove a dermoid cyst, like other neoplasms, is laparoscopy. The method of surgical intervention has become widespread and popular due to its low trauma, effectiveness, short recovery period. Laparoscopic surgery is effective in removing teratomas of any size, even up to 15 cm.

When carrying out this type of surgical intervention, access to the dermoid is carried out through incisions of the minimum size (5-7 mm). The edges of the incisions practically do not bleed, due to the use of laser, ultrasonic, electrical instruments. This technology provides efficient and quick access to the damaged organ with simultaneous sealing of vessels along the edges of the incision. Postoperative sutures are almost invisible, completely disappear within 3 months.

The most effective laparoscopic removal of the dermoid cyst in the ovary. This operation allows, in most cases, to preserve the woman's childbearing function. Six months after the procedure, the patient is fertile.

Laparoscopy is not used for neoplasms in the brain area.

Features of surgery

It is possible to eliminate a neoplasm exclusively by surgery, the choice of the type of operation depends on many factors: age, location, size of the formation, the presence of chronic diseases, the patient's health status.

In most cases, surgery is performed upon reaching the age of 5 (not earlier), since from this age the child's body can tolerate not only local, but also general anesthesia.

When the dermoid is complicated by suppuration, its elimination is carried out after drug therapy, the task of which is to relieve inflammation and pain. Surgical intervention is possible at the stage of stable remission.

With uncomplicated, slowly developing neoplasms, removal is planned. The operation is performed by a standard surgical method or laparoscopy is used.

During the operation, a careful opening of the neoplasm takes place, the contents of the capsule and the walls of the cavity are removed. It is important to destroy all fragments of the dermoid in order to avoid relapses. Surgery is carried out within the formation, nearby healthy tissues are not affected. The duration of the operation depends on the site of localization, the degree of damage to the cyst and can last from 15 minutes to several hours.

Elimination of small dermoids localized in the coccyx or head does not require general anesthesia. General anesthesia is used in cases where surgery is scheduled little child(starting from the age of 5), since it is difficult for children to comply with the conditions of the operation.

Elimination of the dermoid is the only method of successful treatment of this type of cyst. Surgical intervention is mandatory in the development of a neoplasm, since there is a possibility of inflammation and suppuration of the cyst, disruption of the functioning of organs due to the growth of the formation, a small but existing possibility of malignancy.

Forecast and prevention

Dermoid cysts are congenital in nature, their root cause is anomalies in the development of the fetus in the embryonic period. Therefore, during pregnancy, you should adhere to the rules of a healthy lifestyle necessary for the normal formation of the baby. Proper nutrition and taking prescribed vitamin and mineral complexes, adequate physical activity, stabilization of the psycho-emotional background - all this minimizes the possibility of any disturbances in the development of the fetus.

With an already existing cyst of small size, strengthening the immune system and general healing of the body will help to prevent its development, according to the rules similar to expectant mothers: healthy eating, feasible physical activity, stable emotional condition, taking vitamin complexes if necessary.

It is necessary to undergo scheduled medical examinations. Such an attitude to one's health will allow one to identify and begin timely treatment of any disease in time. Dermoid detection on early stage, its excision will not affect the quality of life of the patient, but it can prevent possible complications.

Low tendency to malignancy, slow growth, high-quality removal of dermoid formation with modern surgical methods makes the prognosis very favorable.

Content

Dermoid ovarian cyst is a pathological growth formed from fragments of germinal tissue. characteristic feature the tumor serves as a specific content. Inside the formation, hair, teeth, nails, rudiments of fatty, bone tissues, and the secret of the sebaceous glands are found. In the literature, this type of disorder is called mature ovarian teratoma or dermoid.

A neoplasm occurs when the processes of embryo development are disturbed: a layer of cells of one of the germ layers enters places where it should not normally be. The reason why dermoid restructuring of the appendages occurs has not yet been clarified. However, increased cell growth is noted at the time of hormonal changes in the female body: puberty, pregnancy and lactation, menopause, taking hormonal drugs.

Dermoid ovarian cyst: micb code 10

According to the international classification of diseases, dermoid neoplasms are classified as non-inflammatory growths on the appendages and code N83.2. Mature cystic ovarian teratoma in its composition is mainly represented by developed tissues of the body, has a more favorable prognosis. An immature dermoid tumor with a predominance of undifferentiated structures needs to exclude malignant transformation.

Symptoms of a dermoid ovarian cyst

It is almost impossible to detect a small embryonic tumor. Dermoid transformation of the adnexa is considered the most asymptomatic type of benign adnexal tumors. On early stage diagnosis is possible only with the help of auxiliary methods of research on a random medical examination.

Important! Usually, a dermoid cyst of the right ovary is detected, which is laid in utero first and is more massively supplied with blood.

The occurrence of complaints during dermoid transformation is associated with the growth of education, the gradual replacement of healthy ovarian tissues and vascular compression. Upon reaching a large size (7-10 cm), the following symptoms of the tumor are noted:

pulling pains in the lower abdomen;
bursting, bloating, feeling of heaviness;
an increase in waist volume, a bulge may appear on the side of the lesion;
violation of the processes of urination, defecation.

Dermoid tumor can be complicated by suppuration, torsion of the leg. Capsule rupture rarely occurs due to sufficient film thickness. With the development of such complications, the patient's condition deteriorates sharply, a clinic of an acute abdomen is observed. Women need surgery.

Diagnostics

A dermoid cyst of the left ovary is detected at the time of a preventive examination, becomes an accidental finding when contacted for another issue. You can suspect and confirm the disease using the following procedures:

Detailed vaginal examination. A dermoid tumor is determined by palpation of the appendages as a round, smooth, dense, mobile structure.
The main method for establishing growths of the appendages is ultrasound. The study calculates the location, size of the tumor, the nature of the content, the presence of inflammation. In the duplex scanning mode, it is additionally possible to distinguish benign from malignant formations.
MRI can reliably detect pathology, which is regarded ambiguously according to the results of ultrasound. The dermoid cyst on MRI is visualized more accurately, the relationship of structures with neighboring organs, ligaments is determined.
Among laboratory tests, it will help to indicate the presence of a mature teratoma elevated levels tumor markers.

As an alternative technique, a dermoid tumor is determined using an abdominal x-ray: in the presence of bone content, the dermoid is clearly visible on the film. In emergency cases, the neoplasm is diagnosed intraoperatively using laparoscopy and histology.

Photo of a dermoid ovarian cyst

Dermoid tumor or teratoma literally translates as a terrible formation. This is due to the specific extremely unpleasant contents of the tumor.

Dermoid ovarian cyst ultrasound photo:

How often does a dermoid ovarian cyst become inflamed?

With the appearance of an increase in body temperature, chills, weakness, increased pain from the sides of the lesion, one should think about suppuration of the formation. A dermoid tumor does not become inflamed often. Usually, a complication overtakes patients with chronic diseases of the reproductive systems, if the doctor's instructions are not followed and infection is added.

How fast does a dermoid ovarian cyst grow?

It is believed that the teratodermoid ovarian cyst grows extremely slowly. Usually, it takes several years before the onset of unpleasant symptoms. However, due to the possibility of developing complications in the form of torsion of the leg, suppuration of the dermoid is recommended to be removed as soon as possible. There is always a risk of malignancy of a dermoid formation - the degeneration of cells from a benign growth into a malignant one.

Important! The dermoid cyst grows slowly, but the tumor does not regress, it constantly increases in size.

Contraindications

There are no absolute contraindications to laparoscopy of the dermoid. Intervention may be delayed if necessary. Laparoscopy of a dermoid ovarian cyst is postponed during pregnancy, in the case of a small formation that does not adversely affect the fetus, does not cause unpleasant symptoms. In other cases, one should not wait for the aggravation of the process, the dermoid tumor is removed.

Treatment

Dermoid tumor is treated exclusively by surgery. No medications affect the rate of development of education. Due to the likelihood of malignant degeneration, the development of complications, it is recommended to remove a dermoid ovarian cyst, even a small one. When teratomas are detected, laparoscopic excision of the focus is preferable.

Important! The volume of intervention depends on the size of the cyst, the neglect of the condition, the occurrence of complications. In severe cases, the ovary may need to be removed.

And the speed of progress.

Dermoid ovarian cyst occurs in more than 20% of cases among patients who have been diagnosed with a cyst.

Pathological formation does not affect the menstrual cycle and reproductive function, as it refers to hormonally inactive tumors. Dermoid lakisty tend to degenerate into a malignant process, which is a threat to a woman's life.

A dermoid ovarian cyst is a pathological formation of a benign ovarian tissue that occurs against the background of a violation of proliferation (the process of formation of new cell structures) and differentiation (cells of a certain morphology perform specific functions in the body).

A benign tumor develops an oval or round shape, has a smooth surface on the outside.

The maximum dimensions of the seal reach 13-15 cm, its cavity is filled with particles of the sebaceous and sweat glands, fat, hair, teeth, muscle and nervous tissue, in extremely rare cases, fragments of more complex organs, for example, eyes, may be present inside the capsule.

This is due to the fact that dermoid cysts are formed from germinal embryonic layers, which are stored in paired female endocrine glands in violation of cell differentiation.

Tumor formation of ovarian tissue in the ovary can occur both in young girls and girls of the reproductive period, and in older women.

Causes

The main causes of the appearance of a dermoid ovarian cyst remain unknown.

Scientists suggest a link between the formation of teratomas and the onset hormonal changes in the body in girls during puberty, in women during gestation and during menopause.

One of probable causes the occurrence of a benign neoplasm are injuries to the abdomen and pelvic organs.

The dermoid ovarian cyst is characterized by slow growth, often develops with right side. Among all cases of teratoma, degeneration into malignant tumors was recorded in 2-3%.

Symptoms

Symptoms at the beginning of tumor formation do not appear in any way. It is possible to identify a dermoid cyst only with a planned ultrasound examination of the pelvic region.

The clinical picture appears with an increase in education up to 8 cm or more.

The symptoms that occur appear as:

pain in the area below the navel;
feelings of heaviness in the lower abdomen;
severe pain during sexual intercourse;
disorders of the functioning of the organs of the urinary sphere;
violations of the act of defecation;
general weakness and lethargy;
increase in body temperature;
in the absence of timely treatment, twisting of the leg may occur, which causes the development of intense pain in the abdomen, followed by irradiation to the rectum and lower limbs (to the right or left - depending on the location of the tumor), the temperature rises to 39 degrees, there is a feeling of nausea, possible vomiting.

Diagnostics

The initial examination of a patient with suspected cystic formation of ovarian tissue begins with a recto-abdominal examination, which consists in probing the tumor at the same time through the vagina and rectum.

During the diagnostic procedure, a mobile, rounded neoplasm is revealed, the location of which is in front and to the side of the uterus.

On palpation, there is no pain in the area of education.

After a gynecological examination, instrumental and laboratory tests are prescribed:

transvaginal (examination of the pelvic organs is carried out using a special sensor that is inserted into the vagina) and transabdominal (through the abdominal wall of ultrasound - during the diagnosis, the dimensions of the seal, the thickness of its walls, the severity of the blood supply are determined, what the cavity is filled with);
if necessary, CT and MRI are performed;
with a pronounced clinical picture and large sizes, a puncture is also performed through the posterior fornix of the vagina;
testing for the tumor marker CA-125;
differential diagnosis is carried out.

After receiving the results and making a final diagnosis, the doctor prescribes a treatment regimen.

Treatment Methods

The dermoid cyst of the right ovary or the left, regardless of the size of the pathology, needs surgical treatment.

Due to the high probability of the degeneration of a benign process into a malignant one, it is necessary to remove the dermoid cyst exclusively through surgery, drug treatment does not bring the desired effect.

The volume of surgical intervention depends on many factors: the age category of the patient, the size of the formation, the rate of progression of the process and the clinical picture.

Emergency surgical intervention is required when inflammation or a complication in the form of twisting of the leg begins in the cyst.

Cyst surgery

In the course of surgical treatment, they seek to prevent rupture of the capsule and preserve the reproductive function of the woman.

The dermoid cyst of the left ovary and the right one is treated with one of the types of surgical interventions:

cystectomy - the removal of the tumor formation of the ovary is carried out while preserving the healthy tissue structures surrounding it;
resection - removal of the teratoma and part of the damaged organ;
oophorectomy - removal of the neoplasm together with the affected organ (used for the accumulation of purulent contents).

Laparoscopy

As a rule, the removal of a dermoid ovarian cyst is performed using laparoscopy.

The method is a low-traumatic operation, during which three small incisions are made in the abdomen for the introduction of special instruments.

With the help of sensors on the monitor, the state of the internal organs is visualized, respectively, all manipulations are fully controlled by the doctor.

After laparoscopy, there are practically no scars, the woman recovers quickly and returns to professional activities and the usual daily routine in a short time.

Laparotomy

Laparotomy is an operation during which an incision is made in the abdominal anterior wall.

Such an operation can cause serious complications in the form of bleeding, so it is performed quite rarely. In addition, large scars remain after the treatment, and the rehabilitation period can be delayed.

Complications

With untimely treatment, serious complications can develop, which as a result lead to infertility:

twisting of the leg;
inflammatory phenomena;
the appearance of purulent contents;
rupture of the capsule (complicated by internal bleeding and can be fatal).

Forecast

With early diagnosis and removal of cystic formation, a complete recovery occurs with the preservation of reproductive function.

Re-formation of teratomas is extremely rare. After surgical removal of the tumor, women should undergo an ultrasound once every six months.

If the teratoma was not removed in a timely manner, this can lead to the development of complications.

Even minor physical activity (squats, bends, jumps) can be provoking factors. In addition, unremoved formations can degenerate into cancer.

Prevention

The main preventive measure is a mandatory visit to the gynecologist once a year. You should also avoid injury to the abdomen and timely seek help for diseases of the organs of the female genital area.

Dermoid ovarian cyst and pregnancy

Diagnosing a tumor formation during pregnancy is of particular concern, women are worried about the impact the pathology will have on the fetus and its development.

The dermoid ovarian cyst does not affect the development of the fetus, the formation of its organs and systems, therefore, in this case, you should not worry.

However, pregnancy itself can cause complications. This happens as a result of the development of the embryo and the increase in the size of the uterus, it puts pressure on nearby organs, including the tumor.

This can lead to rupture of the capsule and the release of the contents into the abdominal organs.

Therefore, when a neoplasm is detected on early dates, which is rapidly progressing, surgical treatment is performed (up to and including the 16th week of pregnancy).

With a small size of teratoma without the manifestation of clinical signs, the operation is performed after childbirth.

Throughout the entire period of gestation, a woman is under the close supervision of an obstetrician-gynecologist.

In the absence of timely therapy, cystic ovarian formations can cause not only infertility, but also internal bleeding, which complicates further treatment, which will be to save the patient's life.

Therefore, preventive examinations by a gynecologist should not be neglected.