Gardeners are often puzzled by the question: “What is needed to increase productivity?” Of course, fertilization is always an important factor in achieving results. In top dressing, the main role is given to superphosphate. This mineral product provides growth-stimulating phosphorus, enhances fruiting, improves taste, prolongs vegetation, and slows down plant aging.
Sharp pruning in autumn is not recommended, because then the plant is stimulated by the germination of a new one, which then cannot mature and freezes in winter. Do not fertilize at planting by adding fertilizer to the plant substrate. This can damage the roots. Rhododendrons have a very flat but dense root system. Therefore, they cannot get their food from the deeper layers of the soil. The root ball area deprives nutrients very quickly. At the very last time, when the plant looks weak or sick, it should be sufficiently fertilized with a nitrogen-containing fertilizer, mineral or organic.
Phosphorus deficiency is easily determined by appearance. back side leaves changes the natural shade to purple, rusty, bluish color. This is usually noticeable in seedlings and manifests itself in a period of low temperatures. Phosphorus compounds are present in the earth, the natural balance does not exceed 1%, which is not enough for cell synthesis and energy processes of the plant. For most gardening effective way soil enrichment is superphosphate.
Fertilization is best done with long-term fertilization. Best time- the beginning of the growing season. An extra dose of horn shavings has worked well. Rhododendron and Japanese azaleas gnomes require only half the stated amounts for their diet. Of course, you can also use the so-called special fertilizer. Fertilizer should be placed in a circle around the plant. The immediate area around the neck of the root must be left completely free. Water is enough so that the fertilizer can be absorbed by the plant.
What is superphosphate and its types
Superphosphate is a complex of useful trace elements, among which nitrogen and phosphorus are released. In a balanced form, there are potassium, magnesium, calcium, sulfur, etc. The main action is aimed at enhancing metabolism, increasing yield, fruit quality, and developing the root system. Actively affects the acceleration of flowering and ovary formation, protects against the development of diseases. Superphosphate is used in various forms.Simple superphosphate
The mixture has a mild concentration of phosphorus (20-25%) and nitrogen (6-8%). There is a sufficient amount of sulfur (8-10%), calcium sulfate (35-40%). Available in granules or powder form. It is intended for enrichment of sandy, podzolic, supersandy soils. It is used for growing potatoes, tomatoes, legumes, cereals. In the form of dressings, it is relevant for beets, radishes, carrots, turnips, and bulbous plants. Differs in solubility and inaccessibility for many types of plants. Cruciferous and pancake crops respond well to it. Ideal for making compost and water infusions. It combines well with nitrogenous compounds.
Grain fertilizers can be well sprinkled with leaves in dry weather. In addition to saving labor, this process also ensures even distribution of the fertilizer. Fertilizer grains are ejected from leaves that look like raindrops. It is in the area where the rain drains from the plants that there are also the most absorbent roots. In this way, the fertilizer can be optimally used. It has been proven that after fertilization with a leaf blower, the few fertilizer granules left on the leaves are blown away. The same purpose is achieved by gentle shaking.
Double superphosphate
It has increased proportions of phosphorus and nitrogen (50:15%). Substances are in an easily accessible form, dissolve well in water, and are more convenient to use. Available in granules, applied directly to the soil in autumn or early spring. Plants that need phosphorus are watered with an aqueous solution; 1-2 top dressings are usually carried out per season. Ideal for all types of plants and soil types. Harmoniously combines and enters into an active form with potassium elements.Dosage of superphosphate
Skillful agricultural technology and a competent approach give good results. Dosage is an important factor in application, the amount to be used is chosen according to the specific plant species and soil characteristics. You should carefully study the instructions on the package, the rules of use. Leafy greens and vegetables respond well to spring-autumn application for digging: double - 30-40 g per square meter. meter, simple - 60-80 g. Depleted soils require an increase in the dose by 20-30%. It is good to combine composting with superphosphate, for this a tablespoon is added to the bucket.When using simple superphosphate for digging, the second top dressing occurs only after the end of the flowering stage. For greenhouses, they must be combined with nitrogen-potassium collection. For greenhouse crops, it is always better to use a double fertilizer option and apply at an increased dose of 80-100 g per square meter. meter. In practice, the method of adding to the wells has proven itself well. For example, when planting seedlings, 3-4 g of powder is laid.
Superphosphate for cucumbers
We did not observe any leaf damage caused by mineral fertilizers. On the other hand, horn shavings and guano result in leaf scorch. Therefore, these fertilizers must be distributed directly on the ground. Only properly nourished rhododendrons produce beautiful dark green, dense foliage and blooming flowers every year.
Late fertilization should be omitted. Before the onset of winter, the newly formed shoots cannot mature and freeze sufficiently. The color of sulfur is suitable for acidification. Do not use aluminum sulfate. Phosphate promotes the approach of the flower bud. If there is a phosphate deficiency, superphosphate is best.
Extractions are the most effective. Proper preparation involves pouring boiling water over the powder, which accelerates the release of phosphorus into the solution. For 100 g of dry fertilizer, 1 liter of water is enough. Next, boil for 30 minutes. After cooling, it is filtered and diluted in proportions of 100 ml of the resulting solution in a bucket of water. This is enough to feed 1 square. meters.
In this case, sprinkle a tablespoon of dry superphosphate on the root zone of each plant. If the leaves curl in extreme heat or cold, then this is not a cause for concern. This is normal and will stop immediately when the temperature returns to normal. In any case, avoid letting the root system dry out completely. This can be a serious problem in both cold and hot weather. Therefore, watering may be needed both in summer and in winter.
Extract from superphosphate fertilizers
Do not plant any other plants directly adjacent to the shallow roots of rhododendrons and azaleas. Such planting can damage the roots. Instead, keep the roots cool and moist with a permanent mulch cover to store moisture and discourage weed growth.
Features of use
The effectiveness of superphosphate on neutral and alkaline soils has been proven. In acidic soil, phosphoric acid decomposes into iron and aluminum phosphates and becomes inaccessible to plants. For the "deoxidation" of the earth, pre-treatment with chalk, phosphate rock, ash or limestone is required.The use of superphosphate in the garden is not displayed on chemical composition products. This fertilizer affects only growth, fruiting, improves soil nutrition and does not accumulate in vegetables, root crops, greens.
The soil around the shallow roots of Rhododendron should always be moist and cool, but well drained. To do this, cover it all year round a layer of oak leaves 5-10 cm thick, coniferous bark, pine needles or other loose organic material. Herbal clippings can be applied very thinly. Thicker layers form slimy, dense masses and prevent gas exchanges. Never use cut material that has already been sown. This attracts the weeping weevil to lay eggs and fixes a lot of nitrogen.
Even in winter, this layer protects the roots from the freeze-thaw cycles that cause plants to rise from the ground. But make sure the layer of mulch doesn't reach the trunk. Otherwise, the result would be bark tears, fungal infestation, and rodent damage. Peat pulls moisture out of the ground instead of keeping it there and is therefore not suitable for mulching material.
Today, gardeners unanimously call the best fertilizer superphosphate. This universal substance is a complex nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer containing a whole mass of microelements useful for plants, such as potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur and others. Superphosphate fertilizer significantly improves metabolism, increases yield levels and certainly improves crop quality. The use of superphosphate will help to improve the development of the root system of plants, as well as accelerate their development and further flowering. This phosphorus fertilizer will immediately save your green pets from the vast majority of various diseases.
Superphosphate - what is it?
Real cutting is rarely needed. However, if the cut is to be made, as soon as possible after flowering, or even better before, of course, the flower is lost that year. Cut out dead, diseased or damaged branches. Unacceptable plants with long, featureless branches can be stimulated by pruning near the ground to new growth. Autumn pruning is not recommended because the plants may be stimulated to bud immediately. If you want well-branched plants, then you're going out of terminal leaflets.
The main component of the fertilizer is phosphorus, which can be understood from the name. The composition of the fat may contain from 1/5 to 1/2 of the phosphorus. Phosphorus oxide is contained in this compound exclusively in a water-soluble form. It is thanks to this property that the main component reaches the roots of plants. This is necessary for the proper nutrition of plants.
Why do plantings need that macronutrient? The content of a number of useful and vital properties allows the fertilizer to provide:
- help plants in a faster entry into the fruiting period;
- improvement palatability berries and fruits;
- slowing down the aging of the plant;
- positive effect on the development of tubers and the root system;
- beneficial effect on plant nutrition.
Release form
What is superphosphate and in what forms can it be found? Today, several types of superphosphate appear in the industry at once, namely:
At each of these sites, several new leaf buds are formed. If necessary, you can retreat deeply. This method has the disadvantage that it also stimulates the reappearance of the uncut part of the plant. As a rule, the adjustment of the height and width of the plant is cut. However, when choosing rhododendrons and azaleas, make sure they are of the final size. Plants that are prone to very thorny growth can also be raised by cutting the new arrow in about half. At least one or two leaf rosettes should be left.
- simple granular;
- simple powder;
- ammoniated;
- double granular superphosphate;
- granular superphosphate with humates.
Each type of fertilizer has its own scope and, accordingly, the dosage, which is indicated in the appendix - instructions for use.
Simple superphosphate
Description of the drug: simple superphosphate is an unconcentrated nitrogen (6-9%), phosphorus (20-25%) fertilizer, containing sulfur at a concentration of 8-10%, as well as gypsum, in other words, calcium sulfate (concentration 35-40%). Release form of fertilizer - granules. This type of fertilizer is best suited for sandy, podzolic, and sandy loamy soils, it will contribute to excellent growth plants that consume a large amount of sulfur - cruciferous, cereals and legumes. For potatoes, beets, radishes, turnips, flax, carrots, and bulbous plants, simple superphosphate is ideal as a top dressing. This species is poorly soluble in water, and the phosphorus contained in its composition is very difficult to access for most plants. But in the form of an additive to compost, phosphorus fits perfectly.
What is superphosphate
However, there are varieties and species that are naturally prickly and treelike. This can end up being difficult to maintain. In a forest environment, such unusual plant shapes fit perfectly. If you value closed, hemispherical growth, you should, for.
When is superphosphate needed?
Radical pruning is usually easily possible with rhododendrons and azaleas. A healthy plant can be brought back to the ground and usually moved out again. Rhododendrons and azaleas have dormant buds under the bark that germinate after severe pruning. Once cut, you can prevent fungicide infestation.
Instructions for use: pour the compost in the process of laying in boxes or heaps with simple superphosphate (it is better to use powdered) at a ratio of 100 kg of compost per 100 grams of fertilizer.
Double superphosphate
The composition of double superphosphate contains up to approximately 50% phosphorus in a digestible form for plants, as well as about 2% nitrogen. Sulfur is also present in the composition (no more than 6%). There is no plaster here. This phosphorus-nitrogen substance is presented in the form of granules, which are excellently soluble in water.
Superphosphate and double superphosphate difference
It is important to remove all diseased materials. Dead and dying plant parts can contain fungal spores and insect pests. Clippings should also be removed. For maximum flower bud and for visual reasons, you should break up the buds after flowering. Optimal time for each plant. To do this, turn on the seeds with your thumb and forefinger and tear them open with a slightly rotating motion. Care must be taken to ensure that new shoots formed on the base are not damaged or torn.
Instructions for use: double superphosphate is introduced into the soil either in autumn or in early spring. This is necessary so that phosphorus has time to spread through the soil. It is also recommended to water with an aqueous solution of superphosphate several times a season those plants that lack phosphorus. This fertilizer is well suited for all types of soils and plants without exception.
Superphosphate. Designation of superphosphates for them containing up to 25% phosphoric acid, and the term concentrated superphosphate for all superphosphates containing more than 25% phosphoric acid. Superphosphate is one of the most produced chemical compounds in the world and it is used, most of the prepared sulfuric acid is used.
Superphosphate is the main category of phosphate fertilizer and is rapidly absorbed by plants. They give excellent results with simple phosphates, especially at the beginning of vegetation, mainly due to the better diffusion in the soil layer of soluble phosphoric acid, because it is important to put the acid where it can easily reach the roots.
Granulated
One of the varieties of simple superphosphate is granular. This fertilizer is created by industrially converting powder into granules. For maximum convenience, it is recommended to use granulated superphosphate as a top dressing for plants in your area, because more than half of its composition is phosphorus oxide.
Production of superphosphates
The first superphosphates were made from imported phosphate guano. Now they are produced all over the world, initially the first productions of superphosphates were simply a mixture of approximately equal amounts of crushed mineral phosphate and sulfuric acid in open spaces, grinding the resulting body after solidification.
At present, in almost all plants, a preliminary analysis is carried out to determine the proportion of impurities in the processed materials, depending on these impurities, the exact amount of acid is added to obtain the desired product. Ordinary or normal superphosphate is prepared so that it contains 16-30% phosphoric acid.
Ammoniated
Superphosphate ammoniated contains a huge amount of sulfur and potassium sulfate. The most appropriate use of this fertilizer is recognized for the cultivation of oilseeds, cruciferous garden crops, which are in dire need of sulfur for full fruiting and growth. This substance is highly soluble in water.
The cheapest grades of sulfuric acid are most used in the production of superphosphates, where they contain 60 to 70% sulfuric acid. Phosphate rock is sulfuric acid. . The production methods are continuous and discontinuous. In both cases, the processes consist of the following steps.
Methods used in the conversion of insoluble phosphate of mineral phosphate into soluble form
Rock grinding. - Dissolution of acid - Content of rock with sulfuric acid. - Solidification of the resulting mixture. - Holding the mixture to increase soluble phosphorus. - Late granulation to facilitate its storage and use in the field. Many methods have been proposed, patented and used to convert insoluble phosphorus from native materials to a soluble form that can be used by plants. The fluorapatite structure of many phosphates, due in part to its unacceptability, can be destroyed by complete extraction of the fluorine.
Compound
The superphosphate composition is limited to a mixture of gypsum and sesquicalcium salt of orthophosphoric acids with impurities of ammonia salt, salt of molybdenum, manganese and boron based on the same acid. In addition to the usual superphosphate obtained during the treatment with sulfuric acid, double superphosphate is also produced. In the second variant, there is no gypsum, and the amount of phosphorus is increased several times.
Characteristics of conventional superphosphates
acid treatments. - All evaders. - decomposition by silicate alkali. -Procedures used in the steel industry. Among its main functions, we can list the following. Regular or normal superphosphate is commercially available as a grayish brown powder. - It is partially soluble in water. - It has an acidic smell. - In general, the product is prepared in granular form. -He gives acid reaction to tornazol. The importance of ammonia solutions as a source of nitrogen fertilizers was recognized once it was found that ammonia could be combined with certain superphosphates to form stable compounds that were easily taken up by plants.
Instructions for use
Fertilizer double superphosphate is used strictly according to the recommendations of experts. So, the instructions for using the fertilizer are as follows. Superphosphate is introduced into the soil at the beginning of spring, strictly before the start of planting. Also used in the fall, in the period after the harvest. It is important for phosphorus to have time to be distributed inside the soil. It is recommended to water several times between fertilizing. This is necessary to preserve the nutritional properties of the fertilizer, it is also important to deoxidize the soil in a timely manner. Deacidify the soil with a lime mixture or wood ash (200 g of ash or 500 ml of lime per 1 square meter of soil).
When aqueous or anhydrous ammonia is mixed with regular superphosphate, the ammonia will chemically combine with the superphosphate to form a mixture of miniamonic phosphate, ammonium sulfate, dicalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate, and gypsum. In other words, the highly volatile ammonia is fixed in such a way that it does not enter the soil without loss. Although anhydrous ammonia can be used for this purpose, indeed it has been and still is on the market, although it has been replaced by more effective solutions.
Fixation of superphosphates in soils
Phosphorus does not interfere with base change reactions and is not fixed in the soil like potassium, calcium and magnesium, but sometimes phosphate can be fixed and can increase the amount of cations in the soil. The phosphate absorption power depends on the basoid component of the soil clay colloid.
For the full deoxidation of the soil, a long period of time is required. Only after thirty days can superphosphate be introduced into the soil, but not earlier. Most effective method the introduction of superphosphate is represented by falling asleep in rows or holes dug for seedlings of vegetables, for flowers. Experienced summer residents recommend planting seedlings immediately after fertilizing the land.
Instruction:
- with the help of a grain seeder, a uniform introduction of double superphosphate into the soil is carried out, because it is presented in the form of granules;
- fertilization is carried out for strawberries or other garden plants before sowing them. This is done best under the plow. Fertilizer granules from the first application are not washed off with irrigation and showers, they do not settle below the sowing layer;
- less effective is the use of the method of manually spreading superphosphate granules, because this fertilizer should be concentrated as close as possible to the root system of garden crops;
- summer residents use the composition of double superphosphate mixed with other potash and nitrogen-potassium fertilizers, which they apply in spring and autumn.
Preparation of an aqueous solution
An aqueous solution of this fertilizer is best for tomatoes and other seedlings as a top dressing. Gardeners use it in the spring. Phosphorus tends to be poorly soluble in plain water, it is important to ensure the highest possible temperature so that the reaction proceeds quickly and efficiently. Granular fertilizer in the amount of 20 tbsp. spoons are mixed with 3 liters of boiling water. In this way, a "working" solution is obtained, suitable for the preparation of the main fertilizer in liquid form. To obtain the latter, take 150 ml of the resulting solution and add 10 liters of water, as well as 20 ml of nitrogenous solution, half a liter of the smallest wood ash. This mixture is ideal for tomatoes, cucumbers and other garden crops during the growing season.
Dosage
In autumn, superphosphate does not have to be dug up with the soil, it is enough to evenly distribute it on the planting area, adhering to the dosage rules that are indicated on the package. The dose of fertilizer depends not so much on the type of plant, but on the quality of the soil. For vegetables, for greens, 30-40 grams of double superphosphate per square meter of soil is suitable. If you use simple superphosphate, then the dosage is doubled. With a general poverty of soil composition, an increased dose of 20-30 percent is required. For fruit trees enough from 500 to 600 grams of double superphosphate, introduced in the fall. For greenhouses and greenhouses, the norm will be 90-100 grams, for potatoes - only 3-4 grams per hole.
Dosage of superphosphate for different plants:
- cultures on cultivated soils (for strawberries or flowers) need 40-50 g per square meter, applied in the autumn and spring for digging the soil;
- for crops on uncultivated soils, 60-70 g per square meter is sufficient, the application corresponding to the previous one;
- for fruit trees, 400-600 grams are suitable (applied when planting in a pit and mixed with the ground) per tree, or 40-60 grams per square meter of the trunk circle (top dressing after spring flowering);
- for potatoes, only 3-4 grams per plant, applied when planting in the wells, is enough;
- for table root crops and vegetable crops- for tomatoes or cucumbers, 15-20 g per square meter is needed as a top dressing;
- for protected soil crops, 80-100 grams per square is used in the process of digging the soil, with the addition of potash and nitrogen fertilizers.
Application with other fertilizers
As already known, a simple superphosphate fertilizer can be used along with nitrogen fertilizers, and a double and granular fertilizer can be used with potash fertilizers.
Be careful, it is forbidden to apply fertilizers for plants at the same time as ammonium nitrate, urea or chalk. This is indicated in official instructions. Between the application of the agrochemical and the listed fertilizers, it is worth maintaining a pause of a week, at least.
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