Butlerov and Mendeleev. Parallels between the two leading theories of chemistry - the Periodic Law and the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements by D.I.

Sections: Chemistry, Extracurricular work

Goals:

Compare the life and work of two great Russian scientists and find common ground in fate, scientific theories, significance for science
Feel pride in our Russian land, who gave the world these great people.
Development of research skills, creative abilities.

A.M. Butlerov - one of the greatest Russian scientists, he is Russian both in terms of his scientific education and the originality of his works.

(D.I. Mendeleev)

“... I love my country like a mother, and my science - like a spirit that blesses, illuminates and unites all peoples for the good and peaceful development of spiritual and material wealth.”

(D.I. Mendeleev)

When studying this section, the students and I chose the form of protection of educational projects.

Protection educational project includes writing an abstract and presenting it to other participants.

The preparation of the conference included several stages:

Choice of the topic of the educational project.
Abstract writing.
Project protection.

Abstract topics:

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev is a brilliant Russian chemist.
Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov is the greatest Russian scientist.

Literature:

Grosse E. Chemistry for the curious. 1987
Tishchenko V.E., Mladentsev M.N. Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev, his life and work (University period) 1861-1890 M. 1993
Dmitriev I.S. “Special Mission of Mendeleev – Arguments and Facts, St. Petersburg University” 1996
Starikov V.I. "DI. Mendeleev” 1984 Sverdlovsk.
Makarenya A.A. "Mendeleev in Petersburg" Lenizdat. 1982

At the first stage of preparation, students are given an approximate list of topics for work:

Years of life. Place of Birth. Family. Enthusiasm.
Personal qualities.
Cooperative activity
Prerequisites.
Discovery history.
scientific theories
Triumph.
The main directions of development of the two theories.
Philosophical laws of development.
Meaning

P stage - the stage of independent work of students with a textbook and additional literature.

III stage - the exchange of information, students write the main content in a notebook.

Years of life. Place of birth Family. Hobbies.

Butlerov Alexander Mikhailovich 1828-1886

Mendeleev Dmitry Ivanovich 1834-1907

Presentations of students in the theses:

Butlerov A.M. - was born on September 15, 1828 in the city of Chistonol, Kazan province. Butlerov's father, Mikhail Vasilyevich, participant Patriotic War 1812, after his retirement with the rank of lieutenant colonel, he lived in his native village of Butlerovka; mother Sofya Alexandrovna, died at the age of 19, a few days after the birth of her son. Raised by his father, an educated man, Sasha wanted to be like him in everything.

Butlerov studied at a private boarding school, then at the first Kazan gymnasium. At the age of 10, he was fluent in French and German, was engaged in chemical experiments (one of them ended in an explosion, and the teachers of the boarding school sent the offender to the punishment cell, hanging a plaque on his chest with the inscription “great chemist”, collected collections of plants and insects.

In 1846, Alexander fell ill with typhus and miraculously survived, but his father, who had contracted it, died. Butlerov was 18 years old, he studied at the natural department of Kazan University.

Mendeleev D.I. - was born in Siberia, in the city of Tobolsk. On February 8, 1834, the seventeenth and last child in the family of Ivan Pavlovich Mindeleev, director of the Tobolsk gymnasium. In the same year, Father D.I. Mindeleev is blind. When Dmitry was 13 years old, his father died and all cares about the family passed to his mother, Maria Dmitrievna, a woman of outstanding mind and energy. She managed to simultaneously run a small glass factory and take care of the children, whom she gave an excellent education for that time. She died in 1850. Mendeleev retained a grateful memory of her until the end of his days.

Studied D.I. Mendeleev at the Main Pedagogical Institute in St. Petersburg from outstanding teachers who knew how to arouse a deep interest in science. These were the best scientific forces of that time, academicians and professors of St. Petersburg University, such as mathematician M.V. Ostrogradsky, physicist E.Kh. Lenz, chemist A.A. Resurrection.

At the age of 23, D.I. Mendeleev defended his thesis for a master's degree and became an assistant professor at St. Petersburg University, where he read first inorganic and then organic chemistry.

In 1865 he defended his dissertation “On the combination of alcohol with water” for the degree of Doctor of Chemistry and two years later became the head of the Department of Inorganic (General) Chemistry.

Personal qualities.

A.M. Butlerov

According to contemporaries, Butlerov was one of the best lecturers of his time: he completely dominated the audience thanks to the clarity and rigor of presentation, which he combined with the imagery of the language.

The ability to relax - both in his student and adult years helped Alexander Mikhailovich to work selflessly.

Sociable and friendly, ready for a joke and an argument, modest and hardworking - this is how Butlerov was remembered by numerous friends, colleagues and students.

D.I. Mendeleev

DI. Mendeleev possessed surprisingly clear chemical thinking, he always clearly understood the ultimate goals of his creative work: foresight and benefit.

He was a powerful man, because only a giant could do what he did, thanks to the strength of his spirit, the confidence that his work was necessary.

DI. Mendeleev is a true patriot. This is a man who loves his homeland, the country where he was born. With his work, with his whole life, he contributed to the good and prosperity of his homeland. Dmitry Ivanovich is a classic example of a Russian patriot.

Both scientists were distinguished from other chemists by:

Encyclopedic nature of chemical knowledge;
Ability to analyze and summarize facts;
Scientific forecasting;
Russian mentality and Russian patriotism.

Cooperative activity.

In the spring of 1868, at the initiative of the famous chemist Mendeleev, Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov was invited to St. Petersburg University, where he began to lecture and got the opportunity to organize a private chemical laboratory. Butlerov developed a new methodology for teaching students, offering the now universally accepted laboratory practice.

Information about the joint teaching work of Butlerov and Mendeleev at the Department of Chemistry of St. Petersburg University has been preserved:

Repeatedly D.I. Mendeleev and A.M. Butlerov took exams in chemistry together.

Participated in the work of the dissertation defense council.

In their relationship there was both mutual support and the practice of delusions.

In 1861, Butlerov sets out his theory of the structure organic compounds, and, curious coincidence

In the same year, Mendeleev published two works devoted entirely to organic chemistry. His textbook "Organic Chemistry" is published, two years later the second edition appears. For his work D.I. Mendeleev was awarded the Demidov Prize, the highest scientific award in Russia at that time.

Prerequisites of the periodic law:

By the time the Periodic Law was discovered, 63 elements were known and the properties of their numerous compounds were described.

The works of scientists - the predecessors of D.I. Mendeleev: Berzelius classification, Debereiner triads, Shancourtua spiral, Newlands octaves, Meyer table.

Congress of chemists in Karlsruhe, when the atomic-molecular doctrine was finally established.

Prerequisites for the theory of chemical structure:

Hundreds of thousands of organic compounds are known, consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, less often nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur.

The works of the predecessors of A.M. Butlerov: introduction of the term radical and the theory of radicals; type theory; introduction of the term “isometry”; Frankland and Kekule approved the concept of the valence of elements; Kekule developed the concept of the four-valency of carbon; Cannicaro refined the atomic and molecular weights.

Both recognized the merits of Berzelius as the developer of the fundamental principles of classification.

The history of the discovery of the Periodic Law and the theory of structure.

DI. Mendeleev and A.M. Butlerov summarized the accumulated factual material and supplemented it, put it in the basis of their works.

However, D.I. Mendeleev arranged the elements in a row in order of increasing atomic weight.

The main feature of the table D.I. Mendeleev is that chemically similar elements are placed in vertical rows: lithium and sodium, beryllium and magnesium, fluorine and chlorine, oxygen and sulfur. With this arrangement, the periodicity of the properties of chemical elements was clearly manifested. That's how it was done greatest discovery era.

Scientific theories:

Theory of periodicity.

Periodic law and periodic system of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleev.

Theory of the structure.

Theory of the structure of organic compounds A.M. Butlerov.

Both leading theories of modern chemistry were created by great Russian scientists and constitute the contribution of Russian chemistry to world chemical science. Both theories have stood the test of time and have stood it brilliantly, developing and enriching themselves with modern discoveries in chemistry.

DI. Mendeleev predicts, describes and indicates the ways of discovering gallium, scandium and germanium, still unknown to science, calling them ekabor, ekaaluminum, ekasilicon.

Less than six years later, D.I. Mendeleev were confirmed. Life continued to test Mendeleev's law for strength.

Finally, it's time for triumph. Gallium was discovered in 1875, scandium in 1879, and germanium in 1886. The existence in nature of more than 10 elements was predicted by D.I. Mendeleev.

The triumph of theory chemical structure Butlerov's organic compounds was the correct explanation on the basis of this theory of the phenomena of isometry.

In 1864-1866, Butlerov's book "Introduction to the Complete Study of Organic Chemistry" was published in three editions. This inspired work was the revelation of Butlerov, an experimental chemist and philosopher who rebuilt all the material accumulated by science according to the principle of chemical structure.

Butlerov's book caused a real revolution in chemical science. It has become a guiding light in the vast majority of research in organic chemistry. Editions were published in almost all European languages.

The main directions of development of the two theories:

The development of both theories takes place according to philosophical laws (in a spiral): the wording of the provisions is corrected in connection with the latest scientific discoveries, but their essence remains the same.

Philosophical laws of development:

The properties of chemical elements depend on:

Their relative masses

The charges of their atomic nuclei;

Periodicity in changing the outer electronic layers of atoms;

Properties organic matter depends on:

Their chemical structure

Their spatial structure

Their electronic structure.

Meaning:

The periodic law turned out to be a powerful scientific research tool, because. all further searches for elements were carried out with the help of this law.

The periodic law is a universal law of nature, because All physical and chemical properties of matter are determined by the structure of atoms.

Created by D.I. Mendeleev on the basis of the periodic law, the periodic system of chemical elements plays the role of a guiding star in the development of chemistry, physics and all natural science.

The subsequent development of atomic physics, the discovery of the structure of atoms made it possible to reveal the causes of periodicity in the properties of chemical elements, discovered by D.I. Mendeleev.

The creation of a theory of the chemical structure of organic substances played an important role in the development of organic chemistry. From a descriptive science, it turns into a creative, synthesizing science; it became possible to judge the mutual influence of atoms in the molecules of various substances.

The theory of chemical structure created the prerequisites for explaining and predicting various types of isomerism of organic molecules, as well as the directions and mechanisms of the flow chemical reactions.

Based on this theory, chemists create substances that replace natural ones, and sometimes even surpass them in properties (rubbers, plastics, dyes).

Both theories have so much in common in the ways of their formation, directions of development, common in the prognostic role, general scientific significance.

Testament of D.I. Mendeleev.

“The future does not threaten the periodic law with destruction, but only development and superstructures are promised.”

Testament of A.M. Butlerov.

“... when we know more closely the nature of chemical energy, the very kind of atomic motion - when the laws of mechanics receive application here too, then the doctrine of chemical structure will fall, ... to enter in a low form into the circle of new, broader views.”

“Mendeleev and Butlerov! These are two titans who hold on their shoulders the eastern portal of the world's international building of chemistry,” academician A.E. Arbuzov at the Mendeleev Congress held in Kazan in 1928.

So all questions of the plan are considered. In the notebooks of the students is written essential information on this topic.

A lot of additional information they heard.

Conducting a scientific and practical conference dedicated to the study of the life and work of outstanding Russian scientists Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev and Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov instills in students a sense of pride in their country and develops interest in the subject being studied.

Scholar and great original Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov(1828-1886) was born in the family estate of his father, the village of Butlerovka, Spassky district, Kazan province. His father Mikhail Vasilyevich was a participant in the Patriotic War of 1812 and retired as a lieutenant colonel. There were about 100 serfs on the father's estate. Alexander was his father's only son. Butlerov did not remember his mother, she died shortly after his birth. At the age of seventeen, Alexander entered Kazan University. He had an athletic build, was distinguished by great physical strength: he could easily pick up two comrades in his arms and bend the poker into the letter "B".

During a trip to the Caspian Sea in 1846, Alexander Butlerov fell ill with typhoid fever, was transported to the city of Simbirsk and gradually recovered; however, his father, caring for his son, fell ill, became infected, and soon died.

Butlerov was unable to defend his doctoral dissertation at Kazan University on the topic “On essential oils”for the degree of Doctor of Chemistry and Physics (at that time there was still no separate degree of Doctor of Chemistry), since Professor of Physics A.S. Solovyov gave a negative review. Butlerov took his dissertation and defended it at Moscow University. Later, he himself said that this dissertation "does not represent anything interesting."

Butlerov married Nadezhda Mikhailovna Glumilina, the niece of the writer S. T. Aksakov, in whose family he lived at one time after the death of his father. Nadezhda Mikhailovna bore him two sons.

On the door of his apartment in Kazan, Butlerov pasted a notice with approximately the following content: “Al. M. Butlerov does not make or give visits, but he is always very glad to see his good friends at his place. The announcement shocked the townspeople, as visits were sacredly honored in the provinces.

Then, in Nice, Butlerov and his wife met with the English medium Hume, who later married Butlerov's sister-in-law. Alexander Mikhailovich actively promoted spiritualism, which caused Mendeleev's indignation. In one article, Mendeleev wrote like this (meaning Butlerov): “... There are, after all, those who, if they believe something, will believe it completely, with all their heart.”

In 1870-1880. Mendeleev opposed the theory of chemical structure developed by Butlerov. He especially sharply formulated his attitude to this theory in the third edition of the textbook "Fundamentals of Chemistry" (1877): "... The concepts of the structuralists cannot be considered true." It turned out that university students listened to Mendeleev's course in inorganic chemistry, where he denied the theory of chemical structure, and then listened to Butlerov, who gave a course in organic chemistry, in which the usefulness of this theory was affirmed. After 1880, Mendeleev stopped his attacks on the theory of chemical structure.

Storm in the mediterranean sea

In January 1868 Butlerov decided to visit Algeria. The journey almost ended tragically: a twelve-point storm broke out in the Mediterranean Sea. The storm carried eight sailors and all the cargo on deck into the sea from the ship. Butlerov had to work as a sailor and, saving people, he almost died himself. Here is how Alexander Mikhailovich told about this journey.

“The look at the sea made me forget the deck. Without seeing, you can’t imagine anything like it: the sides of the steamer, which had previously stood high above the water, now seemed to be on a par with it, and a little further away, both to the right and to the left, rose black-blue water mountains, all dotted with brown foamy ridges.

The steamer seemed to be compressed by them. Another moment - and one of them collapsed over the port side, a whole waterfall spilled into the engine hatch. Almost unconsciously I jumped up on the rope ladder right side, closer to the boat, hanging on the rasters and already broken by the blows of the waves. Without noticing this, I saw in her the hope of salvation. But for a moment the streams of water stopped pouring over the side, I went down to the deck and from it, turning to the stern, I saw how a mountain of water suddenly rose behind it ... not every time I drew water with the sides ... I myself managed to grab the ropes at the mast, when a new mass of water gushed over the starboard side and doused us from head to toe. I clung convulsively to the rope and, fortunately, held on. For two seconds I was completely in the water, involuntarily - with open eyes - I saw the blue of the water mass, my mouth was full of water. All wet, I remained in my place at the mast ... Water mountains rose and collapsed meanwhile as before ... one of them hit the poop, where the captain and two helmsmen were. The captain raised his hands and screamed, the rudder wheel and crossbar were broken, crushed, but the people survived. A minute before, the captain had tied himself and them with ropes. They hurried to attach the rudder somehow and, turning the steamer into the wind, left it to the will of the storm and waves.

The storm continued for ten whole days. Finally, the ship reached Algiers.

Literature

B. D. Stepin, L. Yu. Alikberova / A book on chemistry for home reading. - M.: Chemistry, 1994

Rod Butlerov

“Our surname, they say and think, is of English origin, and according to others, we come from the German nation: for one German, our namesake, found the same coat of arms as ours, which, among other things, represents a mug (it’s true that our ancestors were addicted to beer, like all the British and Germans, ”Alexander Mikhailovich wrote about himself.

Family tree of the Butlerovs

Childhood interests

Kama in flood. 19th century

Mikhail Vasilyevich Butlerov, the father of Sasha Butlerov, enjoyed great respect and love from all who knew him, was an educated and inquisitive person. He left an excellent library in Butlerovka and was very fond of reading fiction and books on various branches of knowledge. The love of reading was passed on to my son. Labor was respected in the Butlerovs' house, and the owner of the house himself showed an example of hard work to everyone. Thanks to his able leadership Agriculture in his estate it was carried out successfully and culturally.

The versatility of the father aroused in the son the desire for multifaceted activities. There were clavichords in the house, and the boy willingly studied music. Throughout his life he retained a love for music, he understood it very subtly and later played the piano well himself.

Clavichord

The father sought to develop his son not only mentally, but also physically. Sports were held in high esteem in the house of Colonel Butlerov. Young Alexander himself made himself on his father's lathe kettlebells and other gymnastic accessories and exercised daily with them. Physically, he became so strong that later, when he became an adult, he used to take an iron poker from them in the kitchen without finding his friends, and left it instead of a business card, bent in the shape of the letter “B”.

Entertainment and hobbies

In studies, he was always distinguished by outstanding abilities: great organization, curiosity, and by nature had an excellent memory. A.S. memorized by heart. Pushkin, other Russian poets, studied foreign languages, having mastered to perfection French, English and German.

He loved fireworks and, in addition, he liked chemical glassware. His imagination was occupied with the process of transformation of substances.

Once, carried away by the experiments, he completely forgot about the precautions and the kitchen of the boarding house where he was secretly engaged was shaken by a deafening explosion. This is how comrade A.M. Butlerov, M. Shevelyakov, from the Topornin Kazan boarding school recalls this day: “One fine day, spring evening, the pupils were noisily and cheerfully playing bast shoes, ... and the “furious Rolland” was dozing in the sun, a deafening explosion was heard in the kitchen ... Everyone gasped, and Rolland, with a tiger's leap, found himself in the basement floor where the kitchen was located.Then, the tiger appeared before us again, ruthlessly dragging Butlerov with scorched hair and eyebrows, and behind him, head down, was the uncle, attracted as an accomplice, secretly To the honor of the boarding house A. S. Topornin, it should be noted that the rods were never used in this institution, but since Butlerov’s crime was out of the ordinary, our teachers came up with a new unprecedented punishment. or three criminals were taken out of the dark punishment cell into a common dining room with a black board on their chest, on the board there was a sign in large white letters: “Great chemist.” They prophesied!”

Interests of Youth

After Butlerov entered Kazan University, he, a naturally inquisitive young man, had opportunities to express himself to the fullest. In his first years, he was especially fond of botany, zoology, in particular - entomology - the science of insects. Every year, student Butlerov made long natural-scientific excursions and expeditions of a botanical nature in the vicinity of Kazan, exploring the flora and fauna of the local region. In the person of students D.P. Pyatnitsky, M.Ya. Kittara and N.P. Wagner (son of Professor Pyotr Ivanovich Wagner), Alexander Butlerov found comrades and like-minded people in his studies in the natural sciences and love for nature, in his passion for tourism and scientific excursions.

The constant entertainment of the future great chemist was the burning of fireworks, which he himself made, being a skilled pyrotechnician. Interest in chemical experiments, acquired back in Topornin's boarding house, found rich food at the university, where, in the person of outstanding professors who were in love with chemistry - K.K. Klaus and N.N. Zinina Butlerov, a student, realized his interest in this science. Here is how Butlerov himself talks about his studies in chemistry at Kazan University: “Nikolai Nikolayevich himself had just received azoxybenzide at that time, and benzidine followed him. A sixteen-year-old novice student - I at that time was naturally fond of the outer side of chemical phenomena and admired with particular interest the beautiful red plates of azobenzene and the shiny silvery flakes of benzidine.

K.K. Klaus N.N. Zinin

Interests and entertainment of youth

Despite the fact that Butlerov worked hard and hard during his student years at the university, he knew how to relax and have fun, play pranks and hang out. Once, on the main street of Kazan, a large crowd of worshipers gathered near the church. Suddenly, a man of monstrous stature walked slowly past the crowd. At the sight of the monster, the worshipers began to make the sign of the cross. There were shouts:

Antichrist!

The "Antichrist", who was led by the hands of two people, was slowly moving away. Suddenly, the monster “crumbled”, and four young men ran with laughter in front of the dumbfounded crowd. It was a trick of Butlerov and his comrades: Butlerov perched on the shoulders of the tall Pyatnitsky, and Kittary and Wagner put on an overcoat on the giant and the whole gang paraded in front of a crowd of townsfolk, frightened by the arrival of the "Antichrist".

One of the hobbies, perhaps influenced by visiting acrobats, was exercise. Butlerov managed to copy some of the acrobatic numbers, although in general he "was heavy, clumsy and awkward." To develop strength and dexterity, friends made cast-iron pood balls and juggling metal balls and sticks. Butlerov was so strong that once with his hands he straightened a thick massive hook fixed in the wall, on which the door at the university was locked.

Circus tent in Kazan

Butlerov is a scientist, the most enthusiastic

Lecturer and popularizer of chemical science in Kazan

A.M. Butlerov with employees

Laboratory in Kazan

Butlerov's workload did not prevent him from giving public lectures free of charge to "persons of all conditions", seeing this as one of the forms of serving the people. These lectures demanded great methodological training and special attention to issues practical application. Butlerov became Klaus' successor in lecturing in technical chemistry to the general public. At the lectures of Alexander Mikhailovich, people were attracted not only by the talent of the lecturer, but also by the fact that they were accompanied by spectacular experiments. The great influence on the audience and the benefits for them of these lectures can be judged from the memoirs of Zakhar Stepanovich Bobrov, a talented Russian inventor from the people. In May 1881, Bobrov came to St. Petersburg, but did not find him and left a long letter, from which it follows: “I have the honor to be recommended, I am one of those ... who had the happiness of listening to your wonderful popular, free lectures in Kazan.

I, a peasant in the Vyatka province, 25 years ago, came from the village to Kazan to listen to your lectures; After several lectures, I was introduced to Your Excellency by your kind assistant, Fyodor Khristianovich Grahe, was honored by you with gracious attention so that I was even treated kindly by you and allowed to listen to several of your ordinary lectures among the students. Finally, I was even allowed to make some experiments in the laboratory. Your high attention to me encouraged my love for the sciences and affirmed my desire to study, that I immediately promised myself to study, by all means, the natural sciences, as far as my brains were enough ... The fruit of my labors, I have the right to report to Your Excellency, that I came out of the profane in relation to the knowledge of these sciences so much that for twenty years now I have been working with the desired success in chemistry, mechanics and medicine ”(note: Bobrov published his inventions in the Agricultural Newspaper and Vyatka Gubernskie Vedomosti.).

Lecturer and promoter of chemical science in St. Petersburg.

Butlerov A.M. and Mendeleev D.I. with colleagues. Saint Petersburg.

Many of the leaders of Russian science and technology, according to Timiryazev, "recognized in these lectures the first impetus that awakened in them the desire to study natural science." Appearing in St. Petersburg at the height of a broad intellectual movement, characterized by the flowering of natural science, Butlerov did not stand aside. He read and then published lectures "On the practical significance of scientific chemical works" in 1871. In it, Alexander Mikhailovich in a popular form showed the connection between science and society, the importance scientific works on "pure chemistry" for the development of the chemical industry, the interdependence between the experienced side and theory. In 1875, Butlerov gave two public lectures organized by the Russian Technical Society on a very relevant and new topic -

Members of the Russian Technical Society

“On Luminous Gas”, and in 1885 three very interesting lectures “On Water”, which, unfortunately, remained unpublished. In the popular science article "Something from Chemistry and Physics" (1873), written for a children's literary and scientific collection, Butlerov very simply and intelligibly told young readers about combustion processes.

Love for music and theater

In his free time (if any), Alexander Mikhailovich devoted himself to playing the piano or visiting the theater. So during his efforts to defend his doctoral dissertation, he spent most of his time in Moscow playing billiards, with relatives or in the theater. He always passionately loved music, especially vocal music, and later, during the St. Petersburg period of his life, he devoted all his free evenings to the opera. On the same trip to Moscow, Butlerov was attracted to the theater by the famous Rachel, who toured Russia.

Rachel. Photo.

Technology and Commerce

Paper mill in England

During a trip abroad, Butlerov made detailed descriptions of the machines and equipment of factories, supplied with his own drawings. Most of all, he was interested in factories for the production of gas, the raw material for which was wood. In the report on the trip, he emphasized that the use of gas in almost all the laboratories he had seen was a great convenience, and its absence was one of the shortcomings of the Kazan University laboratory. Shortly after returning to Kazan, Butlerov began to receive gas in the same way at Kazan University.

One of the authors of the memoirs about Butlerov tells about his attempt to set up a soap factory: “This coincided with the revival of activity after Crimean War. Alexander Mikhailovich tried to apply his theoretical knowledge to practical activities and failed: then he was not yet thirty years old, and he did not know that it was important in industry to know how to present a product in person. He began to brew in his factory an excellent egg soap from egg yolks - it could not be cheap and could not have a bright yellow color; his competitors dyed plain soap with yellow paint, called this mixture egg soap, and sold it. Such soap was cheap, buyers willingly took dyed soap, mistaking it for egg. Having failed with soap, Butlerov began to prepare phosphorus from bones, and “incendiary matches” from phosphorus, but this production also suffered the fate of the first. But, not everything turned out to be so bad for Alexander Mikhailovich with commerce. For example, in the village of Aleksandrovka, which is now in the Bavlinsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan, (before the revolution in the Samara province), a small distillery appeared already in its Petersburg period.

View of the village of Aleksandrovka, 60s of the XX century

All affairs were managed by the manager F. M. Burenin. During the year, the plant worked for 6-7 months. The season starts in September and ends in April. The daily production of raw alcohol was 150-180 buckets. Until the 1950s, it was a small enterprise with manual labor. Wood, peat, coal were used as fuel. It was from Butlerov that Alexandrovka got its name.

Rural passions of Butlerov

Love for nature

Under the influence of his father, Alexander Butlerov learned well from childhood and fell in love with him passionately. native nature, got used to independent work, to field and garden work, beekeeping, became an excellent shooter, and a hunter, an excellent rider and swimmer. Even as a child, Alexander Mikhailovich, together with his father, willingly, with great love, was engaged in various crafts (locksmithing, turning), looked after the fruit trees in his garden. He helped his father and worked on the beekeeper. Having medical knowledge and skills, his father, Mikhail Vasilyevich, treated the residents of Butlerovka and the surrounding villages who turned to him free of charge, which was passed on to his son.

Love for nature. Beekeeping.

Alexander Mikhailovich played a big role in spreading beekeeping knowledge. It was he who proposed to introduce beekeeping into the number of subjects taught in teacher's seminaries and on the distribution of popular books on beekeeping to theological seminaries and soldiers' schools. Love for bees allowed A.M. Butlerov to create his own theory of beekeeping, and his charm, gentleness in handling and a special ability to interest everyone in the mysterious world of honey bees increased the number of lovers of silver-winged pickers. His work, written in 1871: “The bee, its life and the main rules of intelligent beekeeping” was awarded an honorary Gold Medal, was awarded the Elenninskaya Prize by the Imperial Free Economic Society and went through 10 editions.

Alexander Mikhailovich met bees quite by accident. In the summer of 1860, his student friend prof. zoology N. P. Wagner. The latter at that time conceived an extensive work on the anatomy of bees and, at his request, A. M. arranged a glass beehive in his house, according to the model proposed by the Kazan beekeeper Klykovsky. It is not known whether Wagner wrote his work, but only Butlerov was so carried away by bees that the next year there were already several decks with bees in his garden.

Until 1869, the bees were kept on their own and Alexander Mikhailovich could only admire them in the summer. During these years, the bees did not give income. During a trip abroad in 1867-68, A. M. Butlerov got acquainted in Germany with the beekeeping of Dzirzhan and Berlept. His powerful mind immediately realized how collapsible hives, like Berlepta, are better and more convenient for a beekeeper of a non-collapsible log (before Butlerov, non-collapsible logs were used in beekeeping, which were a stump of a tree trunk). During a trip abroad in 1867-68, Butlerov was struck by the difference in public beekeeping that existed between Russian and foreign beekeeping.

Decks used in beekeeping in the 19th century.

Abroad, beekeeping literature, both periodical and non-periodical, was available in fairly large quantities; beekeepers were united in partnerships and societies, numbering thousands of their members. Realizing all the importance of beekeeping for Russia and seeing that it is falling, and even going to complete destruction, thanks to the methods of beekeeping that do not correspond to the time, Butlerov decides to help the population in this matter. The work was enormous, but Alexander Mikhailovich goes to this truly feat without fear. Realizing that help in this case is possible only in the form of giving appropriate knowledge, and they cannot help in Russia with all sorts of material benefits, he decides to enlighten Russian beekeepers. First of all, it was necessary to assemble a certain core, on which one could rely in one's work.

And on November 25, 1871, Alexander Mikhailovich, at a meeting of the Free Economic Society, without being a member, makes a report "on measures to spread rational beekeeping." Since 1872, the beekeeping department in the "Proceedings of I.V.E. ABOUT.". In the first year of its existence (1872), more than 20 articles appeared; in 1873 - more than 45; in 1874 - more than 50, etc. In addition to the articles of Russian beekeepers in the beekeeping department, the Proceedings of the News of the Free Economic Society contained notes on the news of foreign beekeeping. At the beginning, these notes were compiled by A.M. himself, and when an independent magazine, then posted articles in it.

The "Proceedings" also published a list of beekeepers known to the Imperial Free Economic Society thanks to this list beekeepers could interact with each other. 31 hours, in January 1873 - 73, in January 1874 - 106, in January 1875 - 138 and, finally, in 1886 the list of beekeepers had 394 people. Butlerov. This can be seen at least from the fact that, according to V.S. Rossolovsky (nephew of A.M.), Alexander Mikhailovich had to answer more than 1000 letters from beekeepers a year.

Emblem of the Imperial Free Economic Society

Until 1880, the Proceedings of the Imperial Free Economic Society was the only body of beekeepers. By the end of 1885, funds were found to publish a separate beekeeping journal. And since January 1886, the first independent beekeeping journal, Russian Beekeeping Leaf, appeared in Russia, edited A. M. Butlerova. Funds for the publication were given by I.V.E.O. The first subscription to the "Russian beekeeping leaflet" gave 600 subscribers (the last time in one book for the whole year "Russian beekeeping leaflet" was published in 1918, having existed for 33 years).

Living in St. Petersburg, Alexander Mikhailovich devoted at least one evening a week to a meeting of the beekeeping commission, corresponded with beekeepers throughout Russia, worked in the ministry for the establishment and improvement of beekeeping schools, for permission to send bees by postal parcels, railways, on steamships, on measures to combat falsification of wax, etc. At the same time, he gave public lectures, supervised translations, and edited beekeeping periodicals. The last meeting of the beekeeping commission at the Free Economic Society with the participation of the great chemist took place on March 24.

Headquarters of the Imperial Free Economic Society

Mendeleev D. I. Knowledge of Russia. Cherished thoughts M., "Eksmo", 2008.

S. F. GLINKA

"After the death of H. N. Zinin (in February 1880), the Department of Chemistry was vacated at the Academy, and the question arose of replacing it. A. M. Butlerov always had a high opinion of D. I. Mendeleev, as an outstanding Russian chemist, and, of course, At this time, relations between Butlerov and Mendeleev were somewhat spoiled for the following reasons: Mendeleev, shortly before this, led a systematic struggle against spiritualism, which Butlerov was zealously engaged in, gave a lecture and published a book against spiritualism, in addition, he , negatively regarding the doctrine of the structure of organic compounds, which Butlerov developed at the university in his lectures, sometimes allowed himself sharp criticism in this direction.As I heard, on the same ground during the congress of natural scientists and doctors in 1879 regarding the report one of Butlerov's students, he had a rather sharp clash with Mendeleev.Despite all this, Butlerov continued to treat Mendeleev with complete impartiality. One day he showed me a book he had just received by the English chemist Reynolds, sent to him by the author, and said: "Reynolds disputes the primacy of Mendeleev in his discovery of the periodic system of elements, but Mendeleev alone predicts new elements." This was said after the discovery of gallium and scandium, but before the discovery of germanium, which, as is known, happened in 1886. Lothar Meyer and Newlands, who are Mendeleev's rivals in the basis of the periodic system of elements, as Butlerov rightly said, did not predict new elements. The description of the properties of silicon and its compounds, made by Mendeleev 15 years before the discovery of germanium corresponding to this element, speaks for itself. Somehow, in the early autumn of 1880, when I was at Butlerov’s, he was sorting through papers and found among them a letter from one of the provincial chemists, who, however, had nothing to do with universities, in which he asked A. M. Butlerov to have him in mind when filling a vacant chair at the Academy. This letter was sent back in the summer, during Butlerov's absence, and he immediately wrote an answer to it, apologizing for the delay and explaining the reason; he wrote that, when making a submission to the Academy about filling the vacant department of chemistry, he, according to § 2 of the Academy's charter in force at that time, would have to submit D. I. Mendeleev. It became known that the president of the Academy Litke, the indispensable secretary Veselovsky and the majority of academicians are resolute opponents of Mendeleev's candidacy, opposing him with professors from the Beilstein Institute of Technology. Mendeleev was voted out. After that, university professors, in protest, held a dinner in honor of Mendeleev, during which corresponding speeches were made; the controversy in the newspapers, which had begun even earlier, has been revived especially now. Articles against Mendeleev appeared mainly in the St. Petersburger Zeitung. The issue moved onto national grounds and escalated even more. I will not dwell on the details of this struggle, which ended with the final balloting of Mendeleev, who was presented for the second time, and the election of Beilstein. The next day after the meeting of the Academy, at which the fate of Mendeleev was decided, I happened to go into the academic library, and in my presence a conversation was going on between the academician and a person from the library staff; the academician said that Mendeleev could not be admitted to the Academy because of his difficult character; He did not give other reasons for not electing Mendeleev as a member of the Academy. Another and even sadder episode in the life of Mendeleev is his leaving the university; detailed description this episode would divert me too far, and I will not dwell on it. Mendeleev was inconceivable without a laboratory and without a university department; not getting into the Academy and leaving the university, he was left without one or the other. As you know, later he had classes in the Ministry of Finance. One day in the spring of 1891 or 1892, early in the morning, in cold and windy weather, I, looking out the window of my apartment, which I had in one of the buildings of the Institute of Railway Engineers, saw, to my surprise, Mendeleev, who, in a fur coat, was running around the vast yard Institute and, apparently, was looking for someone. I hastened to help him. Seeing me, Dmitry Ivanovich said: "Look, look at what I have lived to in my old age - yesterday I sat in a meeting until 12 o'clock at night, now early in the morning (it was no more than 9 o'clock) I run: do you know where N lives (he named one of those who lived at the institute, who used to be in Baku at oil refineries)? I pointed out to him where N lives, with whom he wanted to consult on the question raised at the previous meeting. This episode of a random nature revealed to me the environment in which Dmitry Ivanovich was supposed to live and work at an age close to 60 years. Bright glimpses against this dark background of the life of D. I. Mendeleev were his trips to England, where he received the Humphrey Davy medal for his work. In this regard, it is interesting to compare the following lines from the preface to the edition of Fundamentals of Chemistry in 1906: “When (1897) the second and especially the third (in 1905 from the 7th Russian edition) English edition appeared, it became obvious to me that this book is used by English and American students, which, I confess, I did not dare to expect and that deeply touched my Russian heart. These words are very sad to read: it is felt that Dmitry Ivanovich, amid the indifference and hostility of his compatriots, rested his soul, finding sympathy among foreigners. The time before Mendeleev's appointment to the post of manager of the Chamber of Weights and Measures, where he could finally set up a laboratory for himself, and setting it up seems to me a period of his wandering in a vain search for a better one - he was 56 years old when he had to leave the university, and in such years Any break in life is not easy to endure. The Chamber of Weights and Measures is located opposite the Technological Institute, where Mendeleev began his professorship in 1864 and where he probably spent best time of his life, when, full of hope, he embarked on that road, which later turned into a thorny path ... ""

Glinka S. F. Personal memories of Mendeleev.
Why D. I. Mendeleev was not elected to the Academy of Sciences.
"Journal of Chemical Industry", 1925, No 1 (7), p. 25--27.

NOTES

Glinka S. F. (1855--1927) - mineralogist, graduated from St. Petersburg University, was a professor at Moscow University, the Institute of Railway Engineers.

A student of the 11th “t” class and a student of the 11th “p” class of the First University Gymnasium named after Academician V.V. Magpies of the city of Veliky Novgorod, Novgorod region Oligerov Nikolai and Nesterova Lidia.

Impossible to imagine life modern society without organic compounds, which are used in all branches of human activity. Currently, about 10 million organic substances are known, and this number is constantly increasing. New materials appear that meet the modern requirements of engineering and technology. The properties of materials depend on their structure, the study of which becomes a matter of paramount importance. To create new materials, it is necessary, first of all, to “construct” the structure of this material.

Organic chemistry, before becoming a science, went through several stages in its development: the first, when only empirical information was accumulated about organic substances; the second, when the first attempts were made to generalize this information, which manifested itself in the fact that organic substances began to differ from mineral ones; the third, when chemists came to the correct conclusion about the features in the composition of organic compounds and organic chemistry received its modern name; fourth - the creation of the first not yet perfect theories that tried to connect the composition of organic compounds with properties and even get an idea of the "blocks" that make up organic compounds. And only then, after the creation of the theory of chemical structure, did the "harmonious combination" of factual and theoretical knowledge, which contains modern chemistry as a science, come.

The purpose of this study: to compare the theoretical ideas about the structure of organic compounds by D.I. Mendeleev and A.M. Butlerov.

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MOU "First University Gymnasium

named after academician V.V. Soroka»

SCIENTIFIC WORK IN CHEMISTRY,

DEDICATED TO THE 175TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE BIRTH OF D.I. MENDELEEV,

ON THE TOPIC

“ COMPARISON OF D.I. MENDELEEV AND A.M. BUTLEROV ON THE THEORY OF THE STRUCTURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS”

Completed:

Student 11 "t" class

and a student of the 11th "n" class

First University Gymnasium

named after academician V.V. magpies

cities of Veliky Novgorod

Novgorod region

Oligerov Nikolay and

Nesterova Lydia.

Scientific adviser:

Bazhenkova Nina Semyonovna,

chemistry teacher

First University Gymnasium

named after academician V.V. magpies

Novgorod region, Veliky Novgorod

st. Bolshaya Moskovskaya, 22/3

2008

page

Introduction 3

Chapter 1. Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov 5

Chapter 2. Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev 7

Chapter 3. Views of Mendeleev and Butlerov on the structure of organic substances 9

Conclusion 16

Bibliography 17

Annex 1. Portrait of A. M. Butlerov 18

Appendix 2. Cover of the textbook by A. M. Butlerov "Introduction to the full study of organic chemistry" 19

Annex 3. Portrait of D. I. Mendeleev 20

Appendix 4. Cover of the textbook by D. I. Mendeleev "Organic Chemistry" 21

INTRODUCTION

It is impossible to imagine the life of modern society without organic compounds, which are used in all branches of human activity. Currently, about 10 million organic substances are known, and this number is constantly increasing. New materials appear that meet the modern requirements of engineering and technology. The properties of materials depend on their structure, the study of which becomes a matter of paramount importance. To create new materials, it is necessary, first of all, to “construct” the structure of this material.

The purpose of this study: to compare the theoretical ideas about the structure of organic compounds by D.I. Mendeleev and A.M. Butlerov.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved:

To study literary sources reflecting the development of views on the structure and properties of organic compounds;

Get to know the milestones of life scientific activity D. I. Mendeleev and A. M. Butlerov;

Get acquainted with the original textbooks on organic chemistry by D. I. Mendeleev and A. M. Butlerov.

CHAPTER 1. ALEXANDER MIKHAILOVICH BUTLEROV

Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov was born on August 25 (old style) 1828 in the city of Chistopol, Kazan province. In 1844, sixteen-year-old A. M. Butlerov entered the natural department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of Kazan University, where his teachers were the famous Klaus and Zinin.

Having defended his dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Chemistry in 1854, A.M. Butlerov took up experimental work and achieved outstanding results in this activity. Simultaneously with the development of Butlerov's talent as a first-class experimenter, his genius as a theoretician awakens. He criticizes the theory of types and the theory of substitutions, which were dominant at that time in the field of studying organic compounds, and comes to the conclusion that they no longer contain all the factual material.

On September 19, 1861, at the congress of German doctors and naturalists in the city of Speyer, Butlerov makes his famous report "On the chemical structure of bodies." He develops in a completely completed form new views on the structure of organic compounds and for the first time proposes to introduce the term "chemical structure" or "chemical structure" into chemical science, meaning by this the distribution of chemical affinity forces, or, in other words, the distribution of bonds of individual atoms that form a chemical structure. particle.

Butlerov's report and his new views on the structure of organic compounds were coldly received by German chemists, with the exception of individuals, of whom Erlenmeyer, later Wislitsenus, must be mentioned first of all.

Not satisfied with the development of the provisions of the theory of chemical structure, Butlerov comes to the conclusion that for the success of the new doctrine, it is necessary to obtain new facts arising from it. Therefore, soon after returning to Kazan, he began extensive experimental research, the main result of which was, first of all, the famous Butler synthesis of trimethylcarbinol, the first representative of tertiary alcohols.

Butlerov's discovery of an unknown class of tertiary alcohols, predicted by the theory of chemical structure, was undoubtedly of great importance for the strengthening and recognition of the new doctrine. Obtaining trimethylcarbinol to strengthen the theory of chemical structure was almost as important as the discovery of unknown elements predicted by Mendeleev to strengthen and recognize the periodic law.

In the same period of the greatest development of his talent, Butlerov began to publish his famous textbook "Introduction to the full study of organic chemistry." The first issue of this textbook appeared in 1864, the entire edition was completed in 1866.

The vigorous scientific and social activity of A. M. Butlerov ended abruptly. On August 5 (old style), 1886, Butlerov died at the age of 58 in the village of Butlerovka, Kazan province, where he was buried.

CHAPTER 2. DMITRY IVANOVICH MENDELEEV

1841-1849 - Dmitri Mendeleev takes a course of study at the same gymnasium, the director of which was his father. Maria Dmitrievna, seeing her son's desire and ability for science, took him first to Moscow, and then to St. Petersburg. In St. Petersburg, Mendeleev began to study at the Pedagogical Institute, at the department of natural sciences of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics.

1856 - Mendeleev returns to St. Petersburg, enters St. Petersburg University as a Privatdozent. He defends his thesis on the topic "On specific volumes" and becomes a master of chemistry and physics. At the same time he lectures at the university on organic and theoretical chemistry. In October of the same year he defended his second dissertation.

1859 - Dmitry Ivanovich was sent abroad. Settled in Heidelberg, set up a small laboratory there. Actively works on the study of the capillarity of liquids. He writes scientific articles "On the expansion of liquids", "On the temperature of absolute boiling". In 1860 he took part in a chemical congress in Karlsruhe.

In 1861, Mendeleev returned to St. Petersburg, to his place as Privatdozent at the university. Publishes the course "Organic Chemistry" - the first textbook in Russia devoted to this topic. For this work, Dmitry Ivanovich was awarded the Demidov Prize. In the same year he wrote an article "On the limit of СnH2n + hydrocarbons".

In 1863, Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev became a professor at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology.

The beginning of the joint activity of Butlerov and Mendeleev falls on 1868, when Mendeleev suggested that Butlerov, who worked at Kazan University, run for the chair of chemistry at St. Petersburg University for the post of extraordinary professor.

1869 - Dmitry Ivanovich creates the famous periodic table of elements.

CHAPTER 3. VIEWS OF MENDELEEV AND BUTLEROV ON THE STRUCTURE OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES

The accumulation of a large amount of experimental material in organic chemistry required the creation of a unified theory capable of not only explaining, but, most importantly, scientifically foreseeing new facts, just as it became possible to predict the existence of new elements with certain properties using the Periodic Law of D.I. Mendeleev.

The first attempt to streamline disparate ideas about the structure of organic substances was the introduction of the concept of “radical” (late 18th century). A radical is an unchanging group of several atoms, which, in the course of chemical reactions, can pass from the starting substance to the reaction product. D. I. Mendeleev partially shared these views: “...the radical of a body is that part of its elements which remains unchanged in the simplest reactions of the body, especially in substitutions. The theory of radicals was fully developed in the 30s of the 19th century, after the discovery of the benzoyl radical by J. Liebig and F. Wöhler. Then the theory of complex radicals was replaced by the theory of chemical types, created by C. F. Gerard by the middle of the 19th century. According to this theory, all organic substances known at that time were classified according to the nature of chemical transformations into five types: the type of hydrogen, the type of hydrogen chloride, the type of water, the type of ammonia, and the type of methane. By replacing a hydrogen atom in any of these types with a radical, various organic compounds can be obtained.

The theory of types made it possible to create a clearer system of classification of organic compounds and showed the possibility of the transition of some compounds to others.

The limitation of this theory was that it mainly considered only substitution reactions and could not explain other types of organic transformations, for example, addition reactions. One of the first to draw attention to this shortcoming was D.I. Mendeleev.This outstanding scientist played a significant role in the development of organic chemistry in our country. Despite the fact that organic chemistry was not the main area of his scientific interests, but nevertheless, in this direction of his scientific activity, he left a noticeable mark.

D.I. Mendeleev believed that “inmaintaining ... types greatly facilitates the study of reactions, because the reactions of bodies assigned to a given type occur in parallel, or, in other words, bodies that have parallel reactions are assigned to the same type.

But, basically sharing the provisions of the theory of types, in his experiments he obtained facts that do not fit into this theory, and tried to give them his own explanation: “...such a typical idea of the composition of bodies, as can be seen from the very essence of its origin, has its force only for explaining substitution reactions in which there is no change in radicals; it does not at all explain either addition reactions or those reactions in which changes occur in the radicals themselves. radicals, for example, when a radical changes atomicity or when it changes in composition"

He outlined his views in the well-known article "On the limit of organic compounds", published in 1861 in the "Journal of the Chemical Society".

The extensive and original course "Organic Chemistry" created by D.I. Mendeleev, awarded the Great Demidov Prize, was perhaps the first textbook of organic chemistry in Russian; moreover, two years later this textbook was published in the second edition.

Unlike Mendeleev, Butlerov’s scientific credo was primarily that theories are needed to generalize and explain the factual material, but facts, especially new facts, should not be forced or artificially squeezed into theoretical ideas, no matter how perfect these ideas may seem: “It is difficult to agree with the opinion ... that only research on the physical properties of complex substances can lead to an understanding of the mutual relations in which, in these substances, their constituent parts are located. But, at the same time, it must be admitted that the study of physical properties is of great importance in order to achieve the above goal.

According to the views of D.I. Mendeleev, all known hydrocarbons can be summed up “on the basis of their composition and reactions, under a strictly defined system.” The basis of systematization "is the ability of some of them to enter into very similar reactions and distinction ... in the ability to form compounds"

D. I. Mendeleev himself understood the shortcomings of the “typical way of representing the composition of bodies.” An attempt to arrange the radicals in a row consisting of many groups, in accordance with their reactivity, was not successful. “It is impossible to establish such a series for all reactions ... The same element in its different compounds sometimes presents very different reactions.”

Despite the fact that the theory of types was accepted by the majority of scientists, A. M. Butlerov considered it "insufficient". He proposed instead to be based on the ideas of valency and chemical structure, i.e. " chemical bond or the way in which atoms are interconnected in a complex body. Chemical properties complex substance, according to Butlerov, are determined by "the nature of the elementary constituents, their quantity and chemical structure", from which it follows that according to chemical properties substances, you can determine its chemical structure and vice versa - by the structure to judge the properties of compounds. Knowing the structure, one can judge the mutual influence of atoms in molecules and the rearrangements that occur during chemical reactions.

If one adheres to the theory of types, then for the same substance one has to create several rational formulas that indicate the direction of chemical transformations of molecules. On the contrary, Butler's theory of structure indicates that for each individual compound there is only one structure formula that reflects all the properties of the substance.

On the basis of the theory of chemical structure, a fundamentally new systematics of organic compounds was created (“Introduction to the Complete Study of Organic Chemistry”): “Chemical classification will be natural if the main basis for the convergence of some bodies and the separation of others is the analogy or difference in their chemical nature; and this nature is determined by the nature of the constituent parts, their quantity and the chemical structure of the particle.

When writing the “Introduction to the full course of organic chemistry”, A. M. Butlerov points out the inaccuracy and insufficient validity of the judgments of D. I. Mendeleev and, at the same time, the novelty of views on the development of chemistry in the first Russian textbook of organic chemistry written by him: “The only and excellent, Russian original textbook of organic chemistry by Mendeleev, - a textbook that is not common in Western Europe no doubt, only because no translator has yet been found for it, it does not completely place theoretical views in the background: it introduces them, but can hardly lead to a clear understanding of the necessary connection that exists between theory and facts. Moreover, I dare to think that the theoretical concepts set forth here are not simply a repetition of what has already been said in the writings of other authors.

In the 70-80s of the nineteenth century. a heated debate broke out between supporters and opponents of the theory of the chemical structure of organic substances. This theory was opposed in Russia mainly by Butlerov's colleagues at St. Petersburg University, Mendeleev and Menshutkin. Both of them in the field of organic chemistry used the theory of types (the theory of substitution) for many years, opposing it to the theory of chemical structure. According to Mendeleev, too many hypotheses were associated with the theory of chemical structure, while the theory of types did not have this drawback. Especially sharply, Mendeleev formulated his attitude to the theory of chemical structure in the third edition of Fundamentals of Chemistry in 1872, stating that "the concepts of structuralists cannot be considered true ...".

Thus, D. I. Mendeleev did not support the theory created by Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov, since he based his experiments to a greater extent on the theory of substitution. But, having weighed all the pros and cons, he still did not categorically reject the theory of chemical structure. Subsequently, Mendeleev wrote that Butlerov “... seeks, by studying chemical transformations, to penetrate into the very depths of the bonds that hold heterogeneous elements together, gives each of them an innate ability to enter into a certain number of compounds, and attributes the difference in properties different way element connections. No one pursued these thoughts as consistently as he did, although they were visible earlier ... To carry out the same way of looking through all classes of organic compounds, Butlerov published in 1864 the book "Introduction to the Complete Study of Organic Chemistry", translated last year on German. Butlerov, with his readings and the fascination of ideas, formed around him in Kazan a school of chemists working in his direction. The names of Markovnikov, Myasnikov, Popov, the two Zaitsevs, Morgunov and some others managed to gain fame for many discoveries made mainly due to the independence of the Butlerov trend. I can personally testify that such French and German scientists as Wurtz and Kolbe consider Butlerov one of the most influential movers of the theoretical trend in chemistry in our time.

In April 1879, A. M. Butlerov spoke at the general meeting of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society with a report “ Modern meaning theory of chemical structure. In addition to a brilliant exposition of the foundations of the theory of chemical structure, Butlerov's speech contained a response to criticism of this theory, as well as critical remarks on the theory of types. As the strongest argument in favor of the theory of chemical structure, Butlerov put forward the fact that it justifies itself with extraordinary success in practice. After this speech by Butlerov, which made a deep impression on Russian chemists, the attacks on the theory of chemical structure ceased.

Butlerov did not consider his teaching to be absolute and unchanged, he said that his theory would be improved as practical knowledge was accumulated. Despite Mendeleev's disagreement with the theory of chemical structure, Butlerov still managed to maintain friendly relations with him and was able to fully appreciate the achievements of Dmitry Ivanovich.

In December 1879, D. I. Mendeleev proposed the chemical section of the Congress of Russian Naturalists and Doctors to create a Commission to reconcile the points of view of supporters and opponents of the theory of structure. In preparing the fourth edition of Fundamentals of Chemistry (1881), D. I. Mendeleev ruled out harsh attacks against the structuralists.

CONCLUSION

Among Russian scientists, the contribution of A. M. Butlerov and D. I. Mendeleev, two outstanding chemists, can undoubtedly be considered an invaluable contribution to the development of domestic and world organic chemistry. They managed to make many discoveries in the field of organic chemistry, their views diverged more than once. Very big contradictions between these two giants of scientific thought was caused by the question of the structure of organic compounds. The dispute between two scientists led to the emergence modern theory structure of organic compounds, without which modern achievements in organic chemistry would not be possible.

LIST OF USED LITERATURE

A. M. Butlerov. "Introduction to the complete study of organic chemistry" in 2 volumes. Volume 2. Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, 1953.
D. I. Mendeleev. Collected works in 25 volumes, used volume 8, volume 13. Publishing house of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Leningrad-Moscow, 1948.
D. I. Mendeleev. "Fundamentals of Chemistry". Thirteenth State Scientific and Technical Publishing House of Chemical Literature. Moscow-Leningrad, 1947.
A. E. Arbuzov. Brief outline of the development of organic chemistry in Russia. - Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. - Moscow-Leningrad, 1957.

Annex 1

Portrait of A. M. Butlerov

Annex 2

Cover of A. M. Butlerov's textbook

"Introduction to the Complete Study of Organic Chemistry"

Annex 3

Portrait of D. I. Mendeleev

Appendix 4

Cover of the textbook by D. I. Mendeleev

"Organic chemistry"