) a complex sentence is understood as a combination, combination, chain of sentences, each of which retains its semantic and structural independence. Considering that a simple sentence, which is part of a complex one, does not lose its essential features, supporters of this point of view come, in particular, to deny the existence of a compound sentence as a syntactic unit.
According to the second concept of the essence of a complex sentence (justified in the works of V. A. Bogoroditsky, H. S. Pospelov, V. V. Vinogradov), its components, constituting a single syntactic unit, lose their independence. This point of view is the most widespread. However, its supporters face the question of what is the difference between a complex sentence and a simple one. On this issue, there has been some disagreement among linguists.
Still others believe that simple sentences become components of a complex sentence, undergoing certain changes under the influence of a syntactic connection, however, the components of a complex sentence are characterized by varying degrees of similarity to simple sentences. Some may differ both in structure and functions, others may differ only in the absence of communicative independence.
Types of complex sentences
Compound sentences are of four types, which are distinguished by the types of connection between simple sentences in complex ones.
Compound sentence
Here, a complex sentence with an allied and non-union connection consists of two blocks connected by a coordinating conjunction "and".
The first block consists of 5 parts and is in the form of an SPP with consistent and homogeneous subordination.
The second block consists of 4 parts and is an SPP with homogeneous and consistent subordination.
Notes
Links
- The main types of complex sentences (video lesson, grade 9 program)
Literature
- Barkhudarov L. S., Kolshansky G. V. On the problem of the structure of a complex sentence.// Professor Mosk. University Academician VV Vinogradov. Sat. articles on linguistics. - M.: publishing house Mosk. un-ta, 1958. - S. 40-53.
- Bogoroditsky V. A. General course of Russian grammar. - 5th ed., revised. - M.-L.: State. social economy publishing house, 1935. - 354 p.
- Vannikov Yu. V., Kotlyar T. R. Questions of sentence structure. - Saratov: publishing house Saratovsk. un-ta, 1960. - 63 p.
- Vasilyeva N. M. The structure of a complex sentence / on the material French early period/. - M.: Higher school, 1967. - 233 p.
- Vinogradov V. V. Basic questions of sentence syntax (on the material of the Russian language). // Questions of the grammatical system: Sat. articles. - M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1955. - S. 389-435.
- Grammar of modern Russian literary language. - M.: Nauka, 1970. - 767 p.
- Gulyga E. V. The theory of complex sentences in the modern German. - M.: Higher school, 1971. - 206 p.
- Dzhepko L. P. Structural-semantic and functional features of non-union compound sentences in the modern English language: Dis. … cand. philol. Sciences. - M.: MGLU, 1993. - 250 p.
- Zolotova G. A. Essay on the functional syntax of the Russian language. - M.: Nauka, 1973. - 351 p.
- Ivanova I. P., Burlakova V. V., Pocheptsov G. G. Theoretical grammar of modern English. - M.: Higher School, 1981. - 286 p.
- Ilyenko S. G. Questions of the theory of complex sentences in modern Russian: Abstract of the thesis. dis. ... Doctors of Philology. Sciences. - L .: Leningrad. state ped. in-t, 1964. - 37 p.
- Iofik LL Is there a compound sentence in English? (on the question of the form of a complex sentence). // NDVSH. Philological Sciences. - 1958. - No. 2. - C. 107-119.
- Iofik L. L. The problem of the structure of a complex sentence in the New English language: Abstract of the thesis. dis. ... Doctors of Philology. Sciences. - L .: Leningrad. state un-t im. A. A. Zhdanova, 1965. - 41 p.
- Iofik LL Compound sentence in the New English language. - L .: Leningrad publishing house. un-ta, 1968. - 214 p.
- Kolosova T. A. Semantic relations in a complex sentence.// NDVSH. Philological Sciences. - 1972. - No. 5. - C. 61-72.
- Kryuchkov S. E., Maksimov L. Yu. Modern Russian language. The syntax of a complex sentence. - M.: Enlightenment, 1977. - 188 p.
- Maksimov L. Yu. Multidimensional classification of complex sentences (on the material of the modern Russian literary language): Abstract of the thesis. dis. ... Doctors of Philology. Sciences. - M.: MGPI im. V. I. Lenin, 1971. - 29 p.
- Peshkovsky A. M. Russian syntax in scientific coverage. - 7th ed. - M.: Uchpedgiz, 1956. - 511 p.
- Peshkovsky A. M. Is there a composition and subordination of sentences in Russian.// Peshkovsky A. M. Selected works. - M.: Uchpedgiz, 1959. - S. 52-57.
- Pospelov N. S. On the grammatical nature of a complex sentence.// Questions of the syntax of the modern Russian language: Sat. articles. - M.: Uchpedgiz, 1950. - C. 321-337.
- Russian grammar. Syntax. - T. 2. / Ed. N. Yu. Shvedova. - M.: Nauka, 1980. - 709 p.
| Syntax | |
|---|---|
| Basic concepts | Suggestion: simple, complicated, complicated(complex, subordinate, non-union) Sentence member Homogeneous members of a sentence Clause Grammatical basis Phrase Dependence Syntactic connection: coordinating, subordinating (agreement, control, adjacency) Valence Nexus and junction Actant Sirconstant Grammar of dependencies Grammar of components Surface structure Deep structure Transformation |
| Personalities | A. M. Peshkovsky L. Tenier N. Chomsky C. Fillmore I. A. Melchuk J. Hawkins |
| Syntactic theories | Categorical grammar "Meaning ⇔ Text" theory Generative grammar: standard theory, theory of principles and parameters, minimalist program |
| Related concepts | Language levels Grammar Morphology Grammatical semantics Semantic role Transitivity Congruence |
| Phonetics and phonology Morphology Portal:Linguistics | |
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See what "Complex sentence" is in other dictionaries:
A sentence consisting of two or more parts, similar in form to simple sentences, but forming a single semantic, constructive and intonational whole. The unity and integrity of a complex sentence are created for its individual types ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
Difficult sentence- DIFFICULT SENTENCE. A complex phrase, indicated by intonation, as a complete whole, and consisting of two or more sentences, i.e. phrases with a predicate form, connected with each other by one or another formal features ... Dictionary of literary terms
A construction of simple sentences denoting several situations related by some kind of relationship. By the nature of the syntactic connection (see Syntax) of its parts, a complex sentence can be complex, complex, or ... ... Literary Encyclopedia
difficult sentence- A complex phrase, indicated by intonation as a complete whole and consisting of two or more sentences, i.e. phrases with a predicate form, connected with each other by one or another formal features (unions, ... ... Grammar Dictionary: Grammar and linguistic terms
Difficult sentence- A complex sentence is a syntactic construction formed by combining several (at least two) sentences on the basis of allied connections of composition and subordination or zero allied connection of non-union. Traditionally, the term "S. P." focuses on... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary
difficult sentence- Structural, semantic and intonation association of predicative units grammatically similar to a simple sentence. S.p. has: 1) its own grammatical meaning; 2) grammatical form; 3) own structural indicators. ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
difficult sentence- Structural, semantic and intonation association of predicative units grammatically similar to a simple sentence. S.p. has: 1) its own grammatical meaning; 2) grammatical form; 3) own structural indicators ... Syntax: Dictionary
There are many difficult topics in the Russian language, but complex sentences occupy a special place among them. You need to be able to distinguish between their types in order to correctly punctuate them later. A student in grade 11 needs to master the topic well in order to pass the exam for a high score.
Types of complex sentences: characteristics and examples
First you need to study the table with examples “Types of complex sentences”:
|
Type of complex sentence |
Characteristics |
Example |
|
Unionless |
Simple sentences in a complex one are linked intonation |
It got dark, the street lights were lit, they illuminated the fresh snow |
|
complex |
Simple sentences in a complex one are connected with the help of subordinating unions |
When it got dark, then the street lights were lit, which illuminated the fresh snow. |
|
compound |
Simple sentences in a complex one are connected with the help of coordinating conjunctions. |
It was dark, but the street lights were already on, and they illuminated the fresh snow. |
|
WITH different types connections |
Simple sentences as part of a complex one are connected both with the help of conjunctions of different types, and with intonation. |
It got dark: the street lights were lit, which illuminated the fresh snow |
From the table it is clear that in a complex sentence there is more than one basis, the nature of the relationship between them can be very different. They are divided into two large groups - with and without unions, and allied sentences, in turn, are divided into complex and complex, depending on the nature of the connection and the unions used. And since everything is not so simple in Russian, there is another group - complex sentences in which simple ones are interconnected by different types of connections.
A complex sentence, regardless of the type of connection, can consist of not only two simple ones, but more. To correctly determine the type of such a sentence, you need to find the grammatical foundations and determine the boundaries of simple sentences, and then find out the nature of the connection between them.
The nature of the connection in different sentences
In non-union and compound sentences, the parts are equal to each other, and in a complex sentence there is a main part and a subordinate clause (or clauses). These are their main differences.
By analogy with the phrase, from the main part to the subordinate clause, you can ask a question. At the same time, the main part is not always at the beginning of the sentence, and the subordinate part follows it, and vice versa is often the case. In addition, several subordinate clauses can be attached to one main part - they can answer the same questions and different ones.
Relative clauses are divided into several types, depending on their meaning. So, they are explanatory, attributive, adverbial and adjunctive.
Punctuation in complex sentences
Within a sentence with an allied connection, parts can be connected not only with commas, but also with a dash and a colon, less often with a semicolon. In complex and complex sentences, the main punctuation mark is a comma.
What have we learned?
Depending on the nature of the connection between the parts of a complex sentence (there may be two or more), they are divided into non-union and allied, and the latter, in turn, are divided into sentences with a coordinating and subordinating connection. There is also a separate type of complex sentences - with different types of communication, where they are combined in different variations. Complex sentences in Russian have a main part, which is joined by one or more subordinate clauses. Depending on what kind of connection it is, several varieties of subordinate clauses are distinguished.
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For the correct formulation and presentation of their own thoughts, schoolchildren and adults need to learn how to correctly place semantic accents in written speech. If in life we often use simple constructions, then in writing we use complex sentences with different types of connection. Therefore, it is important to know the features of their construction.
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Classification
What types of communication proposals used in Russian :
- coordinative with and without unions, when the components of the syntactic construction are independent, equal in relation to each other;
- subordination, unionless and allied, when one part of the structure is the main one, and the second is dependent;
- allied, coordinating and subordinating, expressed with the help of coordinating or subordinating unions and allied words;
Complex sentences consist of several simple ones, therefore they have more than two grammatical bases. When meeting them, do not be surprised and remember that there can be not only 2 or 3 parts, but on average up to 10-15. They constantly combine different types of communication.
The main types of complex sentences with examples:
- Unionless.
- Compound.
- Complex sentences.
- Structures with different types of connection.
An example of a unionless relationship: The wind drives the clouds to the edge of heaven, the broken spruce groans, the winter forest whispers something.
It is necessary to note the main feature of constructions with a coordinative connection. The function of a coordinative connection is to show the equality of parts within a complex sentence, it is done with the help of intonation and the use of coordinating unions. Unionless communication can also be used.
How are compound sentences constructed? examples with diagrams :
The firmament cleared of hanging clouds - and the bright sun came out.
The fields were empty, the autumn forest became dark and transparent.
Sentences of the fourth type usually consist of three or more parts that are connected to each other in different ways. To better understand the meaning of such constructions, how to learn how complex sentences with different types of connection are built and grouped. Often, sentences are divided into several blocks, connected without union or with the help of a coordinating connection, while each of the parts represents a simple or complex sentence.
Dependent parts can have different semantic meanings, according to this feature complex sentences are divided into several groups.
Determinants
They serve to characterize and reveal the attribute of the noun being defined from the main clause. Join with and : where, from where, where, which, what. They are found only inside the main or after it. Questions can be posed to them: what?, whose?
Examples:
How painfully hot in those hours when noon hung in silence and heat.
For a long time he admired, smiling, his capricious beloved daughter, who thought, not noticing anything around.
Explanatory
They refer to words that have the meaning of thoughts (to reflect), feelings (to be sad), speech (answered, said), in order to reveal in detail the meaning of the main word, to clarify, to supplement. They also include demonstrative words - that, that, that, to which the dependent clause is attached. Connected by unions what, to, as if, as if.
Examples:
The guy quickly realized that the girlfriend's parents are not particularly smart, and thought out a further strategy.
This could be seen from the fact that he drove several times with his cart around the yard until he found the hut.
circumstantial
They are related to or to words that have adverbial meaning. Let's name their varieties and ways of attaching to the main word:
- time, specify the period of time when the action is performed, subordinating temporary unions are used for communication: when, until what time (When it was about the war, the stranger lowered his head and thought);
- places, talking about the place, are connected with the main word with allied words-adverbs: where, where, from where (Leaves, wherever you look, were yellow or golden);
- conditions that reveal under what circumstances this or that action is possible, are joined by subordinate conjunctions: if, if ..., then. They can start with particles - so, then (If it rains, then the tent will need to be moved higher);
- degree, specifies the measure or degree of action I in question, you can put questions to them: to what extent? to what extent? (The rain stopped so quickly that the ground did not have time to get wet.);
- goals, they tell what goal the action pursues and is connected by target unions: so that (In order not to be late, he decided to leave early);
- reasons, union is used for joining - because(He did not complete the task because he fell ill);
- the manner of action, indicate exactly how the action was performed, are joined by subordinating unions: as if, as if, exactly (the Forest was covered in snow, as if someone had bewitched it);
- consequences serve to clarify the result of an action, you can ask them a question - as a result of what? Join the union - So(The snow shone brighter in the sun, so that my eyes hurt);
- concessions, unions are used to join them: let it, although, despite. Allied words can be used (how, how much) with a particle neither (No matter how hard you try, nothing will work without knowledge and skills).
Building offer schemes
Let's take a look at what an offer scheme is. This is a graphic showing the structure proposals in a compact form.
Let's try to draw up schemes of sentences, which include two or more subordinate clauses. To do this, let's turn to examples with different inflected parts of speech.
Complicated sentences may consist of several subordinate clauses, which have a different relationship with each other.
There are the following types of offer links:
- homogeneous or associative;
- parallel (centralized);
- sequential (chain, linear).
Homogeneous
Characterized the following signs:
- all subordinate clauses can be attributed to the whole main thing or to one of the words;
- subordinate clauses are the same in meaning, answer one question;
- coordinating unions are connected or unionless communication is used;
- intonation during pronunciation is enumerative.
Examples and offer linear schemes:
I noticed how the stars began to blur (1), how a coolness swept by with a light breath (2).
, (how how…).
Sometimes subordinate clauses are represented by a cascade of explanatory sentences, depending on one word in the main part:
It is not known where she lived (1), who she was (2), why a Roman artist painted her portrait (3) and what she was thinking about in the picture (4).
, (where ...), (who ...), (why ...) and (about what ...).
Parallel
Such complex sentences have subordinate clauses with different values belonging to several types
Here are examples of sentences with diagrams:
When our boat sailed from the ship to the shore, we noticed that women and children began to run away from the settlement.
(When that…).
Here two subordinate clauses depend on the main clause: tense and explanatory.
Constructions can create a chain, which can be depicted in the diagram as follows:
In some places, houses were crowded, which in their color were similar to the surrounding rocks, that one had to be closer to distinguish them.
, (which ...), (what ...), (to ...).
Possible and another variant when one sentence is inside another. Sometimes constructions are combined, linking with one subordinate clause within another.
At first, the blacksmith was terribly frightened when the devil raised his devil so high that nothing could be seen below, and rushed under the very moon so that he could catch it with his hat.
, (when…, (what…), and…), (what…).
The proposals use various punctuation marks:
- comma, example: The final remark of the sister-in-law ended already on the street, where she went on her urgent business;
- semicolon: Some time later, everyone in the village was fast asleep; only a month hung high in the luxurious Ukrainian sky;
- colon: It happened like this: at night the tank got stuck in a swamp and drowned;
- dash: Thick hazel bushes will block your path, if you hurt yourself on a prickly thorn bush - stubbornly go forward.
consistent
Simple structures are connected to one another in a chain:
There is a known knot on a tree trunk, on which you put your foot when you want to climb an apple tree.
, (on which ...), (when ...).
Determination procedure
What plan determines the types of communication of sentences in a letter. We offer a step-by-step guide that is suitable for any occasion:
- read the offer carefully;
- highlight all grammatical bases;
- divide the structure into parts and number them;
- find allied words and conjunctions, in their absence, take into account intonation;
- determine the nature of the relationship.
If available two independent parts, then this is a sentence with a coordinating connection. When one sentence names the reason for what is being discussed in another, then this is a complex sentence with subordination.
Attention! Adventitious constructions can be replaced either by adverbial turnover. Example: In the black sky dotted with myriads of small stars, soundless lightning appeared here and there.
Learning Russian - complex sentences with different types of connection
Types of communication in complex sentences
Conclusion
The types of connection of sentences depend on their classification. They use . The schemes are very diverse, there are many interesting options. Graphic drawing of a proposal allows you to quickly determine construction and sequence of all components, highlight the basics, find the main thing and correctly punctuate.
§1. Difficult sentence. General concepts
Difficult sentence is a unit of syntax.
complex are called sentences consisting of two or more grammatical bases, connected into a single whole in meaning, grammatically and intonationally.
From simple sentence the complex is distinguished by the fact that in a simple sentence there is one grammatical basis, and in a complex one - more than one. A complex sentence, therefore, consists of parts, each of which is framed as a simple sentence.
But a complex sentence is not a random collection of simple sentences. In a complex sentence, parts are interconnected in meaning and syntactically, with the help of syntactic links. Each part, being framed as a sentence, does not have semantic and intonational completeness. These features are characteristic of the entire complex sentence as a whole.
Complex sentences, like simple ones, are characterized by the purpose of the utterance. They can be non-exclamatory and exclamatory.
Unlike a simple sentence, a complex one requires determining how many parts it consists of and what connection its parts are connected by.
§2. Types of syntactic connection of parts of a complex sentence
The syntactic relationship between parts of a complex sentence can be:
- allied
- unionless
Allied connection- this is a kind of syntactic connection expressed with the help of unions.
Allied connection can be:
- writing
- subordinating
Coordinating syntactic connection- this is a type of syntactic connection with an equal relationship of parts. A coordinating syntactic connection is expressed with the help of special means: coordinating conjunctions.
The storm passed and the sun came out.
Subordinating syntactic connection- this is a type of syntactic connection with an unequal relationship of parts. The parts of a complex sentence with a subordinating link are different: one is the main sentence, the other is a subordinate sentence. The subordinating syntactic connection is expressed with the help of special means: subordinating conjunctions and allied words.
We didn't go for a walk because a thunderstorm started.
(We didn't go for a walk- main proposition because the storm has begun- subordinate clause.)
Associative syntactic relationship is a meaningful connection. Parts of a complex sentence are connected only by punctuation. Neither conjunctions nor allied words are used to express an allied syntactic connection. Example:
The coach got sick, the class was rescheduled for next week.
The nature of the syntactic connection between parts of a complex sentence- this is the most important classification feature of complex sentences.
§3. Classification of complex sentences
The classification of complex sentences is a classification according to the syntactic relationship between its parts. Complex sentences are divided into:
into 1) allied and 2) non-union, and allied, in turn - into 1) compound and 2) compound.
Therefore, there are three types of complex sentences:
- compound
- complex subordinate
- unionless
Each of these types is subject to further classification by meaning.
test of strength
Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.
Final test
How many grammatical bases are in a complex sentence?
- two or more
How are parts of a complex sentence related?
- within the meaning of
Does a part of a complex sentence have a completeness?
- yes, each part is a separate independent proposal
Are complex sentences characterized by the purpose of the utterance?
Can complex sentences be exclamatory?
Is it correct to assume that the syntactic connection between the parts of a complex sentence is only allied?
What can be an allied connection between parts of a complex sentence?
- main
- adnexal
Is it possible to have a syntactic connection between parts of a complex sentence without conjunctions?
What type of allied syntactic connection is characterized by an equal relationship of parts of a complex sentence?
- an equal relationship characterizes a subordinating relationship
What type of allied syntactic connection is characterized by an unequal relationship of parts of a complex sentence?
- unequal attitude characterizes the coordinative connection
Right answers:
- two or more
- in meaning and syntactically (using a syntactic link)
- no, only all the parts together are an independent offer
- coordinating and subordinating
- equal relationship characterizes the coordinative connection
- unequal attitude characterizes a subordinating relationship
In Russian, simple and complex sentences are distinguished. They differ in the number of grammatical bases.
Simple sentence
Simple sentence -
it is a sentence with one grammatical basis.
For example: I washed the dishes. This is a simple sentence, since it has one grammatical basis - I washed it.
Types of simple sentences
A simple sentence can be one-part and two-part.
One-part - this is a simple sentence that has only one main member. For example: Stay silent. The main member is "stop" (predicate).
One-part proposals can be:
- vaguely personal: You have been called to the director.
- generalized-personal: You can't even pull a fish out of a pond without difficulty.
- impersonal: It's dark in the room.
- definitely personal: I stand and smile.
- infinitive: Quiet! It's time for you to go.
- nominal: Night. Street. Flashlight. Pharmacy.
Two-part sentence - it is a simple sentence that has all the necessary components, such as: subject and verb.
Difficult sentence
Difficult sentence - this is a sentence that has two or more grammatical bases, which can be interconnected either in meaning or with the help of conjunctions.
For example: I'm sitting on a chair, a cat jumped up to me . This is a difficult sentence because it has two grammatical bases (I am sitting and the cat jumped).
Types of complex sentences
Complex sentences can be:
- unionless;
- compound;
- complex.
Unionless proposals - a sentence in which all its parts are interconnected in meaning, but without unions.
For example: It got warmer, I took off my jacket. In this sentence, there are two grammatical parts "warmer" and "I took off", between which there are no unions.
Compound sentences - This is a complex allied sentence, the simple parts of which are connected with the help of coordinating conjunctions. Coordinating conjunctions: a, and, but, a, or, or, yes, like ... so, or ... either, not only ... but and, or ... or, neither ... nor, but.
All parts of compound sentences are equal in meaning.
For example: On the beach, not only the water warmed up, but the sand also became warmer. First part compound sentence- the water warmed up, the second - the sand became. These two parts are interconnected by a composed union "but". So this is a complex sentence.
Compound sentences are sentences in which two parts are connected by subordinate conjunctions / allied words, and in which one part depends on the other.
That is, they distinguish the main and subordinate parts. From the main, you can ask a question to a subordinate.
For example: Anton realized that he was wrong. In that complex sentence the main part - Anton understood, from which you can ask a question to the subordinate part: Anton understood - what? - that he's wrong.
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