Transcript
2 Moscow 2015 Entrance test in Russian Option 1 When completing tasks in the answer sheet, next to the number of the task you are performing (1 25), put an “x” in the box, the number of which corresponds to the number of the answer you have chosen. 1. The meaning of which word changes depending on the place of stress? 1) atlas 2) lowland 3) wholesale 2. What word means “full of difficulties, suffering, hard feelings”? 1) thorny 2) vacant 3) mournful 3. Give an example with an error in the formation of the word form. 1) several kilograms of apples 2) invasion of barbarians 3) two pairs of rubber boots 4. Indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence. Blessing his deliverer, 1) changes for the better took place in Galich, from which the Hungarians and Poles fled. 2) the residents of the city did a lot to protect it. 3) the inhabitants of Galich called Mstislav the Brave the Red Sun. 5. Identify the sentence with a syntax error. 1) The ancient ritual of putting on a ring on the day of marriage means the desire and obligation to live in peace and harmony with your chosen one. 2) Many children say that the new teacher explains things more clearly. 3) According to the instructions, it was decided to send the defective device to the control department. 6. In which word is “nn” written? 1) spoiled child 2) powerful road 3) finished person
3 7. In which row in each word is the letter “e” missing? 1) holy..tilishche, v..rk, gr..chunk 2) gr..masa, e..kovinka, dist..pouring 3) d..chevle, byss..ktrisa, marriage..tanie 8. In which row is “ъ” written at the gap in all words? 1) to..go, sub..ect, under..lingual 2) from..drive, to..south, inter..publishing 3) from..capacity, on..ride, pre..anniversary 9. Which answer option is missing the letter “and”? 1) overshadow..to eclipse 2) to rage..to 3) to serve..to 10. Which word contains “e”? 1) wine..wool 2) nostrils..wool 3) eyelid..howl 11. In place of which number(s) is “neither” written? Grandfather has long n .. (1) read n .. (2) books, n .. (3) newspapers and n .. (4) with whom n .. (5) discussed the events of public life. 1) 1.5 2)2, 3, 4 3)2.3 12. In which row are all the words written together? 1) work (without) getting tired, find (on) touch, sit (in) Turkish 2) hit (with) a swing, answer (with) move, speak (in) English 3) throw (in) loose, egg (in) steep, freed (c) clean 13. Indicate the correct explanation of punctuation in the sentence: The trees that had already shed their leaves made a menacing noise and wisps of gray clouds rushed over them across the gloomy sky. 1) A complex sentence; a comma is not needed before the conjunction “and”. 2) A simple sentence with homogeneous members; a comma is needed before the conjunction “and”. 3) A complex sentence, a comma is needed before the conjunction “and”. 14. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas? Plyushkin (1) sat down in a chair (2) and (3) picked up a pen (4) for a long time, turning the four in all directions.
4 1) 1,2,3,4 2)1,3,4 3)1, Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas? The rain passed (1) but (2) there were no mushrooms. Sanya (3) however (4) did not even think of leaving so soon. 1) 1,2,3,4 2)1, 3 3)1, 3, What numbers should be punctuated in place? From the abyss of time, joy (1) and human suffering (2) laughter (3) and tears (4) love (5) and anger have reached us in these clots of the mind. 1) 1,2,3,4,5 2)1,3,5 3)2, How to explain the placement of a dash in this sentence? The falcon flew up and huddled close to the ground. 1) The second part of a non-union complex sentence complements and reveals the content of the first part. 2) The second part of a non-union complex sentence contains a sharp contrast to the content of the first part. 3) The second part of a non-union complex sentence indicates the reason for what is said in the first part. 18. What numbers should be punctuated in place? I thought (1) that (2) if at this decisive moment I did not out-argue the old man (3) then later it would be difficult for me to free myself from his tutelage. 1) 1 2)1, 3 3)1,2,3 19. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence? In late autumn it got dark very quickly (1) and (2) when twilight was already emerging under an unfriendly sky (3) then the crackling of branches and the rustle of drops became especially clearly audible (4) because everything else froze and fell asleep. 1) 1, 3, 4 2) 1,2,3,4 3) 2,3, In which sentence can the subordinate clause of a complex sentence be replaced by a separate definition expressed by participial turnover?
5 1) Entering a forest that stretches for several hundred kilometers, you involuntarily experience a feeling of some timidity. 2) That night, as if on purpose, the empty barns that belonged to the tax farmers caught fire. 3) The road we were walking along looked like an old forest path. Read the text and complete tasks 21 A25. (1)... (2) It is called a laser optical-acoustic tomograph, and it will be used to examine tumors in the mammary glands. (3) The device uses radiation of one wavelength to find an irregularity the size of a match head in the patient’s chest, and another to determine whether the tumor is benign or not. (4) With the amazing accuracy of the method, the procedure is completely painless and takes only a few minutes, (5) ... the laser makes the tumor sing, and the acoustic microscope finds and determines its nature by the sound timbre. 21. Which of the following sentences should be the first in this text? 1) The device is based on two methods. 2) The authors were able to carry out the work thanks to the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research. 3) The unique device was designed by physicists from the International Scientific and Educational Laser Center of Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosov. 22. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the fifth (5) sentence? 1) First of all 2) Figuratively speaking 3) In addition 23. What words are the grammatical basis in the fourth (4) sentence of the text? 1) the procedure is completely painless 2) the procedure takes several minutes 3) the procedure takes 24. Indicate the correct description of the fifth (5) sentence of the text.
6 1) compound, with non-union and allied coordinating connection 2) compound 3) compound non-union 25. Indicate the correct morphological characteristics of the word “this” from the third (3) sentence of the text. 1) personal pronoun 2) demonstrative pronoun 3) attributive pronoun
7 Entrance test in Russian Option 2 1. Which word has the stress on the first syllable? 1) dispensary 2) grader 3) shoe 2. Indicate the sentence in which the paronyms “desirable” and “desirable” are mixed up. 1) This was a desired child, loved by everyone and protected from all sorts of problems. 2) I firmly believed in luck, but for some reason the desired future did not come. 3) In the course of the study, the scientists achieved the desired results for the scientific group, the hypothesis put forward at the beginning of the work was confirmed. 3. Indicate the sentence in which the morphological norm. 1) The image of saints in gilded frames, the twilight, the incomparable smell, the atmosphere of peace—that’s what attracted her to the temple. 2) As children, in a pioneer camp, we swapped with Polish peers: we gave them nesting dolls, they gave us keychains. 3) Rectors of Moscow universities are invited to the meeting. 4. Which of these sentence continuation options is syntactically incorrect? Having rested a little, 1) we set off on the way back. 2) you should return to exercise. 3) thoughts come to mind better. 5. Identify the sentence with a grammatical error. 1) Try to formulate the topic of the essay yourself. 2) Having arrived from Moscow, he talked for a long time about the peculiarities of life in the capital. 3) The soldier did not soon stop missing his family; only frequent letters from his parents helped him calm down.
8 6. In which word is NN written? 1) windy 2) guest 3) wooden 7. In which row in all words is the unstressed root vowel, verified by stress, missing? 1). In which row is the same letter missing in all three words? 1) least..smaller, pr..most, with..create 2) integral part, inter..linguistic, port..era 3) measuring pr..bor, pr..give the correct features, pr. .to say 9. In which row in both words is the letter “and” written in place of the gap? 1) work..make a drawing, accompany..my ship to the port 2) turn..make a wheel, independent..theater 3) suppressed..my rebellion, it’s cool..t 10. In which word is “e” written? ? 1) a lost wolf..nok 2) demarcation..plot 3) bad shirt..nk 11. In which sentence is “not” written together with the word? 1) Vacationers far away (not) had a bad time on the coast. 2) The travelers chose an (un)suitable place for vacation. 3) (Not) easy, but hard work immediately distracted the writer from sad thoughts. 12. In which line are all the words written together? 1) (in) the darkness it’s hard to see, part (for) forever 2) (in) the heights of heaven, peer (in) the distance 3) (from) my birth I didn’t know, I came (on) time
9 13. Indicate the sentence with a punctuation error. 1) Skating is my hobby. 2) Good education is the first condition for professionalism. 3) The study of preparing and delivering a public speech, rhetoric. 14. What numbers should be replaced by commas? A small statue of a Madonna with an almost childlike face (1) and a red heart on her chest (2) pierced with swords (3) looked out from the branches. 1) 1, 2, 3 2) 1, 3 3)2, In place of which numbers should there be commas? This place (1) seemed to him (2) best suited for walking. It seemed (3) impossible to him to accept this invitation. 1) 3 2) 1 3)1, Indicate the sentence in which you need to put one comma. (Punctuation marks are not included.) 1) After each business trip, the writer appeared either new stories or novellas, or just short entries in his diary. 2) The results of the experiment are of interest to both Russian and foreign researchers. 3) A straight and wide street stretched from the new and bright area to the sea. 17. How to explain the placement of the colon in this sentence? Everything: the trees, the mill, the peasant huts was wet and dirty after the autumn rains. 1) The generalizing word comes before homogeneous members of the sentence. 2) The second part of a non-union complex sentence explains, reveals the content of what is said in the first part. 3) The generalizing word comes after homogeneous members of the sentence. 18. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence? A student (1) whose mood (2) (3) in most cases is created by the environment (4) should see only the beautiful, lofty and graceful in front of him in the educational institution. 1) 1,3,4 2)2,3, 4 3)1, Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?
10 Suddenly, a bright lightning flashed with a cutting light (1) and (2) when the first blow scattered with a sharp roar (3), then a huge mountain fell from the sky (4) that immediately crushed all living things to the ground. 1) 1, 2, 3, 4 2) 2, 3, 4 3) 1, 3, In which sentence can the subordinate clause of a complex sentence be replaced by a separate definition expressed by participle turnover? 1) Along the seashore and parallel to it, marshes and long lakes stretched in rows, which were separated from each other by sandy shafts. 2) All the delegates arrived at the meeting, with the exception of two who were absent due to illness. 3) The road along which we often walked as children was all overgrown with tall grass. Read the text and complete tasks 21 A25. (1)... (2)... in the nuclear industry, but also in Everyday life, with non-professionals. (3) Doctors who see patients with signs of radiation injury may need answers to specific questions: what dose did this person receive, how is it distributed throughout the body? (4) Both the prognosis and treatment strategy depend on this. (5) Retrospective dosimetry is the field of radiation physics that seeks answers, which determines the dose “by the contrary”: by the changes that ionizing radiation produces in living and inanimate matter. 21. Which of the following sentences should come first in this text? 1) For the reconstruction of doses, various methods are used: calculation, activation, biodosimetric. 2) It’s bad if a person receives dangerous dose ionizing radiation, and even without a dosimeter, and, nevertheless, such cases occur. 3) One of the most powerful methods of EPR dosimetry is based on the analysis of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of irradiated materials.
11 22. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the second sentence? 1) Not only 2) In addition 3) Since 23. What words are the grammatical basis in the fourth (4) sentence of the text? 1) both the prognosis and the strategy depend 2) the treatment strategy depends 3) depend on it 24. Indicate the correct description of the third (3) sentence of the text. 1) complex, with a non-conjunctive and conjunctive connection 2) complex 3) complex, with a conjunctive connection subordinating connection 25. Indicate the correct morphological characteristics of the word “this” from the fourth (4) sentence of the text. 1) demonstrative pronoun 2) attributive pronoun 3) interrogative pronoun
12 Answers to the test Option Option
Program of entrance tests in the Russian language for applicants entering the Ural State Medical Academy Entrance tests in the Russian language are carried out in written form
Program of entrance examinations in the Russian language for applicants entering the Ural State University medical University Entrance tests in the Russian language are conducted in written form.
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Working with mini textRead text No. 1 and complete tasks A6-A11.
(1)... (2) And it should be noted that the background, so-called equilibrium, pressure is about 370 microatmospheres. (3) “In certain places of the coast, most susceptible to destruction, this pressure reaches four thousand microatmospheres,” Semiletov emphasizes. - (4) Even then, four years ago, we began to look for the mechanism responsible for these anomalies. (5) ... our current expedition has confirmed: the anomaly is associated with the removal of ancient organic matter into the sea in the process of destruction of the shores.” (6) This extraordinary discovery contradicts all ideas about the carbon cycle of biological origin that existed until now.
A6. What sentence should come first in this text?
1) It was believed that organic matter that is buried in permafrost no longer participates in any further transformations: it simply “falls out” into the Northern Arctic Ocean in the form of stable to passive high-molecular compounds (lignin), and therefore does not affect modern environmental cycles...
2) Back in 1999, Semiletov and his colleagues discovered a mysterious anomaly: the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in sea water at some sampling points was several thousand microatmospheres.
3) An amazing expedition took place recently.
4) The following research by Semiletov is interesting.
1) First of all 2) However 3) And here 4) In other words
1) the discovery contradicts 2) it contradicts 3) contradicts ideas
4) the extraordinary discovery contradicts
3) complex non-union 4) complex with non-union subordination
A10. Indicate the correct morphological characteristic of the word SUBJECT from the third (3) sentence of the text.
1) noun 2) participle 3) short adjective 4) gerund
A11. Indicate the meaning of the word ANOMALY in sentence 1.
1) deviation from the norm 2) opening 3) type of organic matter 4) pressure
Working with Mini Text
Read text No. 2 and complete tasks A6-A11.
(I)... (2) They are durable and take root well, have the chemical and mechanical properties of bone. (3) Such implants are used in neurosurgery, allowing the restoration of joints and bones of the skull, damaged vertebrae, and even the implantation of “living teeth”. (4) Employees of the biotechnology laboratory of the Russian Chemical-Technological University named after D.I. Mendeleev have been struggling to create artificial prostheses for more than ten years. (5)... which in their structure and mineral composition resemble bone and will not be rejected by a living organism. (6) Group B.I. Beletsky developed a new material for implants, the so-called BAC, the use of which made it possible to reduce the number of amputations by a third.
A6. Which of the following sentences should come first in this text?
1) Russian scientists are developing and producing bioactive bone substitutes.
2) Interestingly, the latest development of a bioactive bone substitute is used in neurosurgery.
3) Here is the chin, the bridge of the nose, here are the cheekbones, and here are the vertebrae.
4) Statistics show a decrease in the number of amputations.
A7. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in the gap in the fifth sentence?
1) First of all 2) And such 3) Besides such 4) But not such
A8. What words are the grammatical basis in the fifth (5) sentence of the text?
1) which remind and will not be rejected 2) which remind and will not be rejected
3) resemble bone 4) which will not be rejected
A9. Indicate the correct characteristic of the sixth (6) sentence of the text.
1) complex with non-union and union coordinating connections 2) complex
3) complex with non-union connection 4) complex
A10. Indicate the correct morphological characteristic of the word DURABLE from the second (2) sentence of the text.
3) a short adjective.
A11. State the meaning of the word IMPLANT in sentence 3.
1) an artificially created substance intended for implantation into the human body
2) a substance obtained as a result of complex chemical experiments
3) strain of beneficial bacteria 4) technical device
Working with Mini Text
Read text No. 3 and complete tasks A6-A11.
(1)... (2) The answer to this question depends on how far ahead a person is able to look. (3) We take all the benefits of civilization for granted. (4)... all of them, like the successes of medicine, were the result of many decades and centuries of work by scientists engaged in trivial activities in the eyes of the average person, like observing the stars or the lives of some boogers. (5) The application of scientific results, uncontrolled by scientists, has brought many serious problems, but now only further development Science can save us from them, as well as give us new sources of energy, and save us from the challenges of the future, such as new epidemics or natural disasters.
1) Doesn't science lead to even greater dangers?
2) Does modern science solve global problems of everyday life?
3) Does it decide basic science problems facing humanity or does it only lead to new dangers?
4) Can't science get rid of dangers?
A7. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the fourth sentence?
1) First of all 2) However " 3) In addition 4) In other words
1) scientists involved 2) were the result of the work
3) they were the result of 4) they were the result of decades.
A9. Indicate the correct description of the fourth (4) sentence of the text.
1) complex with non-union and union coordinating connections 2) complex
3) simple 4) complex with non-union and allied subordination
A10. Indicate the correct morphological characteristic of the word CAPABLE from the second (2) sentence of the text.
4) gerund perfect form
A11. Indicate the meaning of the word CATACLYSM in sentence 5.
1) natural disaster 2) annual river flood
3) the influence of man on nature 4) the influence of nature on man
Working with Mini Text
Read text No. 4 and complete tasks A6-A11.
(1)... (2) Alternative research methods include computational biology. (3) This is a kind of border area that is rapidly developing and branching out, using the capabilities of computers and digital photo and video equipment. (4) This includes mathematical modeling of biological processes and work with computer databases. (5) There are also various biological collections on the Internet - electronic versions of traditional zoo museums, herbariums or identification books, where “portraits” of fixed, dried and prepared plants and animals are presented. (6) ...such an Internet resource can become an information base for a new science about a living organism - physionomics.
A6. Which of the following sentences should come first in this text?
1) The virtual biological museum that will be discussed is fundamentally different from such online biological collections.
2) The general opinion was expressed by Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Natalia Bekhtereva.
3) Today in biology it is preferable alternative methods research.
4) The idea of its creation belongs to the candidate of biological sciences, senior researcher at the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics Russian Academy Sci. (ITEB RAS) Kharlampy Tiras.
1) So 2) However 3) Besides 4) In other words
A8. What words are the grammatical basis in the sixth (6) sentence of the text?
1) An Internet resource can 2) Can become a base 3) An Internet resource can become a base 4) Become a base
A9. Indicate the correct characteristic of the fifth (5) sentence of the text.
1) simple 2) compound 3) compound non-union 4) compound
A10. Indicate the correct morphological characteristic of the word USING from the third (3) sentence of the text.
1) real participle 2) passive participle
A11. State the meaning of the word MODELING in sentence 4.
1) creating an approximate model of an existing or future
2) copying an existing or future
3) recreation of an existing or future
4) imitation of what already exists or the future
Working with mini text
Read text No. 5 and complete tasks A6-A11.
(1)... (2) It is clear, you say, that, when passing by, people should pay tribute of respect and gratitude to the object of worship. (3) On the pedestal of the new monument, built near St. Petersburg University, sits importantly... a cat. (4) University scientists, and they were supported by colleagues from the Institutes of Physiology named after I.P. Pavlov, evolutionary physiology and biochemistry named after I.M. Sechenov, the human brain, bioregulation and gerontology, and other world-famous scientific institutions, decided that it was time to repent to the animals who gave their lives in the name of Science by the thousands. (5) Animals, without which there would not have been many discoveries in biology. (b) ... the cat Vasily is already the third monument to a laboratory animal in the world - after the frog at the Sorbonne and the “Pavlovian” dog near the Institute of Experimental Medicine in St. Petersburg.
A6. Which of the following sentences should come first in this text?
1) Have you seen the new monument? 2) Why are monuments erected?
3) What is this monument dedicated to? 4) How to get to the new monument?
A7. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the sixth sentence?
1) First of all 2) However 3) What is characteristic 4) In other words
A8. What words are the grammatical basis in the third (3) sentence of the text? .
1) the cat is sitting important 2) the cat is sitting important 3) the cat is sitting on a pedestal 4) the cat is sitting
A9. Indicate the correct characteristic of the fifth (5) sentence of the text.
1) complex with subordinating and coordinating connections 2) complex
3) complex 4) simple
A10. Indicate the correct morphological characteristic of the word PASSING from the second (2) sentence of the text.
1) real participle 2) passive participle
3) imperfective participle 4) perfect participle
A11. Indicate the meaning of the word EXPERIMENTAL in sentence 6.
1) based on the search for new methods 2) using classical methods
3) old 4) new
Working with Mini Text
Read text No. 6 and complete tasks A6-A11.
(1)... (2) It is called a laser optical-acoustic tomograph, and it will be used to examine tumors in the mammary glands. (3) The device, using radiation of one wavelength, helps to find an inhomogeneity the size of a match head in the patient’s chest, and another to determine whether the tumor is benign or not. (4) With the amazing accuracy of the method, the procedure is completely painless and takes only a few minutes. (5) ... the laser makes the tumor sing, and the acoustic microscope finds and determines its nature by the sound timbre.
A6. Which of the following sentences should come first in this text?
1) The device is based on two methods.
2) The authors were able to carry out the work thanks to the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research.
3) A unique device was designed by physicists from the International Scientific and Educational Laser Center of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov.
4) It allows you to obtain an optical image of a tumor hidden at a depth of up to 7 cm and accurately find its location.
A7. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in the gap in the fifth sentence?
1) First of all 2) Figuratively speaking 3) In addition 4) However
A8. What words are the grammatical basis in the fourth (4) sentence of the text?
1) the procedure is painless and takes a few minutes
2) the procedure takes a few minutes
3) the procedure is painless
4) takes only a few minutes
A9. Indicate the correct characteristic of the fifth (5) sentence of the text.
1) complex with non-union and union coordinating connections 2) complex
3) complex non-union 4) complex with non-union and allied subordination
A10. Indicate the correct morphological characteristics of the word THIS from the third (3) sentence of the text.
1) personal pronoun 2) demonstrative pronoun
3) attributive pronoun 4) relative pronoun
A11. Indicate the meaning of the word TUMOR in sentence 5.
1) neoplasm 2) swelling from impact
3) only benign neoplasm 4) only malignant neoplasm
Answers
Job No.
A6
A7
A8
A9
A10
A11
1
2
3
1
3
2
1
2
1
2
1
4
3
1
3
3
2
3
3
3
1
4
3
3
3
4
3
1
5
2
3
4
3
3
1
6
3
2
1
2
2
1
Used Books
Tekucheva I.V. Russian language: 500 educational and training tasks to prepare for the Unified State Exam. – M.: AST: Astrel, 2010.
But I like this conversation, guys! In fact!
I am very lazy and in order to make the routine easier, I am inserting a fragment from an official newsletter. If there are any substantive questions, I will be happy to answer. Just let's be tolerant and replace emotions with logic. And, skeptics, understand - sometimes it is difficult to prove to a convinced colorblind person that in addition to white and black, there is a red-yellow-blue color.
" Dear Colleagues!
You may find this information useful.
At the Research Laboratory of Technical Design “VEGA” at LLC«
Center for Scientific and Applied Research on Energy Information Security “Veles” [email protected]
a UNIQUE, superior to world-known analogs, has been created, the “VEGA-11” device, which can become your indispensable assistant. The device"VEGA-11" was developed primarily for identifying geophysical anomalies and identifying geopathogenic zones both indoors and in the field. Moreover, weather conditions (rain, dampness) do not affect the operation of the device.
This device has unique properties, surpassing the Russian development of the type"IGA-1" due to the fact that it is based on new scientific approaches. Their essence is that in a normal electromagnetic field, at the interface between two media with different conductivities, a double electric layer appears, which creates a weak electric (electromagnetic) field. That is, if there is an object underground that contrasts with the natural (continuous) field of the Earth, then by recording these changes on the surface (intensities, polarization ellipses, frequencies, etc.), this object can be recorded. Using the high-frequency field illumination method, we excite this weak electromagnetic field, which allows us to more confidently identify anomalies in the natural electromagnetic field.
In practice, this makes it possible to detect centuries-old burials, foundations of destroyed buildings, voids in the ground (tunnels, caches, filled-in dugouts, underground passages up to 20 meters deep, etc.). The device also registers human remains, metal objects, metal and plastic pipelines, communication lines, etc. The device is quite successful in registering a person’s aura, which the device is able to detect at distances of about five meters through brickwork up to a meter thick, which can be used to determine the presence of people inside (outside) the premises (hostages, criminals, etc.).
The device was also tested in terms of energy information survey of the area near Lake Bolduc. The work was carried out at the request of the Chairman of the ICCC, Ph.D. Romanenko Galina Grigorievna and Deputy Chairman of the Presidium of the International Non-Governmental Educational Institution MAIT, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Academician of the BAN Sychik V.A. during our stay in Belarus at a scientific and practical conference"GIS-Naroch_2014".
More detailed information about the devices can be found on our website oooveles.com
We hope that our development will help you in your research."
And not about the 20-meter deep dungeon - we ourselves are in shock. The search engine guys sent this information as a thank you. The device showed that they drilled a well, and... the result is obvious.
The device was created by physicists at the International Scientific and Educational Laser Center of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov based on two long-known phenomena. First, a cancerous tumor absorbs light and heat more intensely than healthy tissue, which has lower blood concentrations and more oxygen.
In addition, it is known that when heated, all bodies not only expand, but also emit sound. Let us remember, for example, how a boiling kettle whistles. Moreover, slow heating produces a weak sound. Fast is more powerful. And instantaneous gives a powerful acoustic wave.
So, the “singing tomograph” almost instantly heats the tissue being examined with its laser beam: in a hundredth of a microsecond - by one tenth of a degree. Since any tumor contains more blood than healthy tissue, it heats up more. And the sound coming from it is two to three times more powerful. It is captured by the ultra-sensitive acoustic system of the tomograph. This "electronic ear" pinpoints the location of the tumor.
The sound signal on the computer screen turns into a picture. A bright yellow spot framed in blood red against a black background looks like a cosmic landscape. You can even admire it if you don’t know that it’s a photograph cancerous tumor. It is hundreds of times more contrasting than any image of her already taken. by known methods.
This is the general operating principle of the device,” explains project manager, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Alexander Karabutov. - In reality, tomography takes place in two steps. First, a laser beam of a certain wavelength scans the patient's chest. For now, this is just a search for inhomogeneities. If the tomograph “hears” a sharp increase in sound, it means that a suspicious place has been found. But what is it? Malignant or benign formation? We switch the device to another wave, which checks the blood in the found tumor for oxygen levels. If it less than normal- it's cancer. What the tomograph reports. He “sings” again, but this time “not in his own voice”: the timbre changes significantly. But if the oxygen concentration is higher than normal, then the timbre of the sound is completely different. This is most likely just mastopathy.
An ordinary laboratory assistant can process acoustic signals. And within a few minutes you will receive on the computer screen an image of a tumor - if it exists, of course - ranging in size from 2 millimeters at a depth of up to 7 centimeters. And also find out whether it is benign or not. All this is completely without harm to the patient. And painless. This “four in one” is where the uniqueness of the “singing tomograph” lies.
For comparison, the same X-ray or neutron capture diagnostic technologies, like any radioactive irradiation, are not harmless even for healthy person. A modern means For example, optical diagnostics can detect a tumor of at least five millimeters. Moreover, breast cancer, which has not yet metastasized, is only three millimeters. It is even more difficult to distinguish such a “grain of sand” using the optical method if it lies at a depth of, for example, six centimeters. After all, the beam must pass through the entire female breast - back and forth. And this is a medium that scatters light. On the way there it scatters a million times, and back - also a million times. But the sound does not undergo any serious distortion. Therefore, an optical signal converted into an acoustic signal provides much higher diagnostic accuracy.
Just awarded the Nobel Prize, nuclear magnetic tomography, with absolute harmlessness, provides a three-dimensional image of a tumor located at any depth. But it also has a very significant drawback: what is good for brain research fails with mammography. The NMT study lasts twenty minutes: the patient breathes, the blood pulsates, and both its concentration and oxygen levels change. The picture is obtained with significant distortion. It happens that a nuclear magnetic tomogram is used to diagnose cancer, but then a biopsy gives a negative conclusion.
Yes, we get only a two-dimensional image, says Alexander Karabutov, but practically without distortion. After all, in a third of a second too strong physiological changes does not occur in the tissue under study. Our tomograph does not replace all known ones, it complements them.
So far, the “singing tomograph” exists only in a laboratory version. And yet, two dozen volunteers with suspected malignant tumors have already been tested on it. The device never made a mistake. And the following story came out with one of the women. Various tests indicated that she had cancer. But where he was hiding could not be revealed by any known means. It turned out to be behind a silicone implant. This is what the laser optical-acoustic tomograph reported.
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