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Slides captions:
Plant tissues of the Municipal Educational Institution "Poksheng Basic School No. 21" Bogdanova L.V. 2010
Tissue is a group of cells that are similar in structure, function and have a common origin.
Intercellular spaces are spaces between cells in a tissue. Thick fabric Loose fabric
Plant tissue educational mechanical integumentary conductive basic
Educational tissue Cells are young, capable of dividing, tightly adjacent to each other
Educational tissue Provides plant growth
Main tissue Cells are old, have large vacuoles. Often the cells are located loosely, i.e. between the cells there are large intercellular spaces filled with air.
Basic Tissue Cells photosynthetic tissue contain chloroplasts Function: Creation and accumulation of substances
Integumentary tissue The cells are closely adjacent to each other. Cell membranes are often impregnated with cork
Integumentary tissue Peel Cork Protects from adverse environmental conditions
Conductive tissues Wood (vessels) The cells are dead, the transverse membranes between them are destroyed. The whole vessel is impregnated with cork substance Conducts water with dissolved minerals from the root to other organs (upward current)
Conductive tissues Lub (sieve tubes) Live, old cells, membranes are pierced with holes, there are channels in the cytoplasm Conducts water with dissolved organic substances from the leaf to other organs (downward current)
Mechanical tissue Cells dead, narrow, long (fibers), membranes impregnated with cork Stony cells Fibers
Mechanical tissue Gives strength and elasticity to organs (plant frame)
lower skin (integumentary tissue) upper skin (integumentary tissue) underlying tissue (with chloroplasts) mechanical tissue (fibers) conductive tissues (bast and wood) Cross-section of a leaf
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
The concept of transshipment and plant transplantation. The meaning and methods of transshipment of a houseplant. Selection of flower pots for transshipment plants.
The teacher introduces the children to the method of plant transplantation, called transshipment. With this method of transplantation, the root structure of the transplanted plant is not disturbed and the earthen bed is not damaged.
Mechanical
Integumentary
Conductive
Types of plant tissues
Main
educational
educational fabric
- a group of identical cells
intensively dividing, preserving
physiological activity throughout
throughout life and providing continuous
increase in plant weight.
shoot apex growth cone
Root growth zone
Cambium
Integumentary tissues
- outer tissues of the plant that protect
his organs from drying out, actions
high and low temperatures, mechanical
damage and other adverse
environmental influences.
onion peel
Leaf peel
Drawing. The structure of the periderm
Periderm (A), appearance lentils (B), lentils on a cross section of a branch (C): 1 - remnants of the epidermis, 2 - cork (phellem), 3 - phellogen (cork cambium), 4 - living cells deposited by the cork cambium inside (phelloderm), 5 - lentils, 6 - loosely arranged cells
Birch periderm (birch bark)
birch bark
Drawing. The structure of the crust:
1 - periderm, 2 - fibers (mechanical tissue), 3 - remnants of the primary cortex, 4 - secondary cortex, 5 - calcium oxalate drusen.
Mechanical cloth
- support fabric for strength
plant organism.
Wood and bast fibers
Collenchyma
rocky cells
Conductive tissues
- These are plant tissues that serve to
movement of nutrients through the plant
substances and waste products
plants dissolved in water.
sieve tubes of the cortex
Vessels of wood
Conductive elements of xylem
tracheids
sieve tube
Companion cell
Conductive element phloem
Main fabric
- is the tissue that makes up the bulk
various plant organs. Main fabric
performs various functions:
photosynthesis, serves to deposit spare
substances that absorb water.
photosynthetic leaf tissue
root suction zone
Cross section of a leaf - tissue synthesis
Upper skin - integumentary tissue
main photosynthetic tissue
Conductive tissues - vessels and sieve tubes
Lower skin-integumentary tissue
fibers -mechanical cloth
slide 1
Mechanical tissue Plan Mechanical tissue. Definition, functions. Collenchyma. Cytological characteristics. Types. Sclerenchyma. Distinctive features. Primary and secondary sclerenchyma. Sclereids, structure, types. Distribution of mechanical tissues in a plant.slide 2
The turgor pressure of cells, the totality of cell membranes, the powerful integumentary tissue of perennial plants take part in ensuring the strength of the plant. However, the main component is mechanical tissues that have cells with thickened membranes, which, after the death of the living contents of the cell, continue to perform a supporting function. Mechanical tissues can be either primary, derived from the main meristem or pericycle, or secondary, derived from cambium, phellogen, or the result of dedifferentiation of parenchymal cells. There are two main types of mechanical tissues: collenchyma and sclerenchyma.
slide 3
Collenchyma (Greek kolla - glue) is a mechanical tissue, the cells of which are unevenly thickened with cellulose and pectin substances. This primary tissue is characteristic of dicotyledonous plants and is very close to the parenchyma, contains protoplasts with all organelles. The shape of the cells is often prosenchymal, rarely parenchymal. Collenchyma is located in the shoot along the periphery directly under the epidermis, or at a distance of one or more layers from it. More often it forms a continuous annular layer, sometimes strands of cells in the ribs of herbaceous stems. Collenchyma appears on early stages escape development. Its shells are plastic and capable of stretching, which does not prevent the elongation of the organ, and promotes the active growth of the plant. It occurs in young stems and roots, petioles and leaf veins. One of the features of collenchyma is that it fulfills its purpose only in a state of turgor. If the shoots lose water, they wither.
slide 4
Corner - thickened walls in the corners of polyhedral cells (stems of sorrel, pumpkin, buckwheat, beets); lamellar - thickened shells are arranged in parallel layers (stalks of sunflower, young woody plants); loose - thickened cell walls bordering on intercellular spaces (coltsfoot). Collenchyma is a living tissue consisting of elongated cells with unevenly thickened walls, capable of stretching and performing its functions only in the state of cell turgor. Sclerenchyma is the most common type of mechanical tissue among terrestrial higher plants.
slide 5
slide 6
Sclerenchyma (from the Greek scleros - solid) is the main mechanical tissue, consisting of tightly closed cells with evenly thickened membranes. The cells are dead, their cavities are filled with air; cell walls become lignified. Sclerenchymal fibers are dead prosenchymal cells, multifaceted or rounded in cross section with pointed ends, tightly adjacent to each other. The shells are thickened, lignified, the pores are few, slit-like, the cell cavity is in the form of a narrow channel. Cellulose fibrils pass in the shells in a helical manner, and the direction of the turns in the layers alternates. Primary fibers are located in the leaves, stems and roots of plants, where they surround the primary vascular bundles. Secondary sclerenchyma is located in the bark and wood. Secondary fibers include wood and bast fibers. Wood fibers or libriforms have strongly thickened and lignified shells. Bast fibers are called technical fiber - they have cells that are longer, but not always lignified, often retaining cellulose shells. The bast fibers of some plants are widely used in industry. The most famous fibrous plants and products made from them are: hemp (Cannabis sativa) - ropes and ropes; jute (Corchorus capsularis) - ropes, ropes and coarse fabrics; kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) - coarse tissues; linen (Linum usitatissimum) - weaving; ramie (Bochmeria nivea) - fabrics. For example, in flax, the cell length reaches 60 mm, the longer ramie fibers are 350 mm, while the libriform fibers do not exceed 2 mm.
Slide 7
Sclereids are not filamentous and vary greatly in shape. Sclereids are dead, often parenchymal cells with very thick multilayered membranes crossed by branching pores. Sclereids are found in all organs in the form of individual cells or clusters. Carries out along with mechanical, protective function. According to the shape of the cells, sclereids are classified into: - brachysclereids or stony cells - isodiametric cells, the most common. They are found in the shell of the fruits of hazel, acorn; in the pits of plum fruits, walnuts; in the pulp of fruits of pear, quince; in the seed coat of cedar pine. - astrosclereids - branched, form outgrowths (prominences), which grow into the intercellular spaces by intrusive growth, are found in leaves of a leathery consistency (pods, water lilies); - osteosclereids - resemble the shape of the tibia (bean peel); - macrosclereids - rod-shaped (beans); Sclereids can form continuous groups, a tissue mass, as in a fruit shell. They can also occur singly, in the form of idioblasts, as, for example, in leaves. A set of thick-walled lignified plant cells, regardless of their origin, is called a stereome.
Slide 8
Slide 9
The distribution of mechanical tissues in a plant Bionics is a science that studies the architectonics of living organisms, i.e. construction and mechanical principles. V.F. Razdorsky divided the loads experienced by the plant into static - constant, exerted by the gravity of the crown and dynamic - rapidly changing loads exerted by the wind, rain blows. There are two tendencies in the arrangement of the mechanical tissue: centripetal and centrifugal. The main principle is to achieve strength with an economical consumption of material. Patterns of location of mechanical tissue: The engineering "requirements" of plants change during ontogeny. In the stems of young plants, a peripheral (centrifugal) tendency for the arrangement of mechanical tissues is manifested. The mechanical tissue is located along the periphery in the form of a hollow rigid tube. In trunks and perennial branches, the center is strengthened to a greater extent, the mechanical tissue makes up the entire inner part (centripetal tendency). In the stems of monocotyledonous plants, resistance to stress is achieved by the fragmentation of the stereome, the mechanical tissue is located in the form of separate strands. The root, surrounded by soil, is not in danger of bending and breaking, its task is to resist the gap. Accordingly, mechanical tissues are placed in the center of the organ. In the leaves of plants, mechanical tissues resemble I-beams in their arrangement; mechanical tissues are located superficially on both sides.
Mechanical and conductive tissues arose
in the process of evolution due to the transition
to life on dry land.
In algae and mosses, these tissues are poorly developed.
1. Educational tissues (meristems):
2. Integumentary: primary (epidermis, epiblema);
secondary (periderm, crust);
3. Mechanical (reference):
collenchyma
sclerenchyma (fibers, sclereids).
4. Conductive:
xylem (wood);
phloem (bast).
5. Excretory:
external (glandular hairs, nectaries, hydathodes);
internal (receptacles of secretions, lactic vessels, tubules, etc.).
6. Parenchyma (aerenchyma, chlorenchyma, storage). Meristems give rise to all tissues In the body of plants there is a whole system
mechanical fabrics,
which give
strength and hardness
throughout the plant body
protect organs
from tearing, stretching,
damage.
Cells of mechanical tissues,
mostly dead,
with thick shells
(permeated by lignin) There are 2 main types
mechanical (supporting) tissues:
1) collenchyma
2) sclerenchyma (fibers, sclereids) Collenchyma is a living mechanical tissue.
with unevenly thickened cell walls
(some sections of the shell remain thin,
while others are strongly thickened.
Collenchyma is a tissue of primary origin,
its cells are elongated, with somewhat oblique
ends, often contain chloroplasts.
In casings along with cellulose
contains a lot of pectins and hemicellulose.
In the body of the plant, collenchyma is located immediately
under the integumentary tissue of the stem,
in petioles and veins of leaves, pedicels. There are 3 types
collenchyma:
corner,
lamellar
loose. 2) Sclerenchyma - dead
mechanical fabric with
evenly thickened
cell membranes. Sheath her
cells are leaking lignin
(lignified), which increases
their strength. Distinguish 2
main types of sclerenchyma:
a) Sclerenchyma fibers
composed of prosenchymal
the shape of cells strongly elongated in
length and pointed ends.
They usually have thick
walls and a very narrow cavity
inside. In the plant body they
usually arranged in groups. b) Sclereids - a mechanical tissue with cells
parenchymal form - stellate, rod-shaped,
filiform, branched. Their shell is strongly thickened,
lignified (leaked with lignin), in the shell a lot
simple or branched pores. Sclereids may be
located in different parts of plants: stems (near birch),
seed peel, fruits (walnut, cherry, pear). Sclereids
in medicinal
raw material - oak bark Conductive
fabrics
provide
movement of substances in
plant body. There are 2
types:
1) xylem
2) phloem.
Down the xylem
up, from roots to leaves,
moves
water
With
dissolved
V
her
mineral
substances
(upward current). According to the phloem
from top to bottom, from
leaves
To
roots,
move around
organic
substances
educated
V
leaves
V
process
photosynthesis. XYLEMA is a complex (complex) tissue.
Its composition includes:
conductive tissues (vessels and tracheids) are its main
elements
mechanical (sclerenchymal wood fibers);
main woody parenchyma where products accumulate
stock. Vessels are dead elongated tubes
which are made up of many cells
called vascular segments.
They are formed from vertical
located cells of the cambium.
At the junctions of the segments
their transverse shells
dissolve (disappear) or in them
through holes appear.
Tracheids are dead, elongated
in length of the cell with pointed ends,
xylems of gymnosperms.
Due to thickening of the shell
they also perform mechanical functions. Phloema is also
complicated (complex)
cloth. In its composition
includes:
conductive tissue -
sieve tubes and
satellite cells;
mechanical fabric
(sclerenchyma bast
fibers);
basic bast
parenchyma (with a margin
nutrients, and
also crystals
calcium oxalate). In plant organs, xylem and phloem are usually located
nearby, forming conductive bundles Depending on the relative position of the xylem and phloem
Conductive bundles are divided into 4 main types:
- Collateral (closed and open);
- Bicollateral;
- Concentric;
- Radial.
TYPES OF TRANSMITTING BEAMS
A - collateralclosed
B - collateral
open
B - bicollateral
open
G - radial
D - concentric
centrophloem
E - concentric
centroxylem:
1 - phloem;
2 - xylem;
3 - cambium.
Classification of tissues according to the shape of cells: Parenchymal - composed of isodiametric cells: meristems, integumentary Prosenchymal - composed of cells elongated in length (the length exceeds the width by 5-6 times or more): conductive, bast and wood fibers Classification by cellular composition: Simple - composed of of one type of cells: collenchyma Complex - composed of morphologically different cytological elements: xylem, periderm Classification of tissues according to the state of cells: Living - consisting only of living cells: meristems Dead - consisting only of dead cells: sclerenchyma
VIII. Excretory tissues: External: - Glandular hairs (trichomes) and outgrowths (emergences); - Nectaries; - Hydathodes; Internal: - Excretory cells; - Multicellular receptacles of secretions; - Resin channels (resin walkers); - Milky (segmented and non-segmented)
2. Educational tissues Meristems, or educational tissues, are complex, living, parenchymal tissues that have the ability to actively divide and form new cells Functions: formation of permanent tissues and ensuring unlimited plant growth Cytological composition: Initials - delayed at the embryonic stage of development, unlimited division number of times with the formation of derived meristem cells Derived cells divide a limited number of times with subsequent differentiation into cells of permanent tissues
Types of meristems: 1. Primary: Apical, or apical, are located on the tops of shoots and roots, ensuring their growth in length (primary growth due to primary meristems with the formation of the primary plant body). Derivatives of the apical meristem: - protodermis (gives rise to primary integumentary tissues); - procambium (gives rise to primary conductive tissues); - the main meristem (forms a system of basic tissues)
2. Secondary Lateral, or lateral, are located parallel to the lateral surfaces of the axial organs, ensure their growth in thickness: - Cambium (gives rise to secondary conductive tissues) - Phellogen (gives rise to periderm) Wound meristems are formed in places of damage to tissues and organs and give rise to callus - parenchymal tissue that covers the site of injury
Cytological characteristics: Cell shape: isodiametric, polyhedral Intercellular cells are absent CS thin, with a low content of cellulose The nucleus is relatively large, occupies a central place Vacuoles are small, numerous Ergastic substances are absent Plastids - proplastids, small, few Mitochondria - small, few
Epidermis with stomata: 1 - letter, 2 - watermelon, 3 - corn, 4 - iris stellate (in plan and in cross section of the sheet)
Schematic diagram of the structure of stomata: A – view of the epidermis from above; B - cross section of the stomatal apparatus: 1 - guard cells, 2 - stomatal gap, 3 - side cells, 4 - substomatal cavity, 5 - epidermal cells, 6 - cuticle, 7 - spongy chlorenchyma cells
Epiblema (rhizoderma) is the primary single-layer tissue in the root absorption zone. Arises from the primary apical meristem of the root. Functions: Absorption of soil solution Protective Cytological characteristic: Cells isodiametric, thin-walled without intercellular spaces, cuticles and stomata Rich in mitochondria Capable of forming a root hair (trichoblast)
Secondary integumentary tissues Periderm is a complex, parenchymal, multi-layered secondary integumentary tissue of stems and roots of perennial plants Formation: On shoots - from phellogen formed from cells of the main parenchyma lying under the epidermis On roots - from the pericycle Functions: Protective Gas and water exchange
Types of periderm initiation: 1 - in the subepidermal layer of elderberry, 2 - in the epidermis of willow, 3 - in the inner layer of the bark of fragrant raspberry; B - fibers, K - bark, Call - collenchyma, P - periderm, F - phellem (cork), Fg - phellogen (cork cambium), Fd - phelloderm (cork parenchyma), E - epidermis
The crust (rhytidoma) is a complex, parenchymal tertiary integumentary tissue. It is formed as a result of repeated laying of new layers of periderm in the deep tissues of the cortex Function: protective Oak bark: B - fibers, VK - secondary bark, D - calcium oxalate drusen, P - periderm, PC - remains of the primary bark
Xylem Xylem (wood) is a conductive tissue that provides an upward flow of water, inorganic and organic matter, synthesized in the cells of the roots, to the ground organs of the plant. By origin, they distinguish between primary (formed from procambium) and secondary (from cambium) Functions: Conductive Storage Support
The water-conducting elements of the xylem are the tracheids and vessels (tracheae). Tracheids are dead prosenchymal cells, narrowed at the ends and devoid of a protoplast, bearing bordered pores of the cell wall. Vessels - hollow tubes, consisting of vertically arranged segments separated by perforations
Composition: sieve elements, satellite cells, several types of parenchymal cells, bast fibers, idioblasts Scheme of the formation of phloem conducting elements: 1 - initial cell with a vacuole and tonoplast, 2 - formation of a sieve tube segment and an accompanying cell, 3 - disintegration of the nucleus, tonoplast, EPR, formation of sieve perforations, 4 - final formation of perforations, 5,6 - clogging of perforations; B - vacuole, Ka - callose, Pl - plastids, Pr - perforations, SC - satellite cells, T - tonoplast, R - nucleus
5. Mechanical tissues Mechanical tissues are supporting tissues that give strength to plant organs. Location: in the shoots - along the periphery in the roots - in the central part in the leaves - according to the principle of an I-beam By origin, primary (collenchyma) and secondary (sclerenchyma, sclereids) mechanical tissues are distinguished
Collenchyma is a simple primary supporting tissue, consisting of living prosenchymal cells capable of stretching with thickened, non-lignified primary CLs. Depending on the type of thickening of the CS, there are: Angled Lamellar Loose Collenchyma: 1- volumetric image of the corner collenchyma; 2 - cross section through lamellar collenchyma; 3 - loose collenchyma with intercellular spaces
Sclerenchyma is a mechanical tissue consisting of prosenchymal cells with lignified, rarely non-lignified and unevenly thickened CLs. Sclerenchyma cells \u003d fibers: bast or wood (libriform), depending on whether they are part of the phloem or xylem. By origin, they distinguish: primary (originates from the cells of the main meristem, procambium or pericycle) secondary (forms from the cells of the cambium) Geranium meadow wood fibers: A, B - transverse sections, C - longitudinal section; 1 - cell wall, 2 - simple pores, 3 - cell cavity
Sclereids are mechanical tissue cells that usually arise from the cells of the basal parenchyma as a result of thickening and lignification of their CLs. Functions: - to resist squeezing; - protection from being eaten by animals Origin - primary. Sclereids: A, B - brachisclereids from the pulp of the common pear fruit and the core of the fleshy hoya; (c) macrosclereids of the “palisade” epidermal layer (1) in a bean seed; (d) individual macrosclereids in longitudinal (a) and transverse (b) sections; E - osteosclereids in the seed coat of peas; F, G, H - astrosclereids in leaf blades of trochodendron, water lily, camellia; I - filamentous sclereids of the olive tree
6. Basic parenchymal tissues Basic tissues are little specialized tissues that make up most of the plant body. Present in all vegetative and reproductive organs. They consist of living parenchymal cells with primary CS. Some of the cells retain weak meristematic activity. They are classified according to the main function performed: woody, bast, primary bark, stem, core, ray, assimilation, storage, aquifer, air, transmission cells of the leaf.
Assimilation tissue Anatomical structure assimilation area of the leaf: 1 - upper epidermis, 2 - lower epidermis, 3 - columnar chlorenchyma, 4 - spongy chlorenchyma, 5 - stomata, 6 - cuticle, 7 - air-filled intercellular spaces Chlorophyll-bearing parenchyma, chlorenchyma - tissue consisting of cells containing chloroplasts , which performs the function of photosynthesis The main volume of assimilation tissue is in the leaves, less - in young green stems
Storage tissues In storage tissues, excess metabolic products are deposited during a given period of development: proteins, carbohydrates, fats, etc. They are mainly represented by large thin-walled living parenchymal cells, less often with thick SCs (additional support function) Localization: endosperm and perisperm of the seed, metamorphosed roots and shoots, core of stems, parenchyma of conductive tissues
7. Excretory tissues Excretory (secretory) tissues include structural formations that are capable of actively secreting metabolic products (secrets) and drop-liquid water from a plant or isolating in its tissues. Found in all organs of the plant Cells are parenchymal, thin-walled, remain alive for a long time Classification: internal secretion external secretion
Functions Protection against eating by animals, damage by pests and pathogenic microorganisms Resins and gums “protect” wound sites Nectar attracts pollinators Can act as reserve substances Places of “burial” of toxic and excluded substances from metabolism
External excretory tissues Glandular hairs and peltate glands are trichomes (derivatives of the epidermis) 1 - pelargonium hair with excretion allocated under the cuticle; 2 - rosemary hair; 3 - potato hair; 4 - vesicular hairs of quinoa with water and salts in vacuoles; 5 - peltate gland of black currant leaf
Nectaries secrete a sugary liquid, most often found in flowers. Excretory cells have dense cytoplasm and high metabolic activity. A conductive bundle may approach the nectary. Nectary in a flower of marigolds: ZhV - glandular hairs; N - nectary tissue; PP - conductive bundle Floral nectaries: A - narcissus in the form of a depression in the ovary; B - external at the base of the stamens in tea; B - coccolobs in the form of rings under the stamens; G - euphorbia in the form of discs under the ovary; D - euonymus in the form of discs between the ovary and stamens; E - umbrella in the form of discs in the upper part of the lower ovary; G - jute in the form of cushion-shaped collections of hairs; Z - plums lining the hypanthium from the inside; I - cinnamon in the form of staminodes; K - flax in the form of glands at the base of the stamens (1 - nectrics; 2 - staminodes)
Hydathodes secrete drop-liquid water and salts dissolved in it. Guttation is the phenomenon of squeezing out water droplets through hydathodes when water enters the plant in excess and transpiration is weakened. Digestive glands of insectivorous plants. The secret contains enzymes, acids. Hydathode in the leaf of the purslane crassula: 1 - view from the surface; 2 - cross section; WU - water stomata; G - hypodermis; About - lining; PP - conducting beam; E - epidermis; Ep - epitheme
Receptacles of secretions are diverse in shape, size and origin: Schizogenic EVs arise from intercellular spaces filled with secreted substances and surrounded by living epithelial cells (pine, araliaceae, umbellate, Asteraceae) schizogenic resin canal: 1-3 - on transverse sections; 4 - on a longitudinal section; P - channel cavity; E - epithelium
Milky cells - living cells containing milky juice in vacuoles Latex - milky juice containing resins, rubber, essential oils, protein compounds, alkaloids (Hevea brazilian, kok-saghyz, tau-saghyz, euonymus) ) Non-segmented - one giant cell, which, having arisen in the embryo, no longer divides, grows and branches (euphorbia, mulberry) Milky: 1 - jointed lactic; 2 - non-segmented lactic
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