Using the drawings and anatomical description, locate the muscle groups and the movements they perform.

I. Muscles of the head

Mimic muscles are attached to the bones, skin or only to the skin, chewing - to the bones of the fixed part of the skull and to the lower jaw.

Task 1. Determine the function of the temporal muscles. Place your hands on your temples and make chewing movements. The muscle tenses as it lifts lower jaw up. Find the chewing muscle. It is located near the jaw joints, about 1 cm in front of them. Determine: temporal and masticatory muscles - synergists or antagonists?

Task 2. Get acquainted with the function of mimic muscles. Take a mirror and wrinkle your forehead, which we do when we are unhappy or when we are thoughtful. The supracranial muscle contracts. Find it in the picture. Observe the function of the circular muscle of the eye and the circular muscle of the mouth. The first closes the eye, the second closes the mouth.

II. The sternocleidomastoid muscle on the anterior surface of the neck ().

Task 3. Turn your head to the right and feel the left sternocleidomastoid muscle. Turn your head to the left and find the right one. These muscles turn the head left, right, acting as antagonists, but when contracted together, they become synergistic and lower the head down.

III. Muscles of the body in front ().

Task 4. Find the pectoralis major muscle. This paired muscle tenses if you bend your arms at the elbow and fold them with effort on your chest.

Task 5. Look at the picture of the abdominal muscles that form the abdominal press. They are involved in breathing, tilting the torso to the sides and forward, in transferring the torso from a lying to a sitting position with fixed legs.

Task 6. Find the intercostal muscles: the external ones inhale, the internal ones exhale.

IV. Muscles of the trunk from behind ().

Task 7. Find the trapezius muscle in the picture. If you bring your shoulder blades together and tilt your head back, it will be tense.

Task 8. Find the latissimus dorsi muscle. She drops her shoulder down and puts her hands behind her back.

Task 9. Along the spine are the deep muscles of the back. They unbend the body, tilting the body back. Determine their position.

Task 10. Find the gluteal muscles. They abduct the hips with us. The deep muscles of the back and the gluteal muscles in humans are most strongly developed due to upright posture. They resist gravity.

V Muscles of the arm ().

Task 11. Find the deltoid muscle in the picture. It is located above the shoulder joint and takes the arm to the side to a horizontal position.

Task 12. Find the biceps and triceps muscles of the shoulder. Are they antagonists or synergists?

Task 13. Muscles of the forearm. To understand their function, place your hand palm side down on a table. Press it against the table, then clench the brush into a fist and unclench it. You will feel the muscles in your forearm contract. This is because the muscles that flex the hand and fingers are located on the side of the palm on the forearm, and the muscles that extend them are located on the back of the forearm.

Task 14. Feel near the wrist joint from the side of the palmar surface of the tendon that goes to the muscles of the fingers. Think about why these muscles are on the forearm and not on the hand.

VI. Muscles of the leg (according to the figure).

Using drawings and anatomical description, determine the location (the position of the muscle groups and the movements they perform.

Rice. 35. Muscles of the head.

1. - frontal;
2. - temporal;
3. - circular eyes;
4. - circular mouth;
5. - chewing;
6. - sternocleidomastoid;
7. - occipital

1. Muscles of the head (according to Figure 35).

Mimic Muscles attach to bones, skin, or just skin chewable - to the bones of the fixed part of the skull and to the lower jaw.

Exercise 1 . Define a function temporal muscles. Place your hands on your temples and make chewing movements. The muscle tenses as it lifts the lower jaw up. Find the chewing muscle. It is located near the jaw joints, about 1 cm in front of them. Determine: temporal and masticatory muscles - synergists or antagonists?

Task 2. Get to know the function of mimic muscles. Take a mirror and wrinkle your forehead, which we do when we are dissatisfied or when we are thoughtful. shrinking supracranial muscle. Find it in the picture. Observe Functioncircular muscle of the eye And circular muscle of the mouth.The first closes the eye, the second closes the mouth.

Task 3. Turn your head to the right and feel the leftsternocleidomastoidmuscle. Turn your head to the left andshoot the right one. These muscles turn the head left, right, acting as antagonists, but when contracted together, they become synergistic and lower the head down.

Rice. 36. Muscles of the trunk and limbs:

A is a front view. Muscles of the hand: 1 - flexors of the hand and fingers; 2 - biceps brachii; 3 - deltoid muscle. Trunk muscles: 4 - large chest; 5 - dentate muscle; 6- abdominal muscles. Leg muscles: 7 - tailor; 8 -- quadriceps thigh; 9 - tibial muscles. B - rear view. Arm muscles: 10 - triceps muscle of the shoulder; 11 - extensors of the hand and fingers. Trunk muscles: 12 - trapezoid; 13 - latissimus dorsi; 14 - deep extensors of the back; 15 - buttocks. Leg muscles: 16 - biceps thigh; 17 - calf

III. Trunk musclesin front (according to figure 36).

Task 4. Find large chestmuscle. This paired muscle tenses if you bend your arms at the elbow and fold them with effort on your chest.

Task 5. Consider in the figure the abdominal muscles that form abdominal Press. They are involved in breathing, tilting the torso to the sides and forward, in transferring the torso from a lying to a sitting position with fixed legs.

Task 6. Find intercostal muscles:the external ones inhale, the internal ones exhale.

1. Muscles of the trunk from behind (according to Figure 36).

Exercise 7. Locate in the picturetrapezius muscle.If you bring your shoulder blades together and tilt your head back, it will be tense.

Fall 8. Find e latissimus dorsi muscle.She drops her shoulder down and puts her hands behind her back.

Fall 9. Along the spine are deep back muscles. They unbend the body, tilting the body back. Determine their position.

Task 10. Find the buttocks muscles. They take the hip back. The deep muscles of the back and the gluteal muscles in humans are most strongly developed in connection with upright posture. They resist gravity.

Task 11. Find in the picture deltoid muscle. It is located above the shoulder joint and takes the arm to the side to a horizontal position.

Task 12. Find two-headed and three-headed shoulder muscles. Are they antagonists or synergists?

Task 13. Muscles of the forearm.To understand their function, place your hand palm side down on a table. Press it against the table, then squeeze the brush into a fist and unclench it. You will feel the muscles in your forearm contract. This is because from the side of the palm on the forearm are located

h * muscles, bending the hand and fingers, and unfolding them are located on the back of the forearm.

Task 14. Feel near the wrist joint from the side of the palmar surface of the tendon that goes to the muscles of the fingers. Think about why these muscles are on the forearm and not on the hand.

Rice. 34. Muscles flexors and extensors:

1. - tendons of the head of the biceps muscle, shoulder;
2. - body of the biceps muscle;
3. - biceps tail
4. - radius bone;
5. - elbow bone;
6. - tail of the triceps muscle of the shoulder; 7 - humerus; 8 - the abdomen of the triceps muscle; 9 - scapula; 10 - heads of the triceps brachii

VI. Muscles of the leg (according to Figure 36).

Task 15. On the front of the thigh is a very powerfulquadriceps femoris.Find it in the picture. It flexes the leg at the hip joint and extends it at the knee. To imagine its function, one must imagine a football player hitting the ball. Its antagonist is the gluteal muscles. They take their feet back. Acting as synergists, both of these muscles keep the body upright, fixing the hip joints.

There are three muscles on the back of the thigh that flex the leg at the knee.

Task 16. Pull up on your toes, you feel like you're tensed upcalf muscles.They are located on the back of the leg. These muscles are well developed because they support the body in an upright position, are involved in walking, running, jumping.

Human muscles are a popular topic for any athlete. Therefore, I think that the following material will not make big discoveries for you, because. most athletes have, at least a minimal amount of knowledge about the structure of their muscles, but still ...

If you are determined to do something, then, first of all, you need to clearly understand what specific steps can lead you to the goal.

Agree, one desire to increase, for example, the volume of hands is not enough. You need, at a minimum, to know what exactly to “download” for this, i.e. what specific muscles need to be worked out to achieve specific goals. And drawing up training programs, specific exercises, nutrition are the next steps. Therefore, human muscles are one of the topics with the study of which one should begin the difficult path of an athlete.

The location of human muscles is clearly shown in the figures, and their description is given below:

Until you understand the structure of your own body, you will not fully understand the meaning of your actions in training.

There is a lot of information about skeletal muscles, I believe that human muscles are most clearly and rationally described in the book The New Encyclopedia of Bodybuilding (authors: Arnold Schwarzenegger with the participation of Bill Dobbins).

So, our body consists of more than six hundred muscles. Of course, you don’t need a detailed study; the following classification of the main muscle groups will be enough:

Back: latissimus dorsi, rhomboid, infraspinatus, teres major, spinal extensor muscles;
Shoulder girdle: deltoid muscle (consists of the anterior, middle and posterior head), brachialis muscle, coracobrachialis muscle, trapezius muscle;
Thorax: pectoralis major (pectoral) muscle (consists of upper and lower sections), serratus, intercostal muscles;
Biceps and triceps: biceps (upper and lower parts), triceps (its three heads);
Forearms (muscles of the arms from the elbow to the hand): flexor muscles of the forearm, extensor muscles of the wrist, brachioradialis;
Hips and buttocks: quadriceps (middle, outer, inner heads), gracilis femoris, adductor magnus femoris, sartorius, adductor longus, tensor fascia lata, pectineus, hamstring muscles (biceps femoris, semimembranosus , semitendinosus), iliopsoas, glutes (gluteus medius and gluteus maximus);
Abdomen: rectus abdominis, external obliques;
Lower leg: tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius (outer and inner heads), soleus muscle.
After you have become familiar with the general structure of human muscles, the most rational step would be to study the Bodybuilding: Muscles section, which contains unique information about the work of muscles, the principles of their contraction, energy, etc.

Believe me, without this knowledge, you will never understand how your muscles work and what makes them contract and grow!

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LESSON No. 13, 14 "Muscles, structure, functions, work"

Tasks:

Introduce students to the structure of human muscles.

Skill Development independent work with textbook and visual aids.

Learn to recognize the various muscles in the human body.

Acquaintance with the regulation of the work of human muscles.

Learn to understand the processes occurring in the muscle during work.

I. Check of knowledge.

1. Demonstration microscopes with tissue preparations.

2. Tell about the structure of the joint.

II. new material

muscles- organs of the body, consisting of muscle tissue that can contract under the influence of nerve impulses.

There are about 600 muscles in the human body.

They contract slowly, the exchange of in-in is not very intensive, there is a large extensibility, they can be in a state of prolonged contraction.

Fast contraction, high metabolism

Muscles are located:

blood vessels - blood provides the supply of O2 and nutrients, carries away decay products

lymphatic vessels - contribute to an additional outflow of fluid from the muscles

nerve endings:

receptors - perceive the degree of stretching and contraction of muscles

effectors - receive commands from the central nervous system

Laboratory work"Muscle groups of the human body" pp. 64-68

Fill the table:

Chewing muscles are the strongest (effort 70 kg.).

The strongest ligament is bertini, which strengthens the hip joint (can withstand 350 kg.)

Muscle properties:

excitability - the ability to respond to nerve impulses - stimuli

contractility - the ability to reduce length with increasing thickness

stretchability - the ability to increase the length with a decrease in thickness

elasticity - the ability to return to its original position after stretching

Muscles work most effectively at 1330.

Muscle efficiency 20%. 80% - heat losses.

Muscular coordination- the coordinated work of muscles.

Synergists - muscles that perform the same movement.

Antagonists - muscles that perform opposite actions.

Lab 3

MUSCLES OF THE HEAD, NECK AND BODY

Goal of the work: following the tasks of the practical part of the laboratory work, consider the anatomical structure of the muscles of the head, neck and torso, answer control questions.

Theoretical part

1.1 Muscles of the head

The muscles of the head are divided into facial muscles (facial muscles) and masticatory muscles. The muscles of the face are located just under the skin. When contracted, they displace areas of the scalp, giving the face a certain expression (facial expression). The chewing muscles are displaced during contraction of the lower jaw, causing the act of chewing.

1 Mimic muscles (Figure 1):

occipitofrontalis muscle , t. oscipitofrontalis (L) ;

nasal muscle, n. nasalis (B) ;

orbicular muscle of the eye m. orbicularis oculi (K) ;

eyebrow wrinkling muscle m. corrugator supercilii (A);

anterior, superior and posterior ear muscles, mm. auriculares anterior, superior et posterior;

circular muscle of the mouth m. orbicularis oris (E);

large and small zygomatic muscles, mm. zigomaticus major et minor (I) ;

levator muscle upper lip, m. levator labii superioris (J) ;

muscle that lowers the lower lip m. depressor labii inferioris (F);

buccal muscle, m. buccinators, forms the basis of the cheeks (D) ;

chin muscle, m. mentalis (G) ;

2 Chewing muscles (Figure 2):

chewing muscle, m. masseter (C) ;

temporal muscle, m. temporalis (M);

lateral pterygoid muscle, m. pterygoideus lateralis (N);

medial pterygoid muscle, m. pterygoideus medialis (O).

1.2 Muscles of the neck

The muscles of the neck are shown in Figure 3, they are divided into three groups:

- surface group, which includes:

subcutaneous muscle of the neck, platysma

sternocleidomastoid muscle, m. stemocleidomastoideus.

- the median muscle group, which includes the muscles lying above and below the hyoid bone:

a) suprahyoid muscles:

1) are antagonists of the masticatory muscles, lower the lower jaw with a fixed hyoid bone:

2) digastric muscle, m. digastricus (A);

3) stylohyoid muscle, m. stylohyoideus (J);

4) maxillofacial muscle, m. mylohyoideus (B);

5) geniohyoid muscle, m. Geniohyoideus;

b) sublingual muscles:

1) sternohyoid muscle, m. sternohyoideus (I);

2) scapular-hyoid muscle, m. omohyoidees (H);

3) sternothyroid muscle, T.sternothyroideus (D);

4) thyroid muscle, m. thyrohyoideus (C);

– deep group includes:

a) the long muscle of the neck, m. longus colli;

b) long muscle of the head, m. longus capitalism;

c) scalenus anterior muscle m. scalenus anterior (F);

d) the middle scalene muscle, m. scalenus medius (G);

d) posterior scalene muscle, m. scalenus posterior (E).

1.3 Muscles of the back

The muscles of the back, shown in Figure 4, lie in several layers, ensuring the vertical position of the body in space, the movement of the spinal column and ribs, and are involved in the formation of the walls of the chest, abdominal and pelvic cavities.

The muscles of the back are arranged in layers, among them there are superficial and deep muscles.

The superficial back muscle group includes:

trapezius muscle, m. trapezius (K);

latissimus dorsi muscle, m. latissimus dorsi (J);

rhomboid muscles, large and small, mm. rhomboidei major et minor (D);

levator scapula muscle T.levator scapulae(C);

serratus posterior inferior, T. serratus posterior inferior (H);

Serratus superior posterior muscle m. serratus posterior superior (G).

The deep back muscle group includes:

a) splenius muscle of the head , T.splenius capital (B);

b) belt muscle of the neck , m. splenius cervicis;

c) erector spinae muscle m. erector spinae (I), which is divided into three parts:

1) spinous muscle;

2) the longest muscle;

3) iliocostal muscle.

d) transverse and interspinous muscles, mm. interspinales et intertransversarii;

e) semispinalis muscle, m. semispinalis (A) , which is divided into three parts:

1) semispinalis muscle of the chest , m. semispinalis thoracis;

2) semispinous muscle of the neck , m. semispinalis cervicis;

3) semispinous muscle of the head , m. semispinalis capitalism.

1.4 Muscles of the chest

The chest muscles shown in Figure 5, on the one hand, cover the outside of the chest, attaching to the bones of the girdle of the upper limb and the humerus, on the other hand, they fill the gaps between the ribs, connecting them also with the thoracic spine. This muscle group includes:

a) pectoralis major muscle m. pectoralis major (J) , it is located in the upper part of the chest, it is distinguished:

clavicle , pars clavicularis;

sternocostal part , pars sternocostal;

abdominal part, pars abdominalis.

b) pectoralis minor muscle, m. pectoralis minor (B);

c) subclavian muscle, m. subclavius (A);

d) serratus anterior muscle m. serratus anterior (I);

e) external intercostal muscles, mm. intercostales externi (C);

e) internal intercostal muscles, mm. intercostales interni (D).

1.6 Abdominal muscles(picture 5)

The abdominal muscles shown in Figure 5 are divided into three groups;

- anterior group of abdominal muscles, which include:

a) rectus abdominis m. rectus abdominis (H);

b) pyramidal muscle, m. pyramidalis;

- lateral group of abdominal muscles, which include:

a) external oblique abdominal muscle m. obliquus externus abdominis (E);

b) internal oblique muscle of the abdomen, m. obliquus internus abdominis (F);

c) transverse abdominal muscle, m. transverse abdominis (G);

- the posterior group of the abdominal muscles, which include the square muscle of the lower back, m. quadrates lumbocum.

Practical part

Exercise 1. Consider the facial muscles shown in Figure 1, using the notation, memorize the location of the muscles and their names. In the workbook, make a table in which sign the symbols in Russian and Latin, attachment points and function.

Figure 1 - Facial muscles (according to E. Alcamo).

Table example

Table 1 - Facial and chewing muscles

Task 2. Consider the chewing muscles shown in Figure 2, using the notation, memorize the location of the muscles and their names. In the workbook, make a table in which sign the designations in Russian and Latin, the attachment points and the function.

Figure 2 - Chewing muscles (according to E. Alcamo).

Task 3. Consider the muscles of the neck shown in Figure 3 (front view), using the notation, memorize the location of the muscles and their names. In the workbook, make a table in which sign the designations in Russian and Latin, the attachment points and the function.

Figure 3 - Muscles of the neck (according to E. V. Semenov with changes).

Task 4. Consider the back muscles shown in Figure 4 (front view), using the notation, memorize the location of the muscles and their names. In the workbook, make a table in which sign the designations in Russian and Latin, the attachment points and the function.

Figure 4 - Muscles of the back (according to E. Alcamo).

Task 5. Figure 5 shows the muscles of the chest and abdomen (front and back view), using the notation, learn the location of the muscles and their names. In the workbook, make a table in which sign the designations in Russian and Latin, the attachment points and the function.

Figure 5 - Muscles of the chest and abdomen, front view (according to E. Alcamo).

Control questions:

List the facial muscles of the head, name the points of attachment and the functions that these muscles perform.

List the chewing muscles of the head, name the points of attachment and the functions that these muscles perform.

What muscles are the superficial muscles of the neck? Name the points of attachment of the superficial muscles of the neck.

What muscles belong to middle group neck muscles? Name the points of attachment of the muscles of the neck of the middle layer.

Name the attachment points and functions of the suprahyoid group of neck muscles.

Name the attachment points and functions of the infrahyoid group of neck muscles.

What muscles are deep neck muscles?

Name the attachment points and functions of the back muscles.

Name the attachment points and functions of the superficial back muscle group.

Name the attachment points and functions of the deep back muscle group.

Name the attachment points and functions of the chest muscles.

Name the attachment points and functions of the abdominal muscles.