The difference between Latin demonstrative pronouns and French ones. Demonstrative pronouns

Pronoun in French in many ways similar to the Russian pronoun. This is one of the main parts of speech, which replaces a noun, a subject in a sentence, that is, a pronoun acts "instead of a name."

There are six groups of pronouns in French:

• Personal
• pointing
• Possessive
• Interrogative
• relative
• indefinite

Each of these groups has its own meaning and special functions in speech. Let's consider each subsection in detail.

Unstressed verbal pronouns (in the sentence are subject): Je - I; Tu - you; Il - he; Elle - she; Nous - we; Vous - you; Ils - they ( masculine); Elles - they (feminine).

Jeveux ecoutercagechanson. – I want to listen to this song.

(in the sentence they are an addition): Me - me, me; Te - you, you; Le (lui) - him, him; La (lui) - her, her; Nous - to us, us; Vous - to you, you; Les (leur) - them, them (masculine); Les (leur) - them, them (feminine).

nouslesinvitationsCheznous. We invite them to our place.

Independent stressed pronouns: Moi - me; Toi - you; Lui - he; Elle - she; Nous - we; Vous - you; Eux - they (masculine); Elles - they (feminine).

Ecoute moi! - Moi, je t'écoute. - Listenme! - I'm listening to you.

Demonstrative pronouns - what are they?

Demonstrative pronouns (les pronoms démonstratifs) are used in French without nouns. These are the pronouns:

Simple forms: Celui - that one; Celle - that; Ce - that; Ceux - those; Celles - those (feminine).

Regardezceslivresetchoisesezceluiquivousplaira. Look at these books and choose the one you like.

Complex shapes: Celui-ci - this one; Celui-là - that one; Celle-ci - this one; Celle-là - that; Ceci is; Cela it; Ça is; Ceux-ci - these; Ceux-là - those; Celles-ci - these (feminine); Celles-là - those (feminine).

Quelle robe preférez-vous: celle-ci ou celle-là? Which dress do you prefer: this or that?

demonstrative pronoun Ça is a truncated form of Cela, it is widely used in colloquial French:

• Comment ça va ? - Howaffairs?
• Ca va bien. - AllFine.
• Ç ameplaî t. - I like it.
• Ç am'est egal. - I don't care.
• Ç ayest! - Everything is fine! Ready!
• Ca ne fait rien. “Nothing terrible, nothing.

Possessive pronouns

French possessive pronouns (les pronoms possessifs) agree in gender and number with the noun they replace, as well as in person and number with the owner of the object. Before possessive pronoun There is always a definite article:

Masculine: le mien - mine; le tien - yours; le sien - his; le nôtre - ours; le vôtre - yours; le leur - them.

Feminine: la mienne - mine; la tienne - yours; la sienne - her; la nôtre - ours; la vôtre - yours; la leur - them.

In plural the ending -s is added.

Voilà ma parapluie, où est la tienne? - Heremyumbrella, AWhereis yours?

Interrogative pronouns

Interrogative pronouns (les pronoms intérrogatifs) are divided into:

Simple: Qui - who; Que - what; Quoi - what; Qui est-ce qui - who; Qui est-ce que - what; Qu'est-ce qui - who; Qu'est-ce que - what.

Qui est entre? - Whohas entered?

Difficult: Lequel - which; Laquelle - which; Lesquels - which; Lesquelles - which (feminine).

Lequeldecesdeuxtuchoise? Which of these two do you choose?

Relative pronouns

Relative pronouns (les pronoms relatifs) is a category that allows you to determine whose subject, to whom it refers.

These are the pronouns:

Qui- who, who;

Que- What;

Quoi- What;

Don't- which, whose;

Ou- where, where;

Lequel- which;

Auquel- to whom;

Duquel- which;

Laquelle- which;

A la quelle- which;

De la quelle- which;

Lesquels- which;

Auxquels- to whom;

Desquels– which;

Lesquelles- which (feminine);

Auxquelles- which (feminine);

Desquelles- which (feminine).

Voici le professeur dont les étudiants travaillent bien. - HereProfessor, whosestudentsFinework.

Here is such a diverse pronoun in French. We wish you good luck!

Allo, Marie? C'est Nicolas. Comment ça va?

— Comme ci comme ca!

Cha et cela

Cela is used very rarely in colloquial speech, as a rule it will always be replaced by ça, especially in such expressions as: ça va how are you, ça y est everything is fine; ready, comme ci comme ça so-so, etc. Cela is used in writing and in literary language: cela a été difficile it was difficult (ça a été difficile), après tout cela after all this (après tout ça), etc.

Exception: cela dit (cela [or ceci] dit...) (well) now... (après avoir dit) not ça dit.

But if cela is opposed to ceci it cannot usually be replaced by ça: ceci est à nous, cela est à vous, (in oral speech, the opposition ceci / cela is often neutralized by using ça: ça, c'est à nous; ça, c'est a vous).

Ce and ca

Ce is used mainly with the verb to be (être) as the subject:

C'est possible. It's possible. C'est Marie qui prepare le gâteau. Marie will cook a cake. C'est à lui que je me suis adressée. I turned to him. Est-ce qu'il est la? Is he there? Qu'est-ce que c'est. What is this? C'est-a-dire. That is.

The verb être can be either singular or plural: c'est moi, ce sont mes parents.

Stressed (independent) pronouns are used with turns c'est / ce sont ... qui.

The turnover c'est … qui is used with all persons (c'est moi/toi/ lui /elle / nous /vous .. qui), except for eux/elles - with the third person of the plural we use ce sont… qui: ce sont eux/ elles…qui. In colloquial French, c'est eux .. qui is used, but c'est elles ... qui is never used, to avoid ambiguity and ambiguity, since the turn sounds like in the singular c'est elle ..qui.

The phrase ce sont is not inverted: Ce sont tes affaires? Are these your things?

Ça is used with other verbs (as subject or object). It does not have a truncated form, there is no elision before the vowel:

Prenez ca. Take it. C'est comme ça. This is true. Ça y est! Ready. Ça arrive! Qui ca? Who? Où ça? Where? Ca suffit. It's enough. Ne me parle pas de ça. Do not tell me about it. Ça vous fait plaisir? Do you like it?

However, sometimes ça is used with être and ce with other verbs:

Ça n'a pas été difficile, ce doit être une étrangère.

Ce (c'/ç)

Ce is used mainly with the verb être:

• always used before the verb être in the present and past tenses (imparfait, passé composé, plus-que-parfait):

C'est bien; ce sont des tudiants; c'était facile; (ce) ç'a été difficile.

• always used before a verb in the present and past continuous (imparfait) in the negative form:

Ce n'est pas possible.

Ça used

• Before a pronoun:

Acheter cette maison n'est pas possible? - Si, ca l'est. (le = possible).

Demonstrative pronouns (that, that, that, that ...) replace nouns. There are inflected pronouns and invariable ones. The inflected ones are chosen depending on the gender and number of the noun that is being replaced by the pronoun. Variables, in turn, have simple forms and complex ones.

Inflected pronouns

simple shapes

Never used in isolation. They must be followed

1) participle:

Voici son dessin, voici celui realise par mon fils. — Here is his drawing, here is the one my son made.

2) addition with suggestion(most often de).

The demonstrative pronoun used in sentences of this type is usually not translated into Russian. Instead, the same noun is repeated that was replaced by a pronoun in the French sentence:

Les chaussures de Michel sont noires, celles de Victor sont jaunes. — Michel's black boots, boots Victor - yellow.

3) relative clause:

Je vous présente ceux qui ont triomphé ce matin.- I present to you those,who won this morning.

complex shapes

Used on their own.

Particles ci and là indicate the remoteness of an object / person in space and time. Ci indicates what is closer in space, or replaces the noun that was mentioned last (in comparisons or homogeneous members of a sentence). La- what is further or mentioned earlier:

Prenez celui-ci! — Take this one!(whichever is closer).

Prenez celui la! — Take that one!(what's next).

Marie et Anne travaillent bien, mais celle-ci est plus appliquée. Marie and Anna study well, but the latter (Anna) is more diligent.

Invariable pronouns

1. Ce (c’) - “this”

A) Used as a subject with the verb être, for example, in the case of selection, when the following follows:

1. relative pronoun(qui, que, dont, …):

C' est la fille dont je t'ai parle. — This is the girl I told you about.
Ce sont les artistes que nous avons vus au theater. — These are the artists we saw in the theatre.

2. subject expressed by a noun:

Ah, c'est beau, l'amour! — Oh, it's beautiful, love!

Ce sont and c'est are used before the names of professions and nationalities when representing unfamiliar faces:

Ce sont des étudiantes. — These are students.
C' est un chanteur. — This is a singer.
Ce sont des Espagnols. — These are the Spaniards.

In the case when acquaintances are introduced, personal pronouns are used:

Elles sont étudiantes. — They are students.
Robert? il est chanteur. — Robert? He is a singer.
Olga est espagnole. — Olga is Spanish.

B) Used as an antecedent of relative pronouns:

Antecedent - the previous unit of the utterance, replaced by a pronoun or other figure of speech.

The pronoun ce in sentences of this kind just acts as such a “previous unit”:

Chacun fait ce qui lui plait. (= la chose) - Everyone does what he likes. (= that thing)
Elle obtient toujours tout ce qu'elle veut. (=toutes les choses) - She always gets what she wants. (= that thing)

2. Ceci, cela, ça - "this"

A) Used as a subject with all verbs except être; and also as an addition or nominal part of the predicate:

Cela semble normal. — This seems normal.
Votre chat available ceci dans la gorge, dit le vétérinaire en montrant une grosse boule de fil. — Your cat had it in her throat,” the vet said, holding up a large ball of thread.
Elle sait conduire. Sans cela, elle ne pourrait pas réussir à faire tout ce qu'elle fait. — She knows how to drive a car. Without this, she would not be able to do everything that she does.

B) Cela replaces a previous suggestion or idea; ceci - introduces the idea that will follow this statement:

On t'a dit que j'etais malade. <— Cela est absolute faux. — You were told that I was sick. It is not true.

Je vais te dire ceci. —I'm going to tell you this.

C) Cela denotes a more distant object; ceci - closer:

Vu d'ici, cela est un animal et non une plante. — And from here it looks like an animal, not a plant.

Ceci est un vase précieux, pas un jouet.- This is a precious vase, not a toy.

D) Ça replaces cela and ceci spoken, but rarely used in writing:

Manger en class, ca ne se fait pas. — You can't eat in class.

D) with a verb être cela can be replaced by ce:

Ce n'est pas tres gentil de ta part. — This is not very good of you.

Exercises

Demonstrative adjectives

The difference in the use of demonstrative pronouns and adjectives is that pronouns replace nouns and are used without them, and adjectives always come before the noun they define, i.e. The noun is not removed from the sentence!

DEMONSTRATIFS - LES PRONOMS DÉMONSTRATIFS

Forms of demonstrative pronouns:

- Donne moi le livre. Lequel? Celui qui est sur la table.(= ce livre qui est sur la table).

- Ceux qui veulent, peuvent rester.

- Couvre la table! - Celle de la cuisine? - Non, celle de la salle à manger.
- Lay the table. - Is the table in the kitchen? - No, the table is in the dining room.

- J'ai rendu à la bibliothèque mes livres et ceux de ma sœur.
I returned my books and my sister's books to the library.

- Quel gâteau est-ce que tu preferes? Celui-ci ou celui-la?
- What kind of cake do you prefer? This or that?

- Marie et Jeanne sont mes amies. Celle-ci (Jeanne) est toujours gaie, celle-là (Marie) est toujours triste.
Maria and Zhanna are my friends. Jeanne is always cheerful, and Maria is always sad.

- Ce livre est trop difficile pour vous, prenez plutôt celui-là (celui-ci).
- This book is too difficult for you, better take this one.

- L'enfant a regardé le père. Celui-ci etait serieux.
The child looked at his father. He was serious.

- C "est ma voisine.
- Ce sont mes amis.
- Ce sera difficile.
- Ce doit être interesting.

- C'est interesting.
- Cela(ceci, ça) ne m'intéresse pas.

- Ce qui se passe est étrange.
- What's happening is strange.

- Ecoutez ce que je vous dis.
- Listen to what I tell you.

- Ce dont vous parlez ne m'intéresse pas.
- What you're talking about doesn't interest me.

- Ceci est un secret. - It's a secret.
- Prenez ceci.- Take this.
- Cela est étrange. - This is strange.
- Je pense toujours à cela. - I think about it all the time.

- Ceci est beau et cela est laid. - This is beautiful, but that is ugly.

- Cela (ceci) m'étonne.- This surprises me.

- Comment ça va? - How are you?

- Tu es contre? - Je n'ai pas dit ça.- Are you against it? - I didn't say that.

Application in French:
"LES PRONOMS DÉMONSTRRATIF"

• construction

Je voudrais essayer la jupe qui est en showcase. → Je voudrais essayer celle qui est en showcase.
La region où je suis né s "appelle le Poitou.→ Celle où je suis ne...
Les livres de Paul sont ici. → Ceux de Paul sont ici.
Le vase en → Celui en verre est plus joli que l "autre.

• Le pronom neutre

Vous prenez ceci?

Ca va! Ça marche! Je prends ca. Ca?

?
Philippe: L "appartement des Blanchet, c" est celui qui a un balcony?
Noel: Non, celui-la, c "est celui des Mercier. Celui des Blanchet est à l "étage au-dessus.
Philippe: Il doit être plus grand quele tien, non?
Noel: C "est difficile à dire. Les deux appartements sont différents. Le leura une forme plutôt carrée, alors que le mien est tout en longueur, comme tous ceux qui sont au deuxieme étage.
Philippe: C "est comme le nôtre, alors...

UN BUFFET DANS LE JARDIN:
Francoise: Michel, tu me passes mon assiette, s "il te plaît?
Michel: C "est celle-ci ?
Francoise: Non, celle-ci, with "est celle de Gilles. La mienne, c "est celle qui est à côté du plat, là-bas!
Michel: Moi, je ne sais plus où j "ai mis la mienne! J" ai pris celle de Claire par erreur...
Francoise: Et ce verre à moitié vide, il est à qui? C "est celui de Paulette?
Michel: Non, le sien est là, à côté de ceux de Pierre et Sarah.
Francoise: Quelle pagaille, mes amis!
Gilles: II y a une voiture qui gêne, devant la grille. C "est celle de Pierre et Sarah, non?
Michel: Mais non, la leur est rouge. Je crois que c "est la nôtre ... Je vais aller la changer de place.
Gilles: En attendant, je vais prendre un peu de vin, de celui-ci! A la vôtre!

Distinguish between inflected and invariable pronouns. Depending on the number and gender of the noun, an inflected pronoun is selected, which is used in the sentence.

Celui / celle (that / that) and ceux / celles (te) are inflected demonstrative pronouns of a simple form. With particles ci and la complex forms of inflected demonstrative pronouns are formed that indicate the location of an object or person in space in relation to the speaker.

Invariable demonstrative pronouns include Ce (C' ) and ceci , cela , ça , equivalent to the Russian " This ".

6.1 Inflected demonstrative pronouns (simple form)

Basically, inflected demonstrative pronouns of a simple form are not used in isolation. They are followed by:

1) participle:

For example: Voici son dessin, voici celui realise par mon fils. - Here is his drawing, here is the one that my son made.

2) addition with a preposition (most often de).

The demonstrative pronoun used in sentences of this type is usually not translated into Russian. Instead, the same noun is repeated that was replaced by a pronoun in the French sentence:

For example: Les chaussures de Michel sont noires, cells de Victor sont jaunes. - Michel's boots are black, Victor's boots are yellow.

3) relative clause:

For example: Je vous présente ceux qui ont triomphé ce matin.- I present to you those who won this morning.

6.2 Inflected demonstrative pronouns (compound form)

Particles ci and là show the remoteness of an object and person in space and time. Ci indicates what is closer in space, or replaces the noun that was mentioned last. La - what's next or mentioned before:

For example: Prenez celui-ci! - Take this one! (whichever is closer).

Prenez celui la! - Take that one! (what's next).

Jean et Anne etudient bien, mais celle-ci est plus appliquée. Jean and Anna study well, but the latter (Anna) is more diligent.

6.3 Invariable pronouns

1. Ce (c’) - “this”

Used as a subject with a verbêtre , for example, in the case of selection, when the following follows:

* relative pronoun (qui, que, dont, …):

C'est la fille dont je t'ai parlee. - This is the girl I told you about.
Ce sont les artistes que nous avons vus au theater -These are the artists we saw in the theatre.

* subject expressed by a noun:

Ah, c'est beau, l'amour! - Oh, it's beautiful, love!

Ce sont and c'est used before the names of professions and nationalities when representing strangers:

Ce sont des étudiantes. - These are students.
C'est un chanteur. - It's a singer.
Ce sont des Espagnols. - They're Spaniards.

In the case when acquaintances are introduced, personal pronouns are used:

Elles sont étudiantes. - They are students.
Robert? Il est chanteur. - Robert? He is a singer.
Olga est espagnole. - Olga is Spanish.

2. Ceci, cela, ça - "this"

Used as a subject with all verbs except être; and also as an addition or nominal part of the predicate.

Cela semble normal - This seems normal.
- Votre chat avait ceci dans la gorge, dit le vétérinaire en montrant une grosse boule de fil -Your cat had it in her throat,” the vet said, holding up a large ball of thread.
Cela replaces a previous sentence or idea and denotes a more distant object.

- On t'a dit que j'etais malade,сela est absolument faux - You were told that I was sick, it's not true.

Vu d'ici, cela est un animal et non une plante. - ABOUThere it looks like an animal, not a plant.

Ceci - introduces an idea that will follow this statement and designate a closer object.

Je vais te dire ceci - I'm going to tell you this.

Ceci est un vase precieux, pas un jouet -This is a precious vase, not a toy.

Ça replaces cela and ceci spoken, but rarely used in writing.:

Manger en classe, ça ne se fait pas - You can't eat in class.

With the verb être cela may be replaced by ce:

Ce n'est pas tres gentil de ta part. -This is not very good of you.

6.4 Exercise

In sentences, find the words that are replaced by pronouns

1. Quel vol choisis-tu? Le vol de main ou celui de mardi? ()

2. Cette revue n'est pas intéressante, je voudrais voir celle que lit mon voisin.()

3. Quelles sont vos valises, celles-la ou celles-ci?()

4. Tu aimes notre hôtesse? Celle qui nous a accueilli à l'entrée de l'avion? ()

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6.5. Devoir a la maison

Utilisez celui, celle, ce, ceux-là, ceux, celui-là, cela.

1. ………. qui n'aura pas fini son travail à temps sera moins payé.

2. Laquelle des deux voitures préférez-vous ?............ de Pierre ou ……….. de Jean ?

3. Décidément, tu ne sais pas ……….. que tu veux.

4. J'ai oublié de regarder la météo; j'ai pensé à tout sauf à ………….

5…………. qui veulent participer à la sortie doivent s'inscrire.

6. Préférez-vous ce vêtement-ci, ou plutôt………….?

7. Ces ouvriers-ci ont peu travaillé; mais…………. auront une prime, car ils ont fini le travail vite et bien.