Many of us dream of sitting in the winter cold near a warm
fireplace, read alone or talk with loved ones in a cozy
atmosphere. But not everyone knows how to make a fireplace on their own. In fact, when
If you wish, you can do anything, including building a simple fireplace.
Planning and calculation
Before you start building a fireplace in a private house or cottage, you need to design it correctly, as well as calculate all the costs associated with its construction, i.e. make an estimate.
The cost of the work depends on the type of fireplace, its finishing with various materials and many other components. It is necessary to take into account not only its location, ceiling height, number of floors of the building, but also the features of the foundation, the material of the floor and facade walls, as well as the need for insulation,
Some experts suggest that you will need at least 50 thousand rubles if you are building a brick fireplace, lined with natural stone, in a two-story small house (pipe diameter from 200 to 260 cm).
Let's look at the main stages of building such a fireplace.
Fireplace design
The main components of a fireplace are the firebox and chimney, but other elements are no less important for its effective functioning:
- smoke collector
- heating
device - ash pan
- grate
- valve (bottom
firebox under the grate where the ash gets) - lining
(internal thermal insulation layer of the fireplace lining) - fire cutter
- system
forced convection - safety doors
Types of fireplaces and their main parameters
The location of the fireplace determines its appearance.
Wall fireplace
The most common. It usually comes in large sizes and is located near the wall.
It is erected even in a house built a long time ago. The wall to which the chimney is attached
must be fire resistant.
Built-in fireplace
The smallest one. Built into some wall niche. It should be erected during the construction phase of the house.
Corner fireplace
The most beautiful and effective. Located in the corner of the room. Its chimney is attached to
one adjacent wall.
Freestanding fireplace
Island. It looks like a flat platform that rises above the floor surface.
How to choose a place for a fireplace
You should not place the fireplace in a draft, in the hallway or near the stairs, or in rooms smaller than 20 m2. It is necessary to analyze the bearing capacity of the foundation and ceiling, and provide free space in front of the fireplace.
In a wooden house, events should be held for
safety: the floor is made of fire-resistant material, the distance from
firebox to flammable elements and materials must be at least 800 mm.
How to make a fireplace with your own hands
Materials for building a fireplace
To build a brick fireplace you will need the following materials:
Red (stove) brick for the fireplace
It is advisable to purchase stove bricks specifically designed for
such goals. Moreover, it must be of very good quality (no flaws,
homogeneous structure, bright color, regular shape). Hammer each
brick, a special clear sound should be emitted. Poor-quality brick publishes
clunk. A bluish black or dark gray color indicates that the brick
burned out. White spots indicate that the technology was not followed
drying. An average fireplace requires 250 - 300 bricks (without a chimney).
Refractory fireclay bricks (or increased fire resistance) are used for
firebox linings.
Clay, sand and cement
It is better to use red clay (0.5 cubic meters, depending on
fat), but you can and ordinary. If refractory bricks are used,
then you will need fireproof clay. The need for as clean sand as possible (preferably
so that it has a fraction of no more than 1.5 mm) is about 0.6-0.8 m3.
The need for ordinary cement (grade 200 or 300) is 100 kg (together with
foundation works).
Many of us dream of sitting in the cold winter near a warm fireplace, reading alone or talking with loved ones in a cozy atmosphere. But not everyone knows how to make a fireplace on their own. In fact, if you wish, you can do anything, including building a simple fireplace.
Planning and calculation
Before you start building a fireplace in a private house or cottage, you need to design it correctly, as well as calculate all the costs associated with its construction, i.e. make an estimate.
The cost of the work depends on the type of fireplace, its finishing with various materials and many other components. It is necessary to take into account not only its location, ceiling height, number of floors of the building, but also the features of the foundation, the material of the floor and facade walls, as well as the need for insulation,
Some experts suggest that at least 50 thousand rubles will be required if you are building a brick fireplace lined with natural stone in a two-story small house (pipe diameter from 200 to 260 cm). Let's look at the main stages of building such a fireplace.
Fireplace design
The main components of a fireplace are the firebox and chimney, but other elements are no less important for its effective functioning:
- smoke collector
- heating device
- ash pan
- grate
- valve (at the bottom of the firebox under the grate where the ash gets in)
- lining (internal thermal insulation layer of the fireplace lining)
- fire cutter
- forced convection system
- safety doors
Types of fireplaces and their main parameters
The location of the fireplace determines its appearance.
Wall fireplace
The most common. It usually comes in large sizes and is located near the wall. It is erected even in a house built a long time ago. The wall to which the chimney is attached must be fire resistant.
Built-in fireplace
The smallest one. Built into some wall niche. It should be erected during the construction phase of the house.
Corner fireplace
The most beautiful and effective. Located in the corner of the room. Its chimney is attached to one adjacent wall.
Freestanding fireplace
Island. It looks like a flat platform that rises above the floor surface.
How to choose a place for a fireplace
You should not place the fireplace in a draft, in the hallway or near the stairs, or in rooms smaller than 20 m2. It is necessary to analyze the bearing capacity of the foundation and ceiling, and provide free space in front of the fireplace.
In a wooden house, measures should be taken to ensure safety: the floor is made of fire-resistant material, the distance from the firebox to flammable elements and materials should be at least 800 mm.
Materials for building a fireplace
To build a brick fireplace you will need the following materials:
Red (stove) brick for the fireplace
It is advisable to purchase a stove brick specially designed for such purposes. At the same time, it must be of very good quality (no flaws, uniform structure, bright color, regular shape). Tap each brick with a hammer; it should produce a special clear sound. Poor quality brick makes a dull sound. A bluish-black or dark gray color indicates that the brick has been burned. White spots indicate that the drying technology was not followed. An average fireplace requires 250 - 300 bricks (without chimney). Refractory fireclay bricks (or increased fire resistance) are used for lining fireboxes.
Clay, sand and cement
It is better to use red clay (0.5 cubic meters depending on the fat content), but ordinary clay is also possible. If refractory bricks are used, refractory clay will be required. The need for the cleanest sand possible (preferably it has a fraction of no more than 1.5 mm) is about 0.6-0.8 m3. The need for ordinary cement (grade 200 or 300) is 100 kg (together with foundation work).
- Additional materials
To build a foundation for a fireplace, you will need crushed stone (fraction up to 6 cm) - 0.2 m3. You will need a smoke damper, reinforcement blanks (about 20 pieces, diameter 10 mm, length 700 mm), a grate with grates, a chimney and other materials for construction work.
Brick fireplace laying - general rules
Preparatory stage
Before laying, the bricks are laid out in accordance with the diagram in the drawing. First lay out the next row dry. The bricks are adjusted one to another.
Fireplace wall masonry
The laying is carried out starting with the corner bricks, strictly controlling each row by level. Then they lay out a row around the perimeter (outer), and at the end they lay the middle. Thin seams are completely filled with mortar, narrowings and turns of the gas chimney are rounded off. Seam bandaging is performed on half a brick in each row. Check each layer with the drawing, mark the rows with chalk or pencil. The outer walls and lining masonry are not bandaged.
Laying curved surfaces
The surfaces of the vaults and smoke collector, which have curved surfaces, are laid out with a brick overlap (preferably no more than 6 cm). Then, the opening of the fireplace portal is covered with brick lintels (wedge-shaped, arched, vaulted), which are arranged using cliche formwork. Construction begins with laying the heels, and then following the outline of the desired fireplace arch. The castle brick is installed on the circle after creating the supporting heels. After this, the laying must be carried out simultaneously on both sides.
Features of fireplace masonry
During the masonry work, it is important to wipe all the internal walls of the channels, smoke collector, and firebox with a wet rag, removing excess solution. It is not recommended to plaster the inside of the fireplace, and the brick should only be laid with the smoothest edge inside the channel or firebox.
A well-laid corner brick fireplace will be a wonderful addition to almost any interior. In this case, the unit will fully cope with the solution of space heating problems. You can handle the fireplace installation yourself. Read the following recommendations and get started.
To place a corner fireplace, you can choose a place either near the outside of the wall or near its inside. The most important thing is to determine the optimal procedure for installing a smoke exhaust pipe in accordance with current standards and regulations.
If a corner fireplace will be placed near the inner wall, above which there is a certain difference in the roof structure, this point must be taken into account - the chimney flue pipe must be installed above the ridge of the main roof.
During prolonged use of the fireplace for heating, the smoke exhaust pipe, and in parallel with it the rear wall of the structure, will noticeably warm up. In view of this, owners of buildings with wooden walls need to pay special attention to solving fire protection issues.
To install a private fireplace yourself, you must first of all establish its optimal dimensions for the specific heated room. The following guide will discuss the procedure for constructing a heating unit for a small room with an area of about 15-20 m2. If necessary, change the size of the unit in accordance with the characteristics of your specific situation.
After reading the proposed manual, you will master the basic principles of laying corner fireplaces and in the future you will be able to build a similar structure without outside help.
Optimal fireplace sizes
When determining the optimal dimensions of the structure, it is necessary to take into account the area, as well as the volume of the room, which will subsequently be heated by the unit being built. Specifically, in this example, a fireplace is being built with a combustion chamber opening having an area of about 0.3 m2. You can change the suggested sizes in accordance with the conditions of your situation.
Determine the optimal dimensions of the firebox portal. In the case of the design under consideration, the portal is called the combustion hole. Its main parameters are width and height.
Adhere to the standard ratio, according to which the width should be in relation to the height as 3:2. In this example, the width of the portal will be 560 mm, and the height will be 400 mm.
Maintain the height of the fireplace portal and the depth of the fuel compartment as 2:1; a ratio of 3:2 is also acceptable.
These sizes are the most optimal. If the firebox has a greater depth, the heat transfer of the unit will decrease significantly. If the dimensions of the firebox are reduced, smoke will appear.
In the situation under consideration, the firebox should have a depth of 240-300 mm.
After determining the optimal dimensions of the combustion chamber of a corner fireplace, proceed to calculating the appropriate dimensions of the hole for the smoke exhaust pipe. Select the dimensions of this hole taking into account the dimensions of the combustion chamber hole. The size of the chimney opening should be approximately 10-15 times smaller than the area of the combustion chamber opening.
The optimal size of a rectangular chimney is 140x140 mm. If the cross-section of the chimney is round, make a hole with a diameter of 100-120 mm. The optimal height of the chimney is 350-400 cm. This figure may increase depending on the height of the roof ridge.
In order to improve the heat transfer characteristics of the unit, the rear wall of its firebox is laid out with a forward slope. This slope should begin to be created from about a third of the height of the firebox.
The design includes a smoke collector. It is installed above the combustion chamber. Between the mentioned elements, the so-called. cornice, also known as a pass. This element will prevent the emission of soot, sparks, etc.
If your fireplace is made of carved brick, make sure that all its dimensions exactly correspond to the standard masonry module. The typical dimensions of the building material in question are 25x12x6.5 cm. Maintain the masonry joint at a level of about 5 mm.
In accordance with the cross-section of the structure at the level of the combustion chamber, other dimensions of the structure being erected will be determined. Calculate them and draw up an order drawing according to which the brickwork will be made.
Also, creating the order and performing the necessary calculations can be entrusted to a professional. If desired, all necessary project documentation can be easily found in open sources. Do what is most convenient for you.
What should the fireplace be made of?
After creating the order, calculate the required amount of building materials and purchase them in a specialized store. The material should be counted by the piece. And even incomplete products must be included in the calculation as whole elements. Additionally, add about 10% of the stock.
It is important that the brick is solid and properly fired. You can also use used bricks from a disassembled stove, if they are in good condition. It is enough to clean the material from the remnants of the previous solution.
Lay out the firebox of the corner fireplace from fireclay bricks.
To prepare the solution, you will need a number of materials. So, the sand for the solution should be sufficiently coarse-grained (grains up to 1.5 mm). Beforehand, the sand must be sieved and cleaned of all sorts of third-party inclusions.
Laying a fireplace will require the use of clay. The best option is Cambrian, it is also blue clay. But if you are confident in the quality of local clay, you can prepare a solution using it.
You also need to buy materials for arranging the foundation. This is the usual Portland cement M400 and gravel with a diameter of 20-60 mm.
Additionally, buy a smoke damper and steel reinforcing bars. Rods with a length of 70 cm and a diameter of 10 mm or so are optimal. In the example under consideration, about 12 reinforcing rods are used. Depending on the dimensions of your fireplace, their number may vary.
Preparatory work
Work on arranging a corner fireplace begins with the construction of the base. It is strictly forbidden to connect the foundation of the erected structure with the base of the main building - this will lead to very adverse consequences.
To determine the optimal width of the foundation, add about 50 mm to the width of the front plinth row. Determine the length in accordance with the dimensions of the side row of the plinth. In general, the dimensions of the base should somewhat exceed the dimensions of the future fireplace.
When choosing a place for arranging the foundation and the fireplace itself, make sure that in the future the chimney pipe does not pass through the elements of the roof truss system and beams.
The foundation is made extremely simple - a pit of the required size is dug, the bottom of the pit is covered with waterproofing, a layer of a mixture of sand and gravel is poured on top, reinforcement is laid and the mortar is poured.
Allow the foundation to gain strength and cover it with a double layer of roofing felt.
While the foundation is solidifying, prepare the building materials for the upcoming use. So, the clay must first be soaked in water for a couple of days. Soak the bricks for the same amount of time.
Pre-calibrate the bricks you have. Elements with significant deviations from the previously mentioned size cannot be used for masonry.
To prepare the solution, use a standard and proven recipe. Pour dry sifted sand with clay pulp, and then mix the resulting mixture thoroughly. Determine the required amount of water individually. The finished mixture should have the consistency of jelly.
Check the finished solution. To do this, roll a sample out of it into a “sausage” about 1.5 cm in diameter. If the sample does not stick to your hands, holds its given shape normally and does not fall apart, everything is fine.
Also check how the solution you prepared behaves directly on the brick. To do this, place the mixture on the building element. It is necessary that the solution does not stick to the trowel, does not fall apart and does not spread over the brick under its weight.
Fireplace masonry
Prepare the required drawings in advance. The list of drawings must include the order, section, and façade of the fireplace.
During the construction process, you will use not only whole elements, but also halves of bricks and even three-fours. Reflect this point in the drawings using special symbols.
When laying out the basement row, it is better to place the bricks on edge - this way the structure will look more interesting, but this requirement is not mandatory.
Starting from the 2nd row, lay the bricks flat. The bottom of the combustion chamber is usually located at a height of about 250-300 mm above the floor surface, which is a fairly comfortable indicator.
Start laying. We bring to your attention information about the laying order. To make it clearer, at each stage refer to the drawings you have.
First step
Lay out 1-3 rows of bricks. The rows are solid, no special recommendations. The main thing is that the laying is as even as possible. It is more convenient to start with laying corner elements.
Second step
Lay out the fourth row. It will represent the hearth of the corner fireplace.
Third step
Lay out the fifth row. At this stage, you need to arrange an ash pit-ash pit. Make a support for the grate from three strips of steel. The strips will be fixed by the sixth row of brickwork.
Place the soaked refractory brick on the clay mixture
Fourth step
Lay out the 6th row. At this stage of the masonry, lay the grate.
Fifth step
In the 7th row, lay out the lower frame of the fireplace portal.
Sixth step
Lay out the walls of the fireplace portal in 8-13 rows. Lay the bricks with bandaging masonry seams.
In parallel with this, in the 11th row, start, and in the subsequent ones, continue the construction of an inclined mirror near the back of the fireplace wall.
Seventh step
In rows 14-15, close the fireplace portal. Continue laying out the mirror.
Eighth step
Finish arranging the mirror in the 16th row. At the same stage, build the top of the tooth. Be sure to coat the tooth with the clay solution on the side of the smoke exhaust element. Such processing will protect the material from burning under the influence of high temperatures.
Ninth step
Lay out 17-19 rows of brickwork. At this stage you need to lay out the front of the fireplace. The bricks must be cut in the direction of the hill.
Tenth step
Form a chimney in 20-22 rows. In the 22nd row, install a smoke valve.
Eleventh step
From the 23rd row to the end (in order), lay out the chimney.
Finally, the fireplace must be allowed to dry, and then finished and additionally decorated at your discretion.
Good luck!
Video - Do-it-yourself fireplace laying
The project of a heating structure is a drawing of a fireplace of a future design on paper. Before starting masonry, you need to carefully think through all the points and draw up a sketch correctly.
When studying designs of houses with a fireplace, you should know the following parameters:
- what size of foundation to pour under the fireplace;
- room height;
- the strength of a tall brick structure;
- compliance with fire safety measures;
- the appearance of the attractiveness of the fireplace.
A properly designed brick fireplace scheme will save time and effort, and will make it possible to carry out the planned construction in the best possible way, as well as avoid difficulties during operation. Brick fireplace projects
Corner fireplace and its uniqueness
Let's look at a detailed drawing of the masonry of a corner brick fireplace and the order with a description. Today there are a huge variety of fireplace designs, but at the moment we offer you a convenient fireplace built into the corner, which can be installed in a small room of at least 12 m2, since there will not be enough oxygen to heat it. To create it, you should find a mason of the 4th - 5th category, so that he has the intricacies of constructing this structure or delve into the intricacies of this process on his own.
It should be remembered that the internal structure of fireplaces is created almost identically, and the combustion of fire in the firebox is the same.
Corner fireplaces have their advantages:
Its peculiarity is that it is not located in the center of the building, but in the corner, and has small dimensions. In addition, it evenly transfers heat energy throughout the room.
Folded neatly, with the smallest deviations and tolerances in construction, the corner fireplace is a heating equipment, carries a certain decorative beauty and shows the status of the owner of this building.
Its disadvantage is the expensive, decorative finishing.
The brick for the construction of this structure needs a high grade; of course, you can lay it out with grade 100, but you should remember that this material is of poor quality for laying it out. In this case, if you build a fireplace from this brick, then, according to fire safety regulations, it should be plastered.
This brand of brick is used for laying out the outer part of the building and for constructing the pipe. And the inside of the firebox is made of refractory bricks.
- Under this brick structure, it is necessary to pour a separate foundation so as not to disturb the main foundation, since the heating device has its own shrinkage.
- It is required to attach a special heat-insulating material between the wall and the future fireplace or lay the masonry in a quarter of a brick, that is, on an edge (it is advisable to lay wire through two rows, for the strength of the structure).
Its masonry is made according to the project, ligating the seams. The work is done without haste, since the clay solution tends to float.
It is advisable to maintain the horizon level, vertical surface and equal diagonal points. With this observance of the rules, the quality of the removal of combustion products to the outside depends.
Rectangular fireplace diagram and drawing
Its size is 5x2.5 brickwork order consists of 33 rows
This structure is used without a door on the firebox. The designer, when creating this drawing, used a smoke exhaust through channel, which provides good draft. In this regard, its heat capacity decreases in order to increase the efficiency of this structure. To do this, you should use standard methods, such as laying empty channels along the firebox and chimney.
- The inside of the firebox should be made of refractory bricks that can withstand temperatures of 1100 degrees.
The main massive part of the fireplace is laid out with high-quality solid ceramic bricks, it must correspond to grade 125 and higher, its heating temperature is 750 degrees.
You should remember that refractory and ceramic bricks are prohibited from being tied, but they can be tied using 3 mm wire placed in the seam between the bricks.
Order diagram of a rectangular fireplace 5×2.5 made of brick
When laying out this structure, you should maintain the same thickness between bricks, equal to 5-7 mm.
If the material contains flaws, for example oblique corners, then they should be trimmed apart from each other, this way you will achieve the desired thickness of the seam.
Rows should be checked with a level or plumb line to achieve the correct geometric shape of the structure.
This drawing is used by master stove makers, and even with extensive experience, they consult it.
Mini fireplace drawing
It is recommended to install this heating device in a room of at least 16 m2. It is built into a partition to heat two rooms. To increase heat transfer, the firebox is laid out without refractory bricks. Thus, ceramic brick heats up much faster because it retains less heat capacity of the mass than refractory brick.
- In this case, to protect the firebox from high temperatures, the stove maker uses a metal sheet 3 millimeters thick instead of a stone tooth.
A drawing of a brick fireplace is attached below in the description. If the master has little qualifications in this direction, then instead of the portal arch, you can build a horizontal ceiling. To do this you will need 2 metal corners of the required length.
A positive characteristic of this fireplace is that when purchasing materials for its construction, you spend minimal money.
For construction you will need:
- ceramic bricks 235 pieces;
- clay – 0.12 m3;
- sand – 0.3m3;
- cleaning door – 1 piece;
- stove valve – 1 piece;
- - 1 piece;
- choke tubes - 2 pieces;
- steel sheet thickness - 3 mm and size 0.25 m 2;
- roofing material - 1.5 m2;
- cement - 15 kilograms.
“Mini” fireplace and its sequential masonry scheme
To maximize the efficiency of this structure, the side walls of the firebox are laid out at an angle of 25 degrees.
The back wall is laid out in 10 rows in the usual way, that is, horizontally. Starting from the 11th row, the brick extends a quarter at an angle of 30 degrees into the inside of the firebox. With this action, a chimney tooth pass is formed, metal pins are then inserted into the seams between the bricks, and a sheet of metal will be attached to them.
Below is a metal drawing for a firebox.
Due to the absence of fireclay bricks in this building, the space in the room heats up much faster, since side air channels are laid out.
In the lower part there are holes through which cold air enters, and the hot air heated from the fireplace insert through the “ventilators” located in the 13th and 14th rows exits into the room as hot air. Thus, its efficiency increases by 15, 20%
Medium sized English fireplace
A DIY English brick fireplace is one of the oldest ever built. Also its open type.
The parameters include the following features:
- protruding tooth;
- open firebox;
- rear wall of an inclined fracture.
The internal recess of the firebox or hearth is lined with refractory bricks in a mortar containing clay and fireclay chips, as well as a little cement. The external contour of the structure is created from ceramic, solid material.
Elements and diagram of an English-type fireplace
This scheme is relevant for most English-type models.
This English-type circuit is complex, but it pays off in that it has stable thrust and good efficiency. 5x3 drawing and its serial diagram.
To build it you will need:
- solid ceramic brick – 350 pieces;
- fireclay bricks – 125 pieces;
- sand-clay solution – 215 kg;
- fireproof mortar – 155 kg.
Below is a detailed drawing of an English heating device 5x3 made of brick
The first four rows of the base are laid out of ceramic bricks of grade 100, then higher quality material of grade 150 and higher is used.
This structure is installed in a room with at least 80 m 3 of total space. Having studied its order, the following points should be noted; note that there is no blower and grate.
If a small room has hermetically sealed windows on all sides, you should install an oxygen supply from the street to the firebox for better combustion.
To create a ceiling for the firebox, a corner of steel and 2 strips of the same material are laid on the twelfth row.
In this design, a cleaning door is provided on rows 16–17, which is installed on the rear wall. This hole limits the placement of the fireplace against a load-bearing wall or wall. In this case, this heating device will not be able to warm the second room.
To maintain the elasticity of the mortar and its natural setting, ceramic bricks should be soaked in a container of water for 5 minutes before laying the masonry structure. Heat-resistant bricks are wiped with a damp cloth to remove dust.
After completing the construction of an English fireplace, you should gradually heat and dry it for 3 weeks, and only after this time has passed, you can fill the firebox up to half. After another month, you can turn on the heating device at full power.
By following this rule, you will allow the solution to set naturally; if it is violated, then you expose your structure to a limited service life. The decision is yours.
Laying a three-level fireplace with a grate
This design is a Russian version, but the main elements are taken from the themes of English and Swedish modeling.
photo of a fireplace consisting of three levels
The draft in the chimney of this building is consistently good, even at a height of three meters, due to the large cross-section of the internal part of the chimney.
It should be remembered that this structure is used in rooms where there is high air humidity.
Drawing diagram of a three-level fireplace with a grate
For masonry you will need the following materials:
- ceramic brick – 620pcs;
- fireclay brick (fireproof) – 220 pcs;
- grate 420x200mm – 2 pcs;
- smoke valve 260x260 mm – 1 piece;
- steel corner No. 40 – 150cm;
- steel corner No. 60 – 100 cm;
- steel strip 4x60 mm – 300 cm;
- clay mortar – 750 kg.
Having studied the above-described procedures and drawings of brick fireplaces for DIY construction, you should know how to calculate all the dimensions of this structure.
Be patient for self-construction or find a skilled stove maker with good qualifications to install this heating equipment.
The aroma of wood and a blissful feeling of warmth throughout the body - these are the associations that most people have when they see a fireplace. It is believed that an open fire can burn to the ground all the negative energy accumulated during the day. Perhaps this is why most owners of private houses and cottages dream of building it.
However, a fireplace is a rather complex device, and if there is the slightest mistake in its design, when lighting, instead of blissful warmth, only acrid smoke will enter the room. When building a fireplace with your own hands, special care and careful adherence to installation rules are required.
So, how to build a fireplace with your own hands? We tried to describe the entire construction process step by step.
The principle of operation of the fireplace
As you know, any material can burn only in the presence of an oxidizing agent - oxygen. To ensure its constant circulation and exit from the fireplace, special holes are made in it - smoke passages. Under the action of heat, the air in the firebox, heating up, rises, making room for the next batch of air masses, thus creating cravings. Along with the air, combustion products in the form of soot also rush upward.If the smoke comes out too quickly, in a straight line, it takes with it almost all the heat generated during combustion. That is why stoves and fireplaces are equipped with chimney bends. However, their size and quantity must be calculated as accurately as possible.
If it is difficult for smoke to move along them, it will appear reverse thrust: smoke will flow into the room. There is a rule: the larger the size of the firebox, the wider the hole for the chimney should be. It can range from 18 to 25 cm.
Fireplace flue diagram
In the stove business, masonry schemes have long been thought out and verified: orders. Therefore, to create a fireplace with your own hands, it is better to use them, choosing the most suitable one. Only an experienced stove maker can make any changes to them. Therefore, if you do not want a fireplace folded with your own hands to smoke mercilessly, you should not change the chosen scheme yourself.
Fireplace design
Unlike a stove, a fireplace has fewer chimneys, but it warms up much faster. However open fire is able to quickly warm up the room only next to the fireplace and only when combustion is maintained in the hearth. Therefore, this device is always installed as additional heating in places where it was necessary.The main parts of the fireplace are:
In the stove business, masonry schemes and orders have long been thought out and verified. Therefore, to create a fireplace with your own hands, it is better to use them, choosing the most suitable one. Only an experienced stove maker can make any changes to them. Therefore, if you do not want a fireplace folded with your own hands to smoke mercilessly, you should not change the chosen scheme yourself.
Fireplace design
Unlike a stove, a fireplace has fewer chimneys, but it warms up much faster. However, an open fire can quickly warm up a room only next to the fireplace and only when combustion is maintained in the hearth. Therefore, this device is always installed as additional heating in places where it was needed.
The stove has more smoke passages and thick walls, so it keeps heat much longer. Such a device is capable of heating the adjacent room due to the heat coming from its walls. However, in other respects the operating principles of the fireplace and stove are similar.
The main parts of the fireplace are:
chimney: a system of passages that runs along the entire contour of the fireplace and is discharged into a chimney;
Firebox (firebox): the chamber in which the fuel burns can be either open or protected by a door made of fireproof glass;
Grate: a thick cast iron grate located at the bottom of the firebox on which the fire is built; through its holes, decayed firewood or coal falls through and ends up in the ash pan; since the fire in the stone is open and clearly visible, the grate can have a bizarre shape and be decorated with ornaments;
Fireplace grate
Ash pan: a device for collecting ash;
Hailo: a narrowed arch above the firebox, a smoke collector located between the firebox and the chimney;
Lining: fireproof finish on the inside of the fireplace;
Fireplace tooth: a protrusion for narrowing the smoke collector and changing the direction of smoke exit; prevents the emission of smoke indoors during gusts of wind; Not available in all fireplaces;
Mirror: The slope of the wall above the back wall of the firebox, designed to reflect smoke and move it along the chimney;
Heat exchanger: not built into all fireplaces, it looks like a closed system of pipes through which water passes; the heated liquid transfers heat further to the heating radiators;
Heat exchanger for fireplace
Doors and dampers;
Damper: a plate built into the chimney to manually regulate the smoke output;
Portal: decorative frame of the firebox; can be made of cast iron, stone and even wood;
Pre-furnace sheet: metal sheet to protect the floor.
Diagram and order of a corner fireplace
Types of fireplaces
There are three types of fireplaces:closed: built into the wall, allowing you to significantly save usable space;
Semi-open: adjacent to the wall;
Island: free-standing structures that can be located in any part of the room.
By way of heat transfer they are divided into:
designs with one-way radiation: quite simple, heat comes from three slanted walls firebox in one direction;
Fireplaces with two- and three-sided radiation are less common; have a larger firebox with two or three open walls, however, although they give off heat in several directions, they only have one reflective surface, so there is less heat from them; are used mainly because of their high decorative properties.
Fireplace inserts open on two or three sides
Depending on the type of fuel fireplaces are:
working on solid fuel (wood, less often coal);
Gas;
Electro.
Fireplace foundation
Brick weighs a lot, so the fireplace must be built on a solid and massive base that does not have distortions. Otherwise, subsidence and deformation of the entire structure is possible.
Foundation for a corner fireplace
Since it is strongly not recommended to cut the load-bearing lower beams and floor beams, the foundation for the fireplace and the chimney hole should be provided at the design stage of the house.
Important! The load on the foundations of the house and the fireplace will be different, so they will have different degrees of shrinkage, so it is not recommended to tie them together: the minimum distance between them is 5 cm.
1. The foundation for the fireplace should protrude beyond the structure by 10-15 cm. Its depth depends on the type of soil and the degree of its freezing and should be at least 0.5 m.
2. Before pouring the solution, a layer of sand is poured onto the bottom of the pit, spilled with water and compacted. Next, crushed stone is laid in a layer up to 30 cm.
3. The formwork is placed at the bottom of the pit and waterproofed with a film or roofing material to prevent seepage of cement laitance into the ground.
4. To strengthen the foundation, reinforcement is pre-laid before pouring. After the solution has completely dried and the formwork has been removed, the resulting gap is covered with crushed stone and compacted.
Order selection
In the event that the project is the first for you, it is better to choose a structure with lightweight (simplified) masonry or invite a specialist who will supervise your work.When choosing an order, you should take into account room size: The oxygen supply must be sufficient. The fireplace should be installed taking into account the movement of air flows around the room, however, it is not recommended to build it next to opening windows and doors. The photo shows the consumption of materials for masonry of the simplest design and options for arranging wall and corner fireplaces.
Calculation of the amount of materials for laying a small fireplace
Arrangement of wall and corner fireplaces with simplified masonry
Masonry mortar
Cement is not used to build a fireplace, as it can crack under the influence of high temperatures, so the masonry is carried out using clay-sand mortar. Skinny and low-plasticity clay becomes too brittle after drying, so it should not be used. To prepare the solution, select fatty and soft clay with sifted clean sand in a 1:2 ratio. For masonry, you can also buy a ready-made mixture.
Mixtures for masonry
Fireplace stove laying
1. At least two layers of waterproofing are laid on the finished foundation: roofing felt or roofing felt impregnated with tar or bitumen.2. To lay out the hearth (the lower part of the firebox), the fire chamber and the chimney, you need fire brick. To prevent sparks accidentally falling from the open fireplace from falling onto the floor, the area in front of the firebox is also made of the same brick. To improve adhesion, the bricks are soaked in water before starting work.
3. The solution is applied to both the bed (the wide part, the base of the brick) and its side part (the butt), which will be adjacent to the adjacent bricks. It should be noted that the order indicates how the brick is laid: on the edge or on the wide part of the brick (bed).
4. To avoid mistakes, it is better to number each row of masonry with chalk.
5. Recommended seam thickness sand-clay solution 3-5 mm. The thickness of the solution prepared from the ready-made mixture is indicated by the manufacturer. The brick laid in the masonry should be moved a little and, lightly tapping it with a trowel, pressed.
6. Laying is carried out with offset so that the joint of the bottom row is blocked.
7. Layout begins from the corners of the structure. The brick that will be in the middle part of the row is cut to the required size. It is better to cut bricks with a grinder with a diamond blade.
Important! After laying the row, it is necessary to check its horizontal and vertical using a level. Angles are checked using a plumb line or angle. To obtain perfectly even corners, you can stretch cords along them.
8. The first row is always laid out as a continuous sheet. In most cases, an ash pan is installed in the second row, so free space is left for its installation.
9. After installing the grate and hearth in the fourth row, the formation begins portal. To do this, the bricks are moved forward a few centimeters.
The order of laying bricks
10. The main difficulty of masonry consists in the construction of inclined walls and lintels of chimneys. This tilt is achieved by cutting the brick at a given angle. To prevent soot from accumulating in their corners, the walls of the shaft must be perfectly even and smooth. When laying inclined parts of a chimney and cutting bricks at a certain angle, it is better to prepare wooden templates with the same angle.
Important! Placing cracked bricks and halves into the chimney is not allowed: if they fall out, it will be blocked and smoke will begin to flow into the room.
11. Additional air flow is provided by air wells - holes in the side parts of the fireplace. Heated air enters the room through additional openings - stranglers.
12. Sometimes built into the back wall of the firebox metal screen to reflect heat. It is hung on pins that are laid in the masonry. You can also purchase a ready-made firebox made of cast iron and build it into the brickwork.
Fireplace with cast iron firebox
Example of firebox layout
13. The smoke collector chamber, located above the firebox, gradually narrows and turns into a chimney. At the point where the pipe comes into contact with the ceiling, a thickening is made, called “ fluff" To protect against rain and snow when passing through the roof, another thickening is provided, called " otter" Above it is erected a protective apron of steel.
Important! The ceiling next to the chimney is sheathed with foil or sheets of iron. The pipe near the ceiling is additionally wrapped in fireproof material.
We tried to answer the question: "how to build a fireplace with your own hands?", And if you still have questions, watch the video on this topic.
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