All human bones and their names. Human skeleton

In the human body, everything is interconnected and arranged very wisely. The skin and muscle cover, internal organs and skeleton, all this clearly interacts with each other, thanks to the efforts of nature. The following is a description of the human skeleton and its function.

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general information

The frame of bones of different sizes and shapes, on which the human body is fixed, is called the skeleton. It serves as a support and provides reliable security to important internal organs. What the human skeleton looks like can be seen in the photo.

Described organ, connecting with muscle tissues, is the musculoskeletal system of Homo sapiens. Thanks to this, all individuals can move freely.

Finally developed bone tissue consists of 20% water and is the strongest in the body. Human bones include inorganic substances, due to which they have strength, and organic, which give flexibility. That is why the bones are strong and resilient.

human bone anatomy

Looking at the organ in more detail, it is clear that it consists of several layers:

External. Forms bone tissue of high strength;
Connective. The layer tightly covers the bones from the outside;
Loose connective tissue. Here are complex weaves of blood vessels;
cartilage tissue. It settled at the ends of the organ, due to it the bones have the opportunity to grow, but up to a certain age;
Nerve endings. They, like wires, carry signals from the brain and vice versa.

Bone marrow is placed in the cavity of the bone tube, it is red and yellow.

Functions

Without exaggeration, we can say that the body will die if the skeleton stops performing its important functions:

support. The solid bone-cartilaginous frame of the body is formed by bones, to which fascia, muscles and internal organs are attached.
Protective. Of these, receptacles have been created for the maintenance and protection of the spinal cord (spine), the brain (cranial box) and for other equally important organs of human vital activity (rib frame).
Motor. Here we observe the exploitation of bones by muscles, as levers, for the movement of the body with the help of tendons. They predetermine the coherence of joint movements.
Cumulative. In the central cavities of long bones, fat accumulates - this is yellow bone marrow. The growth and strength of the skeleton depends on it.
In metabolism bone tissue plays an important role, it can be safely called a pantry of phosphorus and calcium. It is responsible for the metabolism of additional minerals in the human body: sulfur, magnesium, sodium, potassium and copper. When there is a shortage of any of these substances, they are released into the blood and distributed throughout the body.
hematopoietic. In hematopoiesis and bone formation, filled with blood vessels and nerves, the red bone marrow takes an active part. The skeleton contributes to the creation of blood and its renewal. The process of hematopoiesis takes place.

Organization of the skeleton

Into the skeletal structure includes several groups of bones. One contains the spine, cranium, chest and is the main group, which is a supporting structure and forms a frame.

The second, additional group, includes the bones that form the arms, legs and bones that provide a connection with the axial skeleton. Each group is described in more detail below.

Basic or axial skeleton

The skull is the bone base of the head.. It is half an ellipsoid in shape. Inside the cranium is the brain, here the sense organs have found their place. Serves as a solid support for the elements of the respiratory and digestive apparatus.

The thorax is the bone base of the chest. It resembles a compressed truncated cone. It is not only a support, but also a mobile device, participating in the work of the lungs. The internal organs are located in the chest.

Spine- an important part of the skeleton, it provides a stable vertical position of the body and contains the brain in its back, protecting it from damage.

Additional skeleton

The belt of the upper limbs - allows the upper limbs to join the axial skeleton. It consists of a pair of shoulder blades and a pair of clavicles.

upper limbs - unique working tool, which is indispensable. It consists of three sections: shoulder, forearm and hand.

Belt of the lower extremities - attaches the lower extremities to the axial frame, and is also a convenient receptacle and support for the digestive, reproductive and urinary systems.

Lower limbs - mainly perform supporting, motor and spring functions human body.

About the human skeleton with the name of the bones, as well as how many there are in total in the body and each department, is described below.

Departments of the skeleton

In an adult, the skeleton contains 206 bones. Usually its anatomy debuts with a skull. Separately, I would like to note the presence of the external skeleton - the dentition and nails. The human frame consists of many paired and unpaired organs, forming separate skeletal parts.

skull anatomy

The structure of the cranium also includes paired and unpaired bones. Some are spongy, while others are mixed. There are two main sections in the skull, they differ in their functions and development. Right there, in the temporal region, is the middle ear.

The brain department creates a cavity for part of the sense organs and the brain of the head. It has a vault and a base. There are 7 bones in the department:

frontal;
wedge-shaped;
Parietal (2 pcs.);
Temporal (2 pcs.);
Trellised.

The facial section includes 15 bones. It contains most of the sense organs. This is where they start departments of the respiratory and digestive systems s.

The middle ear contains a chain of three small bones that transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the labyrinth. There are 6 of them in the skull. 3 on the right and 3 on the left.

Hammer (2 pcs.);
Anvil (2 pcs.);
The stirrup (2 pcs.) is the smallest bone measuring 2.5 mm.

Torso Anatomy

This includes the spine starting from the neck. The chest is attached to it. They are very related in terms of location and functions they perform. We will separately consider spinal column then chest.

vertebral column

The axial skeleton consists of 32–34 vertebrae. They are interconnected by cartilage, ligaments and joints. The spine is divided into 5 sections and in each section there are several vertebrae:

Neck (7 pcs.) This includes epistrophy and atlas;
Thoracic (12 pcs.);
Lumbar (5 pieces);
sacral (5 pcs.);
Coccygeal (3-5 fused).

The vertebrae are separated by 23 intervertebral discs. This combination is called: partially movable joints.

Rib cage

This part of the human skeleton is formed from the sternum and 12 ribs, which are attached to 12 thoracic vertebrae. Flattened from front to back and expanded in the transverse direction, the chest forms a mobile and durable rib lattice. It protects the lungs, heart and major blood vessels from damage.

Sternum.

It has a flat shape and a spongy structure. It contains a rib cage in front.

Upper limb anatomy

With the help of the upper limbs, a person performs a lot of elementary and complex actions. Hands include many small parts and are divided into several departments, each of which conscientiously performs its work.

In the free part of the upper limb includes four sections:

The belt of the upper limb includes: 2 shoulder blades and 2 collarbones.
Shoulder bones (2 pcs.);
Elbow (2 pcs.) And radial (2 pcs.);
Brush. This hard part arranged from 27 small fragments. Bones of the wrist (8 x 2), metacarpus (5 x 2) and phalanges of the fingers (14 x 2).

Hands are an exceptional apparatus for fine motor skills and precise movements. Human bones are 4 times stronger than concrete, so you can perform rough mechanical movements, the main thing is not to overdo it.

Anatomy of the lower extremities

The bones of the pelvic girdle form the skeleton of the lower extremities. The human legs are made up of many small parts and are divided into sections:

The leg skeleton is similar to the arm skeleton. Their structure is the same, but the difference can be seen in the details and size. The entire weight of the human body lies on the legs when moving. Therefore, they are stronger and stronger than the hands.

Bone Shapes

In the human body, the bones are not only different sizes, but also shapes. There are 4 types of bone shapes:

Broad and flat (like a skull);
Tubular or long (in limbs);
Having a composite shape, asymmetrical (pelvic and vertebrae);
Short (bones of the wrist or foot).

Having considered the structure of the human skeleton, we can conclude that it is an important structural component of the human body. It performs the functions due to which the body carries out the normal process of its life.

The structure of the human skeleton and bones, as well as their purpose, is studied by the science of osteology. Knowledge of the basic concepts of this science is a mandatory requirement for a personal trainer, not to mention the fact that in the process of work this knowledge must be systematically deepened. In this article, we will consider the structure and functions of the human skeleton, that is, we will touch on the basic theoretical minimum that literally every personal trainer must master.

And according to the old tradition, as always, let's start with brief digression about the role of the skeleton in the human body. The structure of the human body, which we talked about in the corresponding article, forms, among other things, the musculoskeletal system. This is a functional set of bones of the skeleton, their joints and muscles, which, through nervous regulation, move in space, maintain postures, facial expressions and other motor activity.

Now that we know that the human musculoskeletal system forms the skeleton, muscles and nervous system, we can go directly to the study of the topic indicated in the title of the article. Since the human skeleton is a kind of supporting structure for attaching various tissues, organs and muscles, this topic can rightfully be considered the foundation in the study of the entire human body.

The structure of the human skeleton

Human skeleton- a functionally structured set of bones in the human body, which is part of its motor apparatus. This is a kind of frame on which tissues, muscles are attached, and in which internal organs are located, the protection of which, among other things, it acts. The skeleton consists of 206 bones, most of which are combined into joints and ligaments.

Human skeleton, front view: 1 - lower jaw; 2 - upper jaw; 3 - zygomatic bone; 4 - ethmoid bone; 5 - sphenoid bone; c - temporal bone; 7 - lacrimal bone; 8 - parietal bone; 9 - frontal bone; 10 - eye socket; 11 - nasal bone; 12 - pear-shaped hole; 13 - anterior longitudinal ligament; 14 - interclavicular ligament; 15 - anterior sternoclavicular ligament; 16 - coracoclavicular ligament; 17 - acromioclavicular ligament; 18 - coracoacromial ligament; 19 - beak-shoulder ligament; 20 - costoclavicular ligament; 21 - radiant sternocostal ligaments; 22 - external intercostal membrane; 23 - costal xiphoid ligament; 24 - ulnar lateral ligament; 25 - radial roundabout (lateral) ligament; 26 - annular ligament of the radius; 27- iliac-lumbar ligament; 28 - ventral (abdominal) sacroiliac ligaments; 29 - inguinal ligament; 30 - sacrospinous ligament; 31 - interosseous membrane of the forearm; 32 - dorsal intercarpal ligaments; 33 - dorsal metacarpal ligaments; 34 - roundabout (lateral) ligaments; 35 - radial roundabout (lateral) ligament of the wrist; 36 - pubic-femoral ligament; 37 - iliac-femoral ligament; 38 - obturator membrane; 39 - upper pubic ligament; 40 - arcuate ligament of the pubis; 41 - peroneal roundabout (lateral) ligament; 42 - ligament of the patella; 43 - tibial roundabout (lateral) ligament; 44 - interosseous membrane of the leg; 45 - anterior tibiofibular ligament; 46 - forked ligament; 47 - deep transverse metatarsal ligament; 48 - roundabout (lateral) ligaments; 49 - dorsal ligaments of the metatarsus; 50 - dorsal ligaments of the metatarsus; 51 - medial (deltoid) ligament; 52 - navicular bone; 53 - calcaneus; 54 - bones of the toes; 55 - metatarsal bones; 56 - sphenoid bones; 57 - cuboid bone; 58 - talus; 59 - tibia; 60 - fibula; 61 - patella; 62 - femur; 63 - ischium; 64 - pubic bone; 65 - sacrum; 66 - ilium; 67 - lumbar vertebrae; 68 - pisiform bone; 69 - trihedral bone; 70 - capitate bone; 71 - hooked bone; 72 - metacarpal bones; 7 3-bones of fingers; 74 - trapezoid bone; 75 - trapezoid bone; 76 - navicular bone; 77 - lunate bone; 78 - ulna; 79 - radius; 80 - ribs; 81 - thoracic vertebrae; 82 - sternum; 83 - scapula; 84 - humerus; 85 - collarbone; 86 - cervical vertebrae.

Human skeleton, rear view: 1 - lower jaw; 2 - upper jaw; 3 - lateral ligament; 4 - zygomatic bone; 5 - temporal bone; 6 - sphenoid bone; 7 - frontal bone; 8 - parietal bone; 9- occipital bone; 10 - awl-mandibular ligament; 11- ligament; 12 - cervical vertebrae; 13 - collarbone; 14 - supraspinous ligament; 15 - scapula; 16 - humerus; 17 - ribs; 18 - lumbar vertebrae; 19 - sacrum; 20 - ilium; 21 - pubic bone; 22- coccyx; 23 - ischium; 24 - ulna; 25 - radius; 26 - lunate bone; 27 - navicular bone; 28 - trapezoid bone; 29 - trapezoid bone; 30 - metacarpal bones; 31 - bones of the fingers; 32 - capitate bone; 33 - hooked bone; 34 - trihedral bone; 35 - pisiform bone; 36 - femur; 37 - patella; 38 - fibula; 39 - tibia; 40 - talus; 41 - calcaneus; 42 - navicular bone; 43 - sphenoid bones; 44 - metatarsal bones; 45 - bones of the toes; 46 - posterior tibiofibular ligament; 47 - medial deltoid ligament; 48 - posterior talofibular ligament; 49 - calcaneal-fibular ligament; 50 - dorsal ligaments of the tarsus; 51 - interosseous membrane of the leg; 52 - posterior ligament of the head of the fibula; 53 - peroneal roundabout (lateral) ligament; 54 - tibial roundabout (lateral) ligament; 55 - oblique popliteal ligament; 56 - sacrotuberous ligament; 57 - flexor retainer; 58 - roundabout (lateral) ligaments; 59 - deep transverse metacarpal ligament; 60 - pea-hooked ligament; 61 - radiant ligament of the wrist; 62 - ulnar roundabout (lateral) ligament of the wrist; 63 - sciatic-femoral ligament; 64 - superficial dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament; 65 - dorsal sacroiliac ligaments; 66 - ulnar roundabout (lateral) ligament; 67 - radial roundabout (lateral) ligament; 68 - iliac-lumbar ligament; 69 - costal-transverse ligaments; 70 - intertransverse ligaments; 71 - beak-shoulder ligament; 72 - acromioclavicular ligament; 73 - coracoclavicular ligament.

As mentioned above, the human skeleton forms about 206 bones, of which 34 are unpaired, the rest are paired. 23 bones make up the skull, 26 - the spinal column, 25 - the ribs and sternum, 64 - the skeleton of the upper limbs, 62 - the skeleton of the lower limbs. The bones of the skeleton are formed from bone and cartilage tissue, which belong to the connective tissues. Bones, in turn, consist of cells and intercellular substance.

The human skeleton is arranged in such a way that its bones are usually divided into two groups: the axial skeleton and the accessory skeleton. The first includes the bones located in the center and forming the basis of the body, these are the bones of the head, neck, spine, ribs and sternum. The second includes the clavicles, shoulder blades, bones of the upper, lower extremities and pelvis.

Central skeleton (axial):

The skull is the basis of the human head. It houses the brain, organs of vision, hearing and smell. The skull has two sections: cerebral and facial.
The ribcage is the bony base of the chest, and the location for the internal organs. Consists of 12 thoracic vertebrae, 12 pairs of ribs and sternum.
The spinal column (spine) is the main axis of the body and the support of the entire skeleton. The spinal cord passes through the spinal canal. The spine has the following sections: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal.

Secondary skeleton (additional):

Belt of the upper limbs - due to it, the upper limbs are attached to the skeleton. Consists of paired shoulder blades and clavicles. The upper limbs are adapted to perform labor activity. The limb (arm) consists of three sections: shoulder, forearm and hand.
Belt of the lower extremities - provides attachment of the lower extremities to the axial skeleton. It houses the organs of the digestive, urinary and reproductive systems. The limb (leg) also consists of three sections: thigh, lower leg and foot. They are adapted to support and move the body in space.

Functions of the human skeleton

The functions of the human skeleton are usually divided into mechanical and biological.

Mechanical features include:

Support - the formation of a rigid bone-cartilage frame of the body, to which muscles and internal organs are attached.
Movement - the presence of movable joints between the bones allows you to set the body in motion with the help of muscles.
Protection of internal organs - the chest, skull, spinal column and not only, serve as protection for the organs located in them.
Shock-absorbing - the arch of the foot, as well as the cartilaginous layers at the joints of the bones, contribute to the reduction of vibrations and shocks during movement.

Biological functions include:

Hematopoietic - the formation of new blood cells occurs in the bone marrow.
Metabolic - bones are the storehouse of a significant part of the calcium and phosphorus in the body.

Sexual features of the structure of the skeleton

The skeletons of both sexes are mostly similar and do not have radical differences. These differences include only minor changes in the shape or size of specific bones. The most obvious structural features of the human skeleton are as follows. In men, the bones of the limbs are usually longer and thicker, and the attachment points of the muscles tend to be more bumpy. Women have a wider pelvis, including a narrower chest.

Bone Types

Bone- active living tissue, consisting of a compact and spongy substance. The first looks like dense bone tissue, which is characterized by the arrangement of mineral components and cells in the form of the Haversian system (structural unit of the bone). It includes bone cells, nerves, blood and lymph vessels. More than 80% of the bone tissue has the form of the Haversian system. The compact substance is located in the outer layer of the bone.

Bone structure: 1 - the head of the bone; 2- epiphysis; 3- spongy substance; 4- central bone marrow cavity; 5- blood vessels; 6- bone marrow; 7- spongy substance; 8- compact substance; 9- diaphysis; 10- osteon

The spongy substance does not have the Haversian system and makes up 20% of the bone mass of the skeleton. The spongy substance is very porous, with branched partitions that form a lattice structure. This spongy structure of bone tissue provides an opportunity for storage of bone marrow and storage of fats and at the same time provides sufficient bone strength. The relative content of dense and spongy matter varies in different bones.

Bone Development

Bone growth is an increase in bone size due to an increase in bone cells. The bone can increase in thickness or grow in the longitudinal direction, which directly affects the human skeleton as a whole. Longitudinal growth occurs in the zone of the epiphyseal plate (cartilaginous area at the end of a long bone) initially as a process of replacing cartilage with bone. Although bone tissue is one of the most durable tissues in our body, it is important to understand that bone growth is a very dynamic and metabolically active tissue process that occurs throughout a person's life. hallmark bone tissue is a high content of minerals in it, primarily calcium and phosphates (which give bone strength), as well as organic components (provide bone elasticity). Bone tissue has unique opportunities for growth and self-healing. The structural features of the skeleton also imply that, thanks to a process called bone tissue remodeling, the bone can adapt to the mechanical stresses to which it is subjected.

Bone growth: 1- cartilage; 2- formation of bone tissue in the diaphysis; 3 - growth plate; 4- formation of bone tissue in the epiphysis; 5- blood vessels and nerves

I- fruit;II- newborn;III- child;IV- young man

Bone remodeling- the ability to modify the shape of the bone, its size and structure in response to external influences. This is a physiological process, including resorption (resorption) of bone tissue and its formation. Resorption is the absorption of tissue, in this case bone. Rebuilding is a continuous process of destruction, replacement, maintenance and repair of bone tissue. This is a balanced process of resorption and bone formation.

Bone tissue is formed by three types of bone cells: osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes. Osteoclasts are large bone-destroying cells that carry out the process of resorption. Osteoblasts are cells that form bone and new bone tissue. Osteocytes are mature osteoblasts that help regulate the process of bone remodeling.

FACT. Bone density is highly dependent on regular physical activity for a long time, and exercise, in turn, helps to prevent bone fractures by increasing their strength.

Conclusion

This amount of information, of course, is not an absolute maximum, but rather a necessary minimum of knowledge required by a personal trainer in his professional activities. As I've said in articles about personal trainers, the foundation of professional development is continuous learning and improvement. Today we laid the foundation in such a complex and voluminous topic as the structure of the human skeleton, and this article will be only the first in a thematic cycle. In the future, we will consider many more interesting and useful information regarding the structural components of the frame of the human body. In the meantime, you can say with confidence that the structure of the human skeleton is no longer "terra incognita" for you.

The skeleton is one of the most important structural components of the human body.

It performs many important functions, due to which a person is able to carry out the normal process of life.

It is necessary to know the basic names of the bones of the human skeleton, as well as to have an idea of its structure of its departments.

The human skeletal apparatus is a collection of solid formations - and connecting elements.

In combination with muscle tissues, the skeleton makes up the musculoskeletal system of a person, due to which he can move.

Cartilages act as connecting elements. Due to the cartilage tissue, the fastening of two bones is ensured, their mobility. The degree of mobility directly depends on the number of joints.

The main function of the skeleton is support. It acts as a kind of frame of the human body, maintains its shape, evenly distributes its mass.

The skeleton acts as a support for the internal organs, which are in limbo.

In addition, the skeleton is one of the body's defense mechanisms. Various bones protect vital organs, for example, the cranium protects against damage, and the spine is the protective shell of the spinal cord. The rib cage, consisting of the sternum and many ribs, provides protection for the heart, digestive organs, as well as large arteries and veins.

The presence of cartilaginous layers between the bones ensures the performance of the spring function of the skeleton. It lies in the fact that during movement, with shocks, concussions, falls or blows, the skeleton absorbs, thus preventing damage to organs.

One of the functions of the skeleton is support

Also, it is important to note that the bones of the human skeleton take part in hematopoietic processes.

Inside them is the bone marrow, which is responsible for the production of leukocytes and erythrocytes - one of the most important components.

In addition to the hematopoietic biological function of the skeleton, bones also provide tissues with trace elements and minerals.

The shape of the skeleton directly affects appearance person.

In general, the human skeleton is a complex mobile structure that performs a number of vital functions.

Structural features

Departments of the skeletal apparatus:

Spine. It is divided into 5 sections: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal. It consists of vertebrae, which, connecting with cartilaginous tissues, form the spinal column. Performs a protective, supporting function. Mobility is provided by the intervertebral discs, of which there are 23 in the spine.
Shoulder bones. The belt consists of two shoulder blades and collarbones. Fixation to the body occurs due to a large number of ligaments and muscles. They provide attachment to the body of the upper limbs, protect large arteries from possible damage.
Upper limb belt. Consists of the humerus, which connects to the radius and ulna at the elbow joint. The wrist is attached to the radius and ulna by the wrist joint. In the lower part of the department are brushes, which consist of a large number of small bones that also form fingers.
Thoracic skeleton. Represented by the thoracic spine, which consists of 12 vertebrae. 12 pairs of ribs are attached to them, and the sternum. The rib cage protects the heart and other internal organs and also acts as a support for a large number of muscle groups.
Pelvic bones. It consists of the sacrum and two pelvic bones, between which the pubic bone is located. The pelvic girdle also includes the coccygeal spine, represented by one bone. The pelvis acts as a support for the excretory organs, intestines, external and internal genital organs. In women, the pelvic girdle functions as a reproductive canal.
lower limbs. The human legs are made up of the femur, the tibia (the tibia and fibula), and the foot. Above the knee joint, which connects the lower leg and thighs, is the knee cap or patella. The foot is made up of many small bones, but is shaped to support considerable body weight.

The bones of the human skeleton are not homogeneous and differ from each other in shape and size.

The skeleton itself is a collection of various bone sections that have a different structure and degree of mobility.

It consists of several departments that perform different functions and have a specific design.

The skeletal apparatus consists of a large number of bones, as well as other components that provide the ability to move.

Congenital pathologies of the skeleton

Musculoskeletal disorders can be either congenital or acquired. At the moment, congenital anomalies are a common occurrence.

Acquired pathologies occur, as a rule, as a result of injuries or diseases in which normal bone growth is disturbed in childhood.

Most common birth defects skeleton:

Syndactyly. Pathology in which the patient has an fusion of two or more fingers. Currently being treated surgically at the age of 6-67 years. The disease can act as a symptom of Apert complex syndrome.
Brachydactyly. A developmental anomaly in which the toes or fingers are severely shortened. Very often, such a violation is combined with syndactyly. May occur against the background of congenital.
Shoemaker's chest. Outwardly, it is a strong retraction of the sternum, as well as the ribs attached to it. It occurs due to the fusion of the diaphragm and the posterior surface of the chest. It develops at birth, and in the future, most often, it progresses. Treatment is by removing the fused tissue between the sternum and diaphragm.
Microcephaly. With such a pathology, the size of the skull does not increase in the patient, which causes significant pressure on the brain. It occurs due to the fact that the seams that hold the lid and other bones of the skull together too quickly. There is no specific treatment for the disease, which is why patients are prescribed only symptomatic therapy.
Clubfoot. It is expressed in the wrong position, in which it is turned inward. As a rule, it occurs against the background of underdevelopment of various groups of ligaments, due to which the flexion functions of the muscles are disturbed. In most cases, clubfoot is bilateral.
Polymelia. A rare developmental anomaly in which children are born with extra limbs. It is caused by serious genetic disorders in which the child's body is not capable of normal functioning. In most cases, polymelia occurs against the background of other developmental anomalies that are not compatible with life.

In general, there are various anomalies in the development of the skeleton, which differ in severity, nature of manifestation and method of treatment.

The human skeleton is the main element of the musculoskeletal system, which performs a supporting and protective function, participates in the processes of hematopoiesis and maintains the mineral balance of the body. The skeleton consists of a large number of paired and unpaired bones, which form various skeletal sections.

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Varieties of bones

Bone structures of different parts of the body are subjected to different loads and differ in function. This is reflected in the human anatomy. Depending on the form, there are:

tubular,
flat,
mixed.

The representative of the tubular can be the largest bone - the femur. At its ends are processes - the epiphyses, which are involved in the formation of joints and serve as places of attachment and their tendons, ligaments.

According to another classification based on the ratio of length and width, it is customary to distinguish:

long,
short,
mixed.

The long ones are located in the limbs, forming levers together with the muscles and joints. Short ones are grouped in those places where a combination of strength and mobility is needed. In the human skeleton, the wrist and tarsus are made up of short bones.

Important! Air-bearing bone structures are isolated separately. These include the maxilla, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones. They contain cavities filled with air. This is an evolutionary solution to the relief of the facial skull. In addition, in humans, bone formations with air cavities are involved in the formation of the voice.

Useful video: skeletal structure and bone composition

General plan of the skeleton

The anatomy section of osteology deals with the description of the human skeleton. Allocate the skeleton of the head, trunk and limbs. Each of the departments is subdivided into smaller areas. The photo shows a human skeleton with a description.

Skeleton structure

The skull consists of a brain and a facial section. Connects to the spine, which is part of the skeleton of the body. In addition to the spine, the trunk consists of ribs and their cartilaginous connections with the sternum. The skeleton of the girdle of the upper and lower extremities and free limbs are distinguished.

The skull performs the function of protecting the brain, nerves and sensory organs, as well as the initial sections of the respiratory and digestive systems. All bones of the skull are flat. The facial section contains air cavities.

Cerebral region of the skull

The part of the skull that contains the brain is called the cranium. Above and from the sides is the vault, the bottom of the skull is the base. The arch consists of the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital and sphenoid bones. Frontal bone in humans during prenatal development consists of the right and left halves, which fuse into one before birth. It is located in the anterior part of the skull. Participates in the formation of the eye sockets and nasal cavity. Behind with the help of seams grows together with the temporal and parietal.

The parietal bones are convex plates covering the lobes of the brain of the same name.

The temporal bones are the seat of the organs of hearing and balance, contain channels through which numerous vessels and nerves pass, from which the complexity of the structure of this organ becomes clear. The tympanic cavity of the temporal bone contains the auditory ossicles: the stirrup, the malleus, and the incus. The stirrup is the smallest bone in the human skeleton.

The occipital is the largest bone in the base of the skull in humans. It has a large foramen magnum through which the spinal cord exits the skull.

Facial region of the skull

The description of the bones of the facial part of the skull is dealt with in detail by plastic anatomy - a section of anatomy that is studied by artists and sculptors. The photo shows the structure of the skeleton of a human face.

In humans, movable and fixed bones are distinguished in the facial skull. Only the lower jaw is mobile. The rest are connected by seams and movement in them is impossible. The immovable bones of the skull include:

upper jaw,
nasal bones,
superior turbinates,
coulter,
palatine,
lacrimal,
cheekbones.

The names of the bones of the facial skull are formed from the names of their position (upper or lower jaw), adjacent organs (lacrimal) or from the structures that they form (nasal, palatine).

Torso skeleton

All the bones of the body form the spinal column and chest. They perform the function of protecting and transmitting muscle force from the muscles of the limbs, and also support the body in an upright position. The photo shows the skeleton of the body.

The spine is made up of 31-32 bones. Their size increases in the direction from the head to the pelvis. The smallest bone in the spine is the atlas. That's what the first one is called cervical vertebra, which fuses with the occipital bone.

Thanks to this fusion, head movements to the sides and tilts forward and backward are possible. The second cervical vertebra also has a special name - axial.

This name is obtained due to the special shape: it has a tooth that acts as an axis around which the atlas rotates along with the skull. There are 7 cervical vertebrae in total. They are highly mobile.

In humans, the bones of the thoracic vertebrae are surrounded by a large number of ligaments and connections to the ribs. Because of this, movement in this department is limited. The thoracic region consists of 12 vertebrae.

Among all parts of the human and mammalian spine, the most massive vertebrae are located in lumbar. This is due to the fact that this department bears the entire load of the upper body. In addition, in this place the spine is quite mobile. The combination of massiveness and mobility under constant load leads to a high incidence of injuries and diseases of the spinal column in this place.

The sacrum got its description due to its specific shape, which resembles a cross. It is a fused vertebrae that provides a connection between the trunk and lower limbs.

Upper limb skeleton

In the process of evolution, human hands were freed from the function of support. Instead, the upper limbs became extremely mobile, and the hand became an organ of labor. Due to the peculiarities of the structure, it became possible to perform subtle movements.

The bones of the human upper limbs and their names correspond to the anatomical structures of which they are part. The skeleton of the girdle of the upper limbs and the skeleton of the free limb are distinguished. It is most convenient to present this division in pictures.

Upper limb

The shoulder girdle consists of the clavicle and scapula. The only connection between the arm and the skeleton of the body is the sternoclavicular joint. This ensures extremely high mobility of the upper limb. The shoulder blade is located on the back of the chest. Many muscles of the back and neck are attached to it. Due to this, various movements in the shoulder joint are possible.

The free upper limb consists of the bones of the shoulder, forearm and hand. The humerus is a large, long, tubular bone. At the top, it connects to the articular surface of the scapula and forms the shoulder joint. Below, due to the movable connection with the bones of the forearm, the elbow joint is formed. There are two bones in the forearm: the radius and the ulna, which provide rotation of the hand.

Important! Of all the human bones, the hand has the greatest mobility. The wrist is formed by eight bones, the smallest of which is the pisiform. Many joints provide a variety of tiny movements.

Skeleton of the lower extremities

The pelvic girdle is represented by immovably fused iliac, pubic, ischial bones and the sacrum. The pelvis is a container in which the genitals and the final sections of the digestive tract, as well as large vessels and nerves, are located. The structure of the skeleton of the lower limb of a person is shown in the photo.

The skeleton of the free lower limb consists of the bones of the thigh, lower leg and foot. In humans, the largest bone is the femur. It is able to withstand an axial load of several tons. At the top, its head forms the hip joint with the acetabulum.

Below is knee-joint formed by the articular surfaces of the femur, tibia, and fibula.

Useful video: what bones does the human skeleton consist of

Conclusion

The human skeleton is a complex system that provides movement, protection and balance in space. Each bone is a living organ that can adapt to constantly changing working conditions.

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