Qualitative predicate in Chinese. Chinese Grammar - Rule Two

Tasks for the text:

1. Find in the text the equivalents of the following sentences:

1) Our university has 6 faculties.

2) There are 15 students in our group.

3) Chinese teachers teach us grammar, hieroglyphics and speaking.

4) Our university has a big library.

5) The university has many auditoriums, an assembly hall, a library, a reading room, a canteen, as well as two student dormitories.

1) 你们大学有几个系?

2) 你们班有几个男学生?

3) 你们系有没有阅览室?

4) 图书馆有多少书?

5) 大学有没有礼堂?

5. Write a story about your university/group.

Lesson 8

Grammar

Sentence with a verbal predicate

A sentence in which the main component of the predicate is a verb is called a sentence with a verbal predicate. The verb in Chinese does not change for person, number, and gender. Species-temporal meanings are expressed both with the help of various verbal suffixes and the absence of suffixal shaping. An unformed verb conveys, as a rule, an action related to the present or future tense. The proposal is built according to the scheme:

(O) P - S - (O) D

我看报. Wǒ kà n bà o. I am reading a newspaper.

他们喝茶. Wǒ men hē chá. We are drinking tea.

Negative sentences are formed by setting the negation 不 bù before the verb and conveys the meaning “someone usually does not (do), will not (do), does not want (do) ...”, etc.

他不听音乐. Tā bù tī ng yī newè. He doesn't listen to music.

我不吃面包. Wǒ bù chī mià n.b.ā o. I don't eat bread.

General question can be expressed by repeating the predicate in the affirmative and negative forms.

他买不买皮包? – 不买. Tā mă i bù mă i pí bao? – Bù mă i. Does he buy a bag? - No.

This form is not used if the predicate is preceded by an adverb. In this case, the question is expressed using the interrogative particle 吗 ma.

你妈妈看杂志吗? – 看. Nǐ mā ma kà n zá zhì ma? – Kà n. Does your mom read a magazine? - Is reading.

Special question formed with the help of special interrogative words (pronouns).

他去哪儿? – 他去书店. Tā qù nă r? – Tā qù shū dià n. Where is he going? - He goes to the store.

你买什么? – 我买水果. Nǐ mă i shé nm? – Wǒ mă i shuǐ guǒ. What are you buying? - I buy fruit.

Sentence with multiple verbs

in the predicate

The predicate of such a sentence includes two or more verbs or verb constructions with a common subject. The sequence of these verbs and verb constructions is strictly defined. When pronouncing, there should not be a pause between them. In this lesson, there are sentences in which the second verb expresses the meaning of the purpose of the action indicated by the first verb.

我去学生宿舍看朋友. Wǒ qù xú esheng sù shè kà n pé ngyou. I'm going to the student dorm to visit a friend.

他来大学问老师. Ta lai dAxue wèn lăoshī. He came to the university to ask the teacher.

我去图书馆看杂志. Wǒ qù tú shū guă n kà n zá zhi. I go to the library to read magazines.

我去商店买毛巾和香皂. Wǒ qù shā ngdià n mă i má ojī n hé xiā ngzà o. I go to the store to buy a towel and soap.

		ask, ask a question
		to make, to make; write
		come, arrive, arrive

		to be, to be


		leave, leave; go, go
		buy



		book Shop
		need, need, need
		towel
		toilet soap
		to ask, to make a request; invite, call; Please
		to go forward; to advance; to enter (in)
		sit, sit down
		return, go back; turn around



		exercise, practice; exercise

		speak, tell
		write, compose
		meet

proper names

对话 1

玛丽娅: 谁? 请进.

Mǎlìya: Shui? Qǐng jìn.

安德烈: 你好!

Andélie: Nǐ hǎo!

玛丽娅: 你好! 请坐.

Mǎlìyà: Nǐ hǎo! Qǐng zuo.

安德烈: 你忙吗?

Andélie: Nǐ mang ma?

玛丽娅: 不忙. 请喝茶.

Mǎlìyà: Bù máng. Qǐng hē chá.

安德烈: 谢谢.

Andeliè: Xiexiè.

对话 2

尼娜: 你去哪儿?

Nínà: Nǐ qù nǎr?

谢尔盖: 我去商店. 你也去吗?

Xièěrgài: Wǒ qù shāngdiàn. Nǐ yě qù ma?

尼娜: 不, 我不去商店, 我要去图书馆.

Nínà: Bù, wǒ bù qù shāngdiàn, wǒ yào qù túshūguǎn.

谢尔盖: 你去看什么书?

Xièěrgài: Nǐ qù kàn shénme shū?

尼娜: 我去看杂志. 你要买什么?

Nínà: Wǒ qù kàn zázhì. Nǐ yào mǎi shénme?

谢尔盖: 我要买毛巾和香皂.

Xièěrgài: Wǒ yào mǎi máojīn hé xiāngzào.

1. Read aloud and translate the following phrases

问不问喝不喝

做不做学习不学习

来不来听不听

看不看去不去

在不在买不买

2. Build an interrogative sentence of two types: with a particle吗 and with repetition of the predicate.

Example: 看书

他看不看书?

2) 学习汉语

3. Answer the questions:

1) 您叫什么名字?

2) 您做什么工作?

3) 您学习什么?

4) 您学习汉语吗?

5) 您喜欢看书吗?

4. Fill in the gaps with the words necessary for the meaning:

1) – 你去哪儿?

– 我去商店. 你也…?

– 我不去商店, 我要去… .

2) - 你去看什么书?

– 我去看杂志.

3) -你要买什么?

– 我要买毛巾…香皂.

Exercises for SRS

1. Write one line at a time the keys of the seven features.

2. Translate into Chinese:

1) I am studying Chinese.

2) My older brother listens to music.

3) Parents are drinking tea.

4) My friend goes to a bookstore to buy a Chinese textbook.

5) The older sister is reading a magazine.

3. Complete the sentences according to the meaning:

1) 我去书店喝茶

2) 他去图书馆问老师

3) 她来大学买两本课本

4) 我们去商店看杂志

5) 他们回家买皮包

4. Read the text and do the tasks for the text:

叶列娜是外语系的学生. 她学习汉语, 也学习英语. 她认识她的同学尼娜. 她们常去图书馆看英文杂志和英文报.

她们有时候去书店买中文书和中文课本. 她们喜欢看中文课文, 做练习, 说汉语, 写汉字, 学习生词.

有时候她们去咖啡馆喝中国茶. 她们喜欢听音乐.

Tasks for the text:

1. Find in the text the equivalents of the following expressions (sentences):

1) She studies Chinese and English.

3) Sometimes they go to the bookstore to buy books on Chinese.

4) They like listening to music.

5) Sometimes they go to cafes to drink Chinese tea.

2. Answer the questions on the text:

1) 叶列娜是外语系的学生吗?

2) 她们学习什么?

3) 她的同学叫什么名字?

4) 她们去不去书店?

5) 她们喜欢做练习吗?

3. Tell us what this text is about.

4. Make questions to the text.

Lesson 9

Grammar

Interrogative sentences with conjunction还是 há ishì ‘or’

Interrogative sentences with conjunction 还是 há ishì is a kind of alternative question. These proposals contain two possible options answer, to the left and right of the union 还是, one of which the respondent will have to choose. For example:

你去还是不去? – 我去. Nǐ qù há ishì bù qù? – Wǒ qù. Are you coming or not? - I'm going.

你回家还是去咖啡馆? – 我回家. Nǐ huí jiā há ishì qù kā fē guă n? – Wǒ huí jiā. Are you returning home or going to a cafe? - I am going back home.

Alternative interrogative sentence with 是 shì has the following form:

这杯茶是你的还是他的? –这杯茶是他的. Zhè bēi chá shì nǐde háishì tāde? - Zhè bēi chá shì tāde. Is this cup of tea yours or his? This glass of tea is his.

他是老师还是学生? –他是学生. Tā shì lăoshi háishì xuésheng? - Tā shì xuesheng. Is he a teacher or a student? - He is a student.

The object in Chinese is usually placed after the verb, but there are other options, which we will discuss below. Complements are usually expressed by nouns or pronouns.

For example:

我喝茶 - 茶 in this case is an addition.

Additions in Chinese, as well as in Russian, are divided into direct and indirect. There are additions that are expressed by verb-object constructions. Such expressions are usually translated into Russian in one word, for example:

吃饭 - to eat

吸烟 - to smoke

At the same time, if we make clarifications in such constructions, they will go into the category of ordinary direct additions:

吃晚饭 - to have dinner, but by design it is mean. + Add.

Options for setting a direct object in Chinese:

1) After the predicate

2) Before the subject

When the addition is brought forward, before the subject, the sentence has an emotional coloring, and special emphasis is placed on the addition. It even stands out in translation:

这本书我已经买了! I already bought this book!

3) Between subject and predicate

With this setting, it becomes necessary to use the preposition 把 ba3. 我把这些汉字写错了！I wrote these few characters wrong! There is also an amplification effect here, which also stands out when translated into Russian.

In order to turn such a sentence into a negative one, the negative 没 is used, i.e. 我没把这些汉字写错了 - I didn't spell these few characters wrong.

If modal verbs are used in an affirmative sentence before the preposition 把, the negation will no longer be 没, but 不.

我不想把这本书还给他 - I don't want to return this book to him.

About cases when the use with the preposition 把 is impossible, we will talk separately in a special grammatical lesson about this preposition.

indirect addition

An indirect object can be used with or without a preposition.

Indirect objects without a preposition are used with the verbs 给 gei3 (to give, provide), 问 wèn (to ask), 送 sòng (to give) and others. The most common and common is the verb 给.

The word order will be as follows:

Subject - Predicate - Indirect object - direct complement

我给他一本书 - I gave him one book.

我的朋友送我很有意思的书

李老师教我们汉语语法

Indirect objects with prepositions

These suggestions include:

1) 给 gei3 (not to be confused with the verb 给). This preposition is usually used with additions that answer the question: “to whom?”, “What?”.

我给妈妈写信 - I am writing a letter to my mother

2) 用 yòng - as a verb translated "to use", as a preposition it is used with the same meaning, usually used with additions that answer the question: "what?".

请问，这个词用汉语怎么说？ - Can you tell me how to say this word in Chinese?

The preposition 用 is placed only before the predicate.

The construction scheme in the above example will be as follows:

请问，这个词 (Original) 用 (preposition) 汉语 (QD) 怎么说 (Verb)？

3) 跟，和，同

These prepositions are usually used with additions that answer the question: “who?” "with whom?".

你看，她跟谁跳舞？ Look who she's dancing with?

我和他是最好的朋友 We are with him best friends.

我同他们去电影院 - I went to the cinema with them

These prepositions are placed only before the predicate, so such sentences have the following structure:

你 (Sub.) 跟 (Preposition) 他 (QD) 认识 (Verb) 吗？

It is worth paying attention to the fact that with these prepositions, negation can be placed both before the preposition and before the predicate.

The predicate is negated if the verb is expressed by one of the words that do not express action, for example: 知道 (zhīdao, to know)，有(you3, to have)，注意(zhùyì, to pay attention)，明白(míngbai, to understand) 认识( rènshi, to be familiar).

我跟他不认识 - I don't know him

This preposition is usually used with additions that answer the question: “to whom?” “what?”, and also conveys the meanings of “to”, “in relation to”, “for”, etc.

我对中国历史感兴趣 – I am interested in Chinese history

The position of the preposition 对 in a sentence can be different:

A) at the beginning of a sentence

对(preposition)这个情况(QD)，我(Sub.)不太清楚(predicate) – I am not very knowledgeable about this situation

B) Before the predicate

我(Sub.)对(Preposition)中国历史(QD)感(predicate)兴趣(Direct Option) – I am interested in Chinese history

If the verb is expressed by an adjective or a predicate represented by a verb that does not express an action, then the negation is placed immediately before the predicate itself:

For example:

对这个情况，我不太清楚

5) 替 tì - this preposition has the meaning "for", "instead of".

我替他的成功很高兴 - I'm very happy for his success!

In a sentence, this preposition can only appear before the predicate.

请你替我问妈妈好 - Say hello to your mom from me

Note: If the proposal with the CD contains modal verbs, adverbs, function words or negations, then all of them will come before the CD.

For example:

我不会用汉语说 - I can't speak Chinese.

Views: 2085. Today: 4

a) verbs of the group 进（进，到，出，入，去，来，回）

Are intransitive

Can act as modifiers

They take the complement of time, place, sometimes multiplicity

B) pregoli verbs

1 with space seme 到，往，上

Well take place complement

2 with the seme of beingness 在

Take place complement

There is also a group of verbs with the meaning of beingness, which are not intransitive, but also take the place complement 住，生活

C) verbs with a verbal-objective type of connection (valency is associated with their structure). 睡觉，吃饭– the ideomatics is quite transparent

They grammaticalized, became transitive 我知道他

D) verbs with a common seme of movement in space (non-transition)

走，飞，跑，跳

Easily accept complement, usually manage complement through prepositions (于，到)

2. Transitive verbs

Verbs with mixed valency

Classification by Li Jin Xi

verbs related to the general seme of moving something in space

挂，放　（你把衣服挂上）

Manage direct addition

Sema of displacement requires after itself a complement

2. verbs of giving - attention

Accepts 2 types of complements (addresser-addresser, object)

Manage direct and indirect addition

给，送，还，教，买，卖

3．Verbs of thought - feeling - speech 看，说，想我想她是个好女人

Can control the addition expressed by the included part, i.e. the whole sentence

Highlighted the group of verbs 有我有书

EXAMINATION TICKET No. 9

Denial of the possibility of distinguishing the vocabulary of the Chinese language by parts of speech and their justification (A. Maspero, Gao Mingkai).

There are theories that deny the existence of parts of speech in EP: the theory of Henri Maspero and Gao

Minkay. Maspero's theory was syntacticocentric in nature, and morphology

rejected completely. Maspero based on the classic version of the Indo-European

linguistics, in which parts of speech are distinguished on the basis of morphological features

words, i.e. shaping, word formation, came to the conclusion that there is no

parts of speech, i.e. there is no morphology in the EP in the Indo-European sense of the word. And Gao Mingkai, relying on Kuznetsov's article on parts of speech, where it was said that parts of speech are distinguished on the basis of the form of a word, came to the conclusion that since in EP there are no word forms, then there are no parts of speech. Having come to the conclusion that there are no parts of speech in EP, Gao Mingkai switched to words with the meaning of quality, property, sign, number, etc. He wrote the grammar of these words.

Functional-semantic field of suffering in the SCJ.

Voice category - gram.category, which expresses subject-object relations. The category of collateral is universal, because exists in many languages. Pledge is a relationship between an object and a subject, a subject and an object. There are 2 types of voice: active (the subject correlates the object) and passive (the subject is represented by the object, and the object is the subject). Passive relationships are marked. In kya, the marker for the passive voice is 被. Active voice: zero morpheme 被, passive voice: 被+V. Syncretism is a phenomenon when a sign performs two or more heterogeneous functions (被 can be a gramme and a preposition), this phenomenon must be distinguished from the score meaning (in one act, enter into different homogeneous paradigms). Score - one form is included in all parties. The boy eats porridge (present tense, 3rd person, singular, perfective, active voice). There is no score in the kya. Functional-semantic category of suffering: a) morphemic level: 被+V; b) lexical level: prepositions 给, 由, 叫, 让, 为; lexico-syntactic level: state sentence 衣服洗了. The meaning of suffering can be conveyed through the structure 是…的

The theory of opposition distinguishes 3 types of relations between the components of the system:

Equivalent opposition presupposes the equality of the components of the system, i.e. they can be interchangeable

Privat, when 1 component of the si-we can replace 1 or several components of the system (the replacement component is “strong”, a member of the opposition, and the replaced one is weak

Gradual involves the gradation of members of the opposition according to the degree of severity of something (qual. Har-ki)

EXAMINATION TICKET No. 10

Dual classifications of words in Chinese and their theoretical foundations (G. von Gabelenz, Liu Shuxiang).

The model of double classifications by parts of speech still exists. Her supporters

is G. Gabelents, Ma Jianzhong, Wang Li, who tried to try on

QW facts and the existing metasystem. They accepted the fact that it was necessary to seek

grammar within grammar. They ignored the fact that the grammar of the parts of speech

should be limited to morphology, i.e. they considered only semantics and function.

Von Gabelenz singled out word-categories and function. 1. word-categories - noun, adj., ch.,

number, preposition, etc. (i.e. pure semantics). 2. function - noun perform a function

subject, ch. - predicate, rarely subject, rarely object.

Ma Jianzhong singled out morphemes of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd levels, said that there are parts of speech,

which are allocated based on the value.

Morphemes of the 1st level can be leading in s / s (noun, ch. and sometimes adj.).

Level 2 morphemes can be both leading and trailing (counts, and sometimes adj.).

Level 3 morphemes can be predominantly driven (adverbs, conjunctions).

Lexico-grammatical categories of verbs according to the mode of action.

1.initiative (indicates the beginning of the action)

A group of verbs that by itself conveys initiation 开始

A group of elements, prefixes that convey the beginning of the action with their semantics

起（起运，起飞）；开　（开工，开笔，开动）；起来（学起来）；发病

2. inchutive (assumes that there is a change in property or quality)

发+qualities morpheme　发白-turn white (was not white)

3. mutual (assumes that the action has 2 subjects that perform the action in relation to each other)

4. repetitive (the action is repeated many times, returns to its beginning)

5. mitigating-restrictive. markers: reduplication with and without multiplicity of action, the action is not very intense 说一说，看一看，散散步

6. separating (action divides an object into some fragments)

7. unifying

8. return method (action changes the vector) the subject becomes the object

9. durative (marks the semantics of the duration of the action) the semantics can change depending on the semantics of the root 说下去，看下去-duration, 跳下去，跑下去 - e.g. down

10. resultative 完（说完了）；好（吃好了，打好了）；上（坐上）when verbs of feelings 上, the meaning of res-ta starts. Fall in love tolerance 不）见　(non-conductive)　看见；听见

关Absolutely effective 　说关了，吃关了

EXAMINATION TICKET No. 11

Classification by parts of speech A.A. Dragunov.

A.A. Dragunov was the first in Russian sinology to give a detailed description of the parts of speech of the modern Chinese language, taking into account the specifics of the grammatical structure of languages of the isolating type. In 1934 he co-wrote An Elementary Chinese Grammar with Zhou Songyuan, aimed at Chinese learners. In this work, the author for the first time formulated his point of view on the problem of parts of speech in Chinese. A.A. Dragunov wrote: “This grammar differs from all existing Chinese grammar textbooks, in which parts of speech are distinguished only by meaning, or it is argued that the parts of speech of the Chinese language are “indefinite”, therefore it is generally impossible to talk about their differentiation. This grammar book is consistently based on the concept of parts of speech as a "grammatical classification of words". A.A. Dragunov continued to develop the theory of the principles of singling out parts of speech in Chinese in his subsequent works devoted to the study of grammar.

It is interesting to note that A.A. Dragunov’s approach to interpreting the problem of parts of speech was largely theoretically formed under the influence of views on grammatical categories in the Russian language, developed by the famous Russian scientist L.V. Shcherba, to whom he repeatedly refers.

In the fundamental work "Research on the Grammar of the Modern Chinese Language", A.A. Dragunov notes two features, taking into account which parts of speech are distinguished in the Chinese language (according to the author's terminology, "lexico-grammatical categories"). First, it is necessary to take into account which member of the sentence the given word acts as; secondly, with what categories of words the given word is capable or not capable of being combined. In this case, not a separate syntactic function or type of connection is taken into account, but the totality of all options. Both of these features can be combined under the general name "grammatical", hence the term proposed by A.A. Dragunov - "lexico-grammatical categories".

The general scheme of parts of speech in Chinese, developed by A.A. Dragunov, looks like this:

A) I. Name: noun, numeral

II. Predicative: verb, adjective

B) Adverb

Comparing the scheme of parts of speech of the Chinese language with the well-known traditional system of parts of speech of Russian and other Indo-European languages, A.A. Dragunov came to the conclusion that “one of the main differences between the Chinese language and other languages, in particular, from Russian, is by no means that the Russian language has parts of speech, but the Chinese language does not, but that the system of parts speeches in these languages do not coincide with each other.

A.A. Dragunov combined a verb and an adjective into one category, noting that the words of these two classes, unlike the words of the category of a name, can function as a predicate without a link, and can also be directly connected with aspect-temporal and modal indicators.

“At the same time, as the author notes, it is important that numerals, entering the category of the name, have a number of common grammatical features with the category of the predicative, and adjectives that are included in the category of the predicative, in turn, have a number common features with nouns."

Significant words (parts of speech) correlate with service words (according to the terminology of A.A. Dragunov, “particles of speech”). Particles of speech form their own system and, unlike parts of speech, are characterized by the absence of tone and incompatibility with the attributive-nominal suffix 的.

A.A. Dragunov’s substantiation of the presence of parts of speech in the Chinese language is of great importance not only for Russian sinology, but also for the entire linguistic science. A.A. Dragunov made a very important conclusion that “lexico-grammatical categories lie at the center of the Chinese grammatical system, reflected in the construction of phrases, in different types of sentences. Outside of these categories, it is impossible to understand the structural features of Chinese speech and it would be impossible to expound the grammar of the Chinese language.

Theory of A.A. Dragunov was continued and developed by his student and follower S.E. Yakhontov. In an article devoted to parts of speech in general and Chinese linguistics, he notes that "when distinguishing parts of speech, all essential grammatical features of words are taken into account, both morphological and derivational, and syntactic" . S.Yakhontov believes that in languages with poorly developed morphology, the classification of words taking into account only this feature is practically impossible. Paramount in delimiting parts of speech should be a grammatical criterion.

FSP of temporality in SKY.

A system of multi-level means of the language, characterized by the relativity of the action expressed by the verb to the moment of speech, or to any other moment taken as a reference point. Particular categorical meanings are distinguished: 1. past 2. long past.

3. present future. They are distinguished on: morphemic level: 了, 过; lexical level: adverbs of time 经常, 已经, 常常, 就, 马上, 还; lexical-syntactic level: 在…(以)前/后. There is a general category in grammar that defines grammatical tense. These moods are imperative, indicative, conditional, subjunctive. No command. inclinations in the past. time. The subjunctive is “if, then.” Unlike the category of aspect, the category of time depends on the modality of the statement (real and unreal). The grammatical category of time is realized within the real modality. Or she has additional mods. verbs: can, want, must. Center FSP temporality yavl. corresponding grammatical category. The meaning of time is the relation of the action expressed by the verb to the moment of speech. The category of time is predominantly negative. Dragunov holds the idea that there is a category of time in kya.

1. Classification by parts of speech A.A. Dragunov.

2. A.A. Dragunov was the first in Russian sinology to give a detailed description of the parts of speech of the modern Chinese language, taking into account the specifics of the grammatical structure of languages of the isolating type. In 1934 he co-wrote An Elementary Chinese Grammar with Zhou Songyuan, aimed at Chinese learners. In this work, the author for the first time formulated his point of view on the problem of parts of speech in Chinese. A.A. Dragunov wrote: “This grammar differs from all existing Chinese grammar textbooks, in which parts of speech are distinguished only by meaning, or it is argued that the parts of speech of the Chinese language are “indefinite”, therefore it is generally impossible to talk about their differentiation. This grammar book is consistently based on the concept of parts of speech as a "grammatical classification of words". A.A. Dragunov continued to develop the theory of the principles of singling out parts of speech in Chinese in his subsequent works devoted to the study of grammar.

The general scheme of parts of speech in Chinese, developed by A.A. Dragunov, looks like this:

A) I. Name: noun, numeral

II. Predicative: verb, adjective

B) Adverb

“At the same time, as the author notes, it is important that numerals, entering the category of a name, have a number of common grammatical features with the category of the predicative, and adjectives that are included in the category of the predicative, in turn, have a number of common features with nouns.”

3. FSP of temporality in the SCA.

In Chinese, there is a very simple rule for simple sentences with a verbal predicate.

Chinese Grammar Rule #2

Simple sentence is a sentence that consists of one part. It contains

the main members of the sentence are the subject and the predicate,
secondary members of the proposal - addition, circumstances, definitions.

Let's remember school lessons (who has already managed to forget them 🙂).

The subject is the main member of the sentence. Designates an object, person, phenomenon. Answers questions in the nominative case - Who? What?

The subject can be represented by the following parts of speech:

noun
pronoun
adjective
verb
and so on

Chinese proposal may not contain a subject.

The predicate is also the main member of the sentence. Means action (active or passive), quality, state. Answers the questions what to do? what to do? what?

It is clear that verbal predicate represented by a verb.

Chinese proposal must have a predicate!

An addition is a minor member of a sentence. Denotes the object or tool on which the action of the verbal predicate is directed.

An addition can specify an action or quality in quantitative terms - a quantitative addition. Answers questions of indirect cases (that is, all cases except the nominative).

Parts of speech that can be represented by an object:

noun,
pronoun,
noun phrase,
syntactic complex and included part.

The object can be used with or without a preposition.

Comparison with Russian

In Russian, variants of such sentences are possible.
For example,

I speak Chinese. ( subject - predicate - object).
I speak Chinese. ( predicate - subject - object).
I read Chinese. ( object - subject - predicate).

In the Chinese sentence, one must strictly adhere to the scheme:

SUBJECT + PREDICT + OBJECT.

The subject and object can be carried .

Examples

我说中文 - wǒ shuō zhōng wén - I speak Chinese.

我看书 - wǒ kàn shū - I am reading a book.

他吃肉 - tā chī ròu - He eats meat.

More difficult examples:

狗爱爬山 - gǒu ài pá shān - The dog likes to climb mountains. (Note that the Chinese sentence does not use a preposition. The literal translation is dog, love, climb, mountain.)