The human skeleton is a movable support of the body, to which movable muscles are attached. Without the bones of the skeleton, we would look like shapeless bags.
There are only 206 bones in the human body. The bones of the limbs, spine and pelvis are the support of the body. The bones of the skull, chest and pelvis protect the internal organs from damage. The bones are smooth and hard. But that's just outside. Inside they have a tubular structure and are filled with bone marrow.
Bones can break. Children have more plastic in their bones and fractures are rare. Older people have more mineral salts in their bones, they fracture more often, and the bones heal much more slowly than in children.
The skeleton, together with the muscles attached to it, participates in the movements of the body. Many bones of the skeleton are connected movably with the help of joints and ligaments. Thanks to the flexible joints of the bones, you can run and jump. Cartilage covers the surfaces of articulating bones at the joints, and in some places - in the ears, nose, between the sternum and ribs - is part of the skeleton.
The spine consists of 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, 5 fused sacral vertebrae, and 3-4 coccygeal vertebrae. In total, there are 32-33 vertebrae in the spine, and they are the most tender in the whole body. Connected by ligaments and muscles that are attached to the bone processes of the vertebrae and separated by intervertebral discs. The human spine has four bends, which take some of the load off the vertebrae and allow us to stand straight and walk on two legs, and not on four, as almost all animals do. The curves also soften the bumps that come with running.
The skull consists of 22 bones connected to each other and protecting the brain from damage. All bones of the skull, with the exception of the lower jaw, are connected to each other with the help of ossified sutures formed by dense tissue. The lower jaw is movable, which allows us to open and close our mouth. There are also 3 pairs of auditory ossicles in the skull.
The lower limb consists of the thigh, lower leg and foot. The joints that connect the bones of the lower limbs allow us to run and jump.
The skeleton of the upper limbs consists of the shoulder girdle and the skeleton of the arms. The shoulder girdle is the shoulder blades on the back side and the collarbone - on the front, one end of which is connected to the sternum - the bone that makes up the central part of the chest. The arm skeleton includes the humerus, forearm bones, and arm bones.
There is only one bone (hyoid) that is not connected to the general skeleton.
The crown is the place on the head where the three main bones of the skull converge: two parietal and one frontal. If a book is placed on the head of a standing person, the book will lie on the crown of the head. In young children, the connective tissue in this place does not ossify for a long time and remains soft. Ossification ends in the second year of life.
To avoid curvature of the spine, it is necessary to constantly monitor your posture and avoid incorrect body positions or uncomfortable postures, for example, while doing homework or sleeping.
We continue to deepen into the anatomy, this time we will tell the children about the human skeleton. Difficult topics need to be presented to the child in interesting activities. Initially, we will pay attention if there is already interest in our own body, then we will analyze what exactly your little student likes: experiments, modeling from plasticine, application - everything can be used. In the article, I share the full information of classes on this topic with my son.
- Human skeleton for younger preschoolers
- Human skeleton with bones name - flashcards
- The structure of the human skeleton: head, torso, limbs
Hello dear readers, welcome to the blog. Today we are waiting for a fascinating journey into the world of human bones. That's right, we will try, like cartoon characters, to delve into the bowels of the body. What will we travel on, on a magic bus or a flying ship, it's up to you. The main thing is that our little passengers should be interested. Go!
This is the first crossword in my son's life in his 5 years 6 months. For the knowledge of my child, it turned out to be quite easy, which indicates the full assimilation of information from children's encyclopedias. I will mention the literature of our children's library in the course of the story.
On 6 cards I wrote questions by hand, and on a separate sheet I drew a grid to fill in. You can do the same if you wish, but first evaluate your child's knowledge. If the answers to the questions are not yet familiar to him, postpone this crossword puzzle until the end of the necessary topics.
Questions:
- Not a clock, but ticking.
- The train endlessly delivering nutrients throughout the body.
- When full, he is silent. When hungry - growls.
- Organ of vision.
- Human respiratory organ.
- He talks and eats.
Alexander set to work with pleasure, he was really interested in solving a crossword puzzle. After graduation, I was ordered a new one about plants and their cultivation.
Most likely, your child became interested in his own body at a younger preschool age. After all, babies are so inquisitive and begin to ask a lot of questions. But do not rush and take the child on an excursion to the medical institute, limit yourself to looking at a similar skeleton of a person from a book My body from head to toe. Where the girl Anya talks about human bones, our muscles and how she grows.
If the things of the child from which he grew up are preserved, then take them out and talk about how his body is changing. Will the baby guess that the size of shoes and clothes changes due to the fact that his bones grow? After reading this book, you will definitely guess! At this stage, it will be a great addition to assemble your skeleton, even a child of 5 years old can handle it.
Many have X-ray pictures at home, show them to your little student. Look together and let them guess which part of the skeleton is located in the picture. If they good quality, you can even see the texture of the bones. We had a picture of Alexander's ribs at the age of three and his mother's foot.
For children from the age of four, the book “Secrets of a Man” from the Magic Doors series will be interesting and understandable. It already provides information on anatomy, but still in an easy-to-understand version for children.
Increase It is thanks to this book that we decided to fool around and paint our skeleton. The advantages of such games are that the child feels each of his bones while drawing, and then he can see himself in the mirror. My skeleton then asked me to draw a pelvic bone, but we won't show you that.
I can’t help but mention the book by the MIF publishing house “Bones and Skeletons”, where the baby will be able to see the skeleton of a person in his own height, as well as examine the skeletons of various animals.
Show the children a human skeleton in a video that is not very animated, but still better perceived than a slide presentation.
Skeleton. Body structure for children - educational cartoon
You can also watch cartoons about Adiba, which we already know from. Adibu travels through the Why I Stand Upright skeleton:
And an explanation about human muscles “Why I move”:
For little fans of developing cards, there are wonderful benefits that include a human skeleton with the name of the bones. They appeared with us for a long time in Russian, English, French and Spanish. Two beautiful mothers Katrin and Olga shared them with everyone, here you can download the cards. As you can see in the photo, we are talking not only about the human skeleton with the name of the bones, but also the name of all the muscles and organs.
I strongly advise you to immediately laminate the cards, as they will be useful to you not only in introductory anatomy classes, but also in studying foreign languages. We do not live in Russia, so in our case it is very important. After all, there is nothing worse when you want to tell what you know and cannot because of ignorance of the terms in the language of the interlocutor.
The structure of the human skeleton
So let's move on to more serious knowledge. The first thing we explain to the child is that the human skeleton is divided into the following parts:
- Head skeleton;
- torso;
- upper limbs (shoulder girdle, limbs);
- lower extremities (pelvic girdle, limbs).
If you show it in a picture or on a skeleton model, then the preschooler will definitely understand.
human head skeleton
The skeleton of the human head is the skull, our children learn about this from cartoons long before we decide to tell them about their own body. To kid preschool age it will be enough to know that the skull protects his brain, which in turn is very soft and vulnerable.
Also, many children may be interested in why there is no nose on the skull? We explain that in fact the nose consists of soft cartilage that has grown to the bone. And after death, the cartilage decomposes.
Let's look at the skeleton diagram in the book The human body. What will the child immediately notice in the skull?
Photo enlarges on click - Eye sockets that protect our eyes;
- teeth fixed by roots in the upper and lower jaws;
- the back of the skull is shorter than the front.
Explain that it is in the back that our brain is located. The only movable part of the skull is lower jaw. Let the child open and close his mouth, he himself will feel it.
If there is a desire to go deeper, then disassemble some of the bones of the skull, which are not very different from the words familiar to the child. Show on your head, and let him repeat after you, showing on his.
- The forehead is the frontal bone.
- Whiskey is the temporal bone.
- The nose is the nasal bone.
- The occiput is the occipital bone.
- Temechko - parietal bone.
- Cheekbones - zygomatic bone.
- The lower jaw is the mandible.
- The upper jaw is the maxillary bone.
Since the lesson is designed for preschoolers, it is enough for them to explain that the skeleton of the body consists of the spine and chest. Ribs protect the heart and lungs, and there are 12 pairs of ribs in total. If the child already knows how to count, then it will not be difficult for him to add 12 + 12 and find out the total number.
The spine is our main support that supports the head and torso. In addition, it protects the spinal cord located inside. In the spine between the small bones there are intervertebral discs, they are solid but mobile. It is they who allow us to bend.
Let's do an experiment! What gives us the ability to be flexible?
As we have learned, the spine is made up of many small bones. Between them there are gaps of solid, but moving areas. Let's see clearly how this happens.
We will need:
- Chenille wire;
- 2 ballpoint pens;
- hacksaw.
We take out all the details of ballpoint pens, we only need a frame (plastic tube). We leave one tube as is, it should have open holes on both sides. We cut the other into pieces.
First, we ask the child to put a whole tube on the chenille wire and bend it slightly. Does not work? This is how our spine, if it consisted of a solid bone, we would not be able to bend, bend to the sides, many games and movements would be inaccessible to us.
Now we ask the child to put on pieces of a plastic tube, leaving gaps like intervertebral discs. Well, how now, our “spine” has become more flexible?
After this experiment, ask the child to make different body movements. Let him focus on the spine, feel its flexibility.
The functions of human limbs - arms and legs - are completely different. The legs are responsible for support and movement. And the hands provide a variety of complex movements. We ask the child to take objects with his feet and walk on his hands, it's fun and he will immediately understand the difference in functions. The skeleton of the hand consists of 27 bones, and the skeleton of the foot of 26 bones.
Alexander and I disassembled in detail only one limb, the son made it from plasticine.
Watching the work of the child, I realized that any knowledge of the human skeleton can be well understood and learned if such plasticine x-rays are made. Indeed, during the creation of such a layout, one has to analyze, count the number of details, pay attention to their shape.
So how many bones are in the human skeleton?
The adult human skeleton consists of 200-218 bones. And the skeleton of a newborn is about 300. What happens then? The baby develops and some of the bones grow together, larger bones are formed from them. Men and women do not differ in the number of bones - dad and mom can have the same number of them.
Dear parents, various sources provide information about the skeleton of an adult with 206 bones, 210, a little more than 200. And all these data are correct. Just explain to the child that each organism is individual, the fusion of children's bones in everyone occurs in different ways. So data 200-218 is optimal.
- Our skull is made up of 29 bones.
- Body skeleton:
The spinal column consists of 32-34 vertebrae;
The chest consists of 37 bones, which include 12 pairs of ribs. - Bones of the upper limb 80.
- Bones of the lower limb 60.
The total count is as follows: 29+37+80+60=206. That is why many sources give this figure, but do not forget about individuality.
How much does a human skeleton weigh?
We all know the expression “light bones and heavy bones”. Sometimes you take a child in your arms and wonder how light or vice versa it is heavy - appearance sometimes deceptive. Despite this, there is a table according to which it is customary to calculate the weight of the human skeleton:
The bones of a man make up 17-18% of body weight.
Women - 16% of the total weight.
The weight of a child's skeleton is equal to 14% of the child's weight.
If there are scales at home, then weigh the whole family and calculate the weight of the bones of mom, dad, child. Such a presentation of information is sure to be remembered by the child.
Now, after all that has been covered, you can watch the video Human Skeleton to consolidate knowledge.
Even though the bones are very light, they are also very strong. But how strong they are depends on how much calcium carbonate they contain. Let's do an experiment!
What we need:
- Dried, clean chicken bone (leg or wing bone, we have both);
- cones for the experiment (glass);
- white vinegar (we have 5%).
We give the child a bone and ask him to try to break it. We note how tough it is and does not lend itself to children's hands. We examine the bone under a magnifying glass and from the sides we perfectly see the spongy bone tissue.
Now we put the chicken bones in flasks, we have three of them, and cover with vinegar.
Let the bones soak in the vinegar for 1-3 days, then discard the vinegar. The first bone from the winglet, the thinnest, we took out a day later. Now let the child touch the bone and determine what the difference is. You can see how the edges of the bone bend. It makes an impression on a child!
We got the second and third bones in three days. If you want more effect, you can drain and renew the vinegar once a day. And you can take vinegar essence, but we don’t sell such miracles. The bone from the wing, after 3 days, really bent perfectly along its entire length. But the thick bone from the leg softened only at the edges. Now you can easily break and see inside the medullary canal.
Experiment Conclusions
Bones are made of calcium carbonate and the soft material collagen. When the chicken bone was placed in a glass of vinegar, the acetic acid dissolved the calcium carbonate and almost only the collagen remained. Calcium is essential to make our bones strong. The composition of our bones changes depending on what we eat (food composition). A few foods that are high in calcium are milk, cheese, soy products, beans, almonds, fish (canned), and cabbage. After such a lesson, the child understands how important their use is.
On the topic of what human bones are made of, Alexander watched a cartoon that sunk into his soul. Asked to review for three days. In my opinion, for preschoolers, the topic is disclosed well but difficult. The opinion of the child says otherwise. After the screenings, the son can take an anatomy exam about leukocytes and blood cells.
What would a man be like without bones?
I asked Alexander such a provocative question. My child lay down on the floor and began to move like a slug.
- Like a puddle of skin!
Yes, my boy gave such a comparison. And I suggested that he look at it visually. If it's a puddle, then water. I took a rubber glove, poured water from the tap into it - and that's how I got a brush without bones!
Dear friends, our journey through the human skeleton is over. Finally, I’ll show you what gift my son decided to give me for my birthday, which coincided with our classes. He asked me not to peep, so that I would get a real surprise. And here he is!
“Look mom, the skull is smiling at you!” With these words, I was presented with a gift.
And I am sure that no mother received such a wonderful human skeleton on her birthday.
Anatomy traditionally studies primarily the human skeleton with the name of the bones. This knowledge is important for describing the location of organs in relation to bone structures and correctly indicating the localization of pathological processes.
All bones are composed of connective, epithelial, muscle and nerve tissues. Epithelial and muscle tissues are part of the blood vessels that feed each bone with blood.
Nervous tissues provide sensitive and autonomic innervation, which is necessary for human life processes, adaptation to changing loads.
The basis of the human bone structure is a special type of connective tissue - bone. It is represented by cells (osteoblasts) and intercellular substance. Osteoblasts produce components of the intercellular substance, consisting mainly of inorganic compounds of calcium and phosphorus. This provides the strength of human bones. Protein components give tissue elasticity.
The main function of the bone is to support the surrounding soft tissues. Support is needed to counteract the force of gravity. Each part of the body is loaded at different angles. A human bone is a living organ that rebuilds its structure depending on the work performed. What are human bones made of, what contributes to their adaptation?
The structural and functional unit is the osteon - a tubular structure in the lumen of which vessels and nerves pass, and the walls are built of bone tissue. Osteons are oriented in such a way as to resist stress and reduce the likelihood of fractures. The pictures below are schematic representations of osteons.
The tubular structure has high strength and at the same time lightness. The long bones of the limbs have a similar structure.
Varieties of bones
Bone structures of different parts of the body are subjected to different loads and differ in function. This is reflected in the human anatomy. Depending on the form, there are:
- tubular,
- flat,
- mixed.
The representative of the tubular can be the largest bone - the femur. At its ends are processes - the epiphyses, which are involved in the formation of joints and serve as places of attachment and their tendons, ligaments.
According to another classification based on the ratio of length and width, it is customary to distinguish:
- long,
- short,
- mixed.
The long ones are located in the limbs, forming levers together with the muscles and joints. Short ones are grouped in those places where a combination of strength and mobility is needed. In the human skeleton, the wrist and tarsus are made up of short bones.
Important! Air-bearing bone structures are isolated separately. These include the maxilla, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones. They contain cavities filled with air. This is an evolutionary solution to the relief of the facial skull. In addition, in humans, bone formations with air cavities are involved in the formation of the voice.
Useful video: skeletal structure and bone composition
General plan of the skeleton
The anatomy section of osteology deals with the description of the human skeleton. Allocate the skeleton of the head, trunk and limbs. Each of the departments is subdivided into smaller areas. The photo shows a human skeleton with a description.
Skeleton structure
The skull consists of a brain and a facial section. Connects to the spine, which is part of the skeleton of the body. In addition to the spine, the trunk consists of ribs and their cartilaginous connections with the sternum. The skeleton of the girdle of the upper and lower extremities and free limbs are distinguished.
The skull performs the function of protecting the brain, nerves and sensory organs, as well as the initial sections of the respiratory and digestive systems. All bones of the skull are flat. The facial section contains air cavities.
Cerebral region of the skull
The part of the skull that contains the brain is called the cranium. Above and from the sides is the vault, the bottom of the skull is the base. The arch consists of the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital and sphenoid bones. Frontal bone in humans during prenatal development consists of the right and left halves, which fuse into one before birth. It is located in the anterior part of the skull. Participates in the formation of the eye sockets and nasal cavity. Behind with the help of seams grows together with the temporal and parietal.
The parietal bones are convex plates covering the lobes of the brain of the same name.
The temporal bones are the seat of the organs of hearing and balance, contain channels through which numerous vessels and nerves pass, from which the complexity of the structure of this organ becomes clear. The tympanic cavity of the temporal bone contains the auditory ossicles: the stirrup, the malleus, and the incus. The stirrup is the smallest bone in the human skeleton.
The occipital is the largest bone in the base of the skull in humans. It has a large foramen magnum through which the spinal cord exits the skull.
Facial region of the skull
The description of the bones of the facial part of the skull is dealt with in detail by plastic anatomy - a section of anatomy that is studied by artists and sculptors. The photo shows the structure of the skeleton of a human face.
In humans, movable and fixed bones are distinguished in the facial skull. Only the lower jaw is mobile. The rest are connected by seams and movement in them is impossible. The immovable bones of the skull include:
- upper jaw,
- nasal bones,
- superior turbinates,
- coulter,
- palatine,
- lacrimal,
- cheekbones.
The names of the bones of the facial skull are formed from the names of their position (upper or lower jaw), adjacent organs (lacrimal) or from the structures that they form (nasal, palatine).
Torso skeleton
All the bones of the body form the spinal column and chest. They perform the function of protecting and transmitting muscle force from the muscles of the limbs, and also support the body in an upright position. The photo shows the skeleton of the body.
The spine is made up of 31-32 bones. Their size increases in the direction from the head to the pelvis. The smallest bone in the spine is the atlas. This is the name of the first cervical vertebra, which fuses with the occipital bone.
Thanks to this fusion, head movements to the sides and tilts forward and backward are possible. The second cervical vertebra also has a special name - axial.
This name is obtained due to the special shape: it has a tooth that acts as an axis around which the atlas rotates along with the skull. There are 7 cervical vertebrae in total. They are highly mobile.
In humans, the bones of the thoracic vertebrae are surrounded by a large number of ligaments and connections to the ribs. Because of this, movement in this department is limited. The thoracic region consists of 12 vertebrae.
Among all parts of the human and mammalian spine, the most massive vertebrae are located in lumbar. This is due to the fact that this department bears the entire load of the upper body. In addition, in this place the spine is quite mobile. The combination of massiveness and mobility under constant load leads to a high incidence of injuries and diseases of the spinal column in this place.
The sacrum got its description due to its specific shape, which resembles a cross. It is a fused vertebrae that provides a connection between the trunk and lower limbs.
Upper limb skeleton
In the process of evolution, human hands were freed from the function of support. Instead, the upper limbs became extremely mobile, and the hand became an organ of labor. Due to the peculiarities of the structure, it became possible to perform subtle movements.
The bones of the human upper limbs and their names correspond to the anatomical structures of which they are part. The skeleton of the girdle of the upper limbs and the skeleton of the free limb are distinguished. It is most convenient to present this division in pictures.
Upper limb
The shoulder girdle consists of the clavicle and scapula. The only connection between the arm and the skeleton of the body is the sternoclavicular joint. This ensures extremely high mobility of the upper limb. The shoulder blade is located on the back of the chest. Many muscles of the back and neck are attached to it. Due to this, various movements in the shoulder joint are possible.
The free upper limb consists of the bones of the shoulder, forearm and hand. The humerus is a large, long, tubular bone. At the top, it connects to the articular surface of the scapula and forms the shoulder joint. Below, due to the movable connection with the bones of the forearm, the elbow joint is formed. There are two bones in the forearm: the radius and the ulna, which provide rotation of the hand.
Important! Of all the human bones, the hand has the greatest mobility. The wrist is formed by eight bones, the smallest of which is the pisiform. Many joints provide a variety of minute movements.
Skeleton of the lower extremities
The pelvic girdle is represented by immovably fused iliac, pubic, ischial bones and the sacrum. The pelvis is a container in which the genitals and the final sections of the digestive tract, as well as large vessels and nerves, are located. The structure of the skeleton of the lower limb of a person is shown in the photo.
The skeleton of the free lower limb consists of the bones of the thigh, lower leg and foot. In humans, the largest bone is the femur. It is able to withstand an axial load of several tons. At the top, its head forms the hip joint with the acetabulum.
Below is the knee joint, formed by the articular surfaces of the femur, tibia and fibula.
Useful video: what bones does the human skeleton consist of
Conclusion
The human skeleton is a complex system that provides movement, protection and balance in space. Each bone is a living organ that can adapt to constantly changing working conditions.
In contact with
Yes, a person has just so many of them: anatomy has long counted all the bones of the lower limb. 26 of them form the foot, two bones form the skeleton of the lower leg, one - the skeleton of the thigh. Is one missing? We forgot the patella - a flat bone that covers the knee joint.
Let's mentally walk through the lower limb from the hip joint to the fingertips. We will examine the three "floors" of the lower limb:
- hip,
- shin,
- foot.
During this amazing tour, the anatomy of the foot will become clear to you. And, perhaps, you will make many discoveries for yourself.
A strong and long femur is the support of the thigh, the place of attachment of the most powerful muscles of the lower limb. Its length is approximately equal to 25-27% of your height. How much is that, guess for yourself. The structure of the femur resembles a tube with two widened ends. The middle part of this bone tube is the diaphysis, and the expanded rounded ends are the epiphyses.
Inside the diaphysis is a cavity - a bone canal. In the embryo, it contains red bone marrow - the organ of hematopoiesis. In a child at the age of 3-4 years, the red bone marrow gradually begins to be replaced by yellow. In an adult, hematopoietic elements are already absent in it. But in the case of acute blood loss, when the need for new blood cells increases, the yellow bone marrow can also be populated with hematopoietic cells and be included in the process of hematopoiesis.
The epiphyses have a spongy structure. They are like pumice. The upper epiphysis - the head of the femur - is almost perfectly rounded. It is attached to the diaphysis at an angle. The femoral neck (the segment between the shaft and the femoral head) is a known weak spot. It often breaks, especially in the elderly.
The lower epiphysis of the thigh has a structure resembling two fused apples. Two rounded condyles, covered with cartilage, form the knee joint with the bones of the lower leg. Thus, the epiphyses of the thigh are part of two large joints of the lower limb - the hip and knee. There are about 400 joints in the human body, but these two are of great strategic importance.
The knee joint is protected from the front by the patella. This leg bone resembles a triangular shield.
In order not to interfere with movements in the knee joint, it comes into contact only with the epiphysis of the thigh. The protective function of the patella is difficult to overestimate. How many times in childhood we skinned our knees ... without any harm to the knee joints!
Calf: inside view
The bone skeleton of the lower leg in humans is represented by two bones: the tibia and the fibula. The thin fibula is on the outside, and the strong, thick tibia is on the inside. Both are tubular. strange to modern man the name "tibial" comes from the outdated word "bertse" or "tibial". Once this was the name of the lower leg - part of the lower limb from the knee to the foot.
The diaphysis, or body of the tibia, has a trihedral structure. One of its faces is facing forward. Run your hand along the front of the lower leg and you will feel it. The upper epiphysis is bifurcated and forms two condyles. They connect with the condyles of the thigh to form the knee joint. These condyles are concave, like saucers, and are covered with articular cartilage. The convex condyles of the thigh lie on them.
The structure of the lower diaphysis of the tibia is a bit like an inverted russula cap. On its inner edge there is a bone outgrowth - the inner ankle. The lower surface is covered with articular cartilage. It connects to the talus of the foot, forming the ankle joint.
The fibula resembles a thin trihedral rod.
It is slightly twisted around the vertical axis. Its lower end forms a long outgrowth - the outer ankle. The upper end is connected to the tibia in the region of its upper diaphysis. You probably noticed an interesting fact: the lower articular surface knee joint formed only by the tibia, and not by both bones of the lower leg. The anatomy of the ankles is also a surprise to many. It turns out that these are not separate bones, as it seems at first glance.
The foot and its structure
The anatomy of the human foot at the first meeting invariably surprises medical students. How many are there, it turns out, these small bones! And really, how much? Let's count together.
Total ... seven, yes five, yes fourteen ... How much? Exactly 26 bones. So none of them have been forgotten.
You have marked three sections of the foot - tarsus, metatarsus and toes. The tarsus roughly corresponds to the heel. This is the part of the foot that the lower leg rests on. It, like three-dimensional puzzles, is made up of small spongy irregularly shaped bones. They are interconnected by joints and ligaments. This gives the human foot flexibility, since a small amount of movement is possible between adjacent bones.
The metatarsus is the part of the leg from the front of the lower leg to the toes. It consists of five short tubular bones. They are connected at one end to the tarsus, and at the other - to the phalanges of the fingers. The tarsus and metatarsus form the arches of the foot, transverse and longitudinal. This gives us the opportunity to absorb shocks when walking.
The phalanges of the fingers are tiny tubular bones connected by joints. The first phalanx of each toe connects to the metatarsal bone. When you move your toes, you make movements in this joint.
How the leg skeleton is formed
In the process of development of each person with the bones of the lower extremities, a series of metamorphoses occurs. During fetal development, only diaphyses are formed. First, a cartilaginous layout of each diaphysis is formed, which ossifies by the time of birth. Already after birth, cartilaginous epiphyses of bones are formed. They become bony within…the first decade of life! The entire period of human growth between the diaphysis and the epiphyses, cartilaginous layers are preserved. They allow bones to grow in length. And only by the age of 25 do the epiphyses finally fuse with the diaphyses.
It is easy to see how similar the anatomy of the upper and lower limbs of a person is. Shoulder with a single humerus, ulna and radius of the forearm, multiple spongy bones of the wrist, five metacarpal bones, phalanges of the fingers - each has three, except for the big one. As you can see, everything fits together.
The radius and ulna bones finally ossify also by the age of 20–25. The difference between the bones of the upper and lower limbs is in size and proportion. The radius is smaller and thinner than the fibula. The phalanges of the fingers are longer than those of the foot. This is understandable: the human foot does not need long flexible fingers. The radius bone connects to the ulnar membrane - exactly the same as between the bones of the lower leg ... the list goes on. The similarity in the structure of the arms and legs is obvious.
What do the lower limbs eat?
Like all organs human body, the bones of the lower extremities are fed by arterial blood. A network of small arteries penetrates deep into the bone substance. Osteons are formed around the smallest arteries - the structural units of the bone substance. Osteon is a bone cylinder in the lumen of which one of the arteries passes. In the process of growth, there is a constant restructuring of the osteon system. The network of arteries also grows. New osteons are formed around the arteries, and old ones are destroyed.
The thighs are supplied with blood from the femoral arteries, the legs - from the popliteal arteries, which give off multiple branches, the anterior and posterior tibial arteries. Two vascular networks are formed on the feet: on the back of the foot and on the sole. The sole is supplied with blood by the branches of the external and internal plantar arteries. Rear - dorsal artery of the foot.
Proper metabolism is impossible without nervous regulation.
The lower extremities are innervated by branches of the sacro-lumbar plexus. These are the femoral nerve, sciatic nerve, tibial and peroneal nerves. Nerve endings are also responsible for sensitivity. Sensory endings are located in the periosteum. They allow us to feel pain.
So our imaginary tour of the three “floors” of the leg ended. We hope it has been helpful. Leg anatomy is just one of the sections of a fascinating science called "human anatomy".
The structure of the human skeleton and bones, as well as their purpose, is studied by the science of osteology. Knowledge of the basic concepts of this science is a mandatory requirement for a personal trainer, not to mention the fact that in the process of work this knowledge must be systematically deepened. In this article, we will consider the structure and functions of the human skeleton, that is, we will touch on the basic theoretical minimum that literally every personal trainer must master.
And according to the old tradition, as always, let's start with brief digression about the role of the skeleton in the human body. The structure of the human body, which we talked about in the corresponding article, forms, among other things, the musculoskeletal system. This is a functional set of bones of the skeleton, their joints and muscles, which, through nervous regulation, move in space, maintain postures, facial expressions and other motor activity.
Now that we know that the human musculoskeletal system forms the skeleton, muscles and nervous system, we can go directly to the study of the topic indicated in the title of the article. Since the human skeleton is a kind of supporting structure for attaching various tissues, organs and muscles, this topic can rightfully be considered the foundation in the study of the entire human body.
The structure of the human skeleton
Human skeleton- a functionally structured set of bones in the human body, which is part of it locomotive apparatus. This is a kind of frame on which tissues, muscles are attached, and in which internal organs are located, the protection of which, among other things, it acts. The skeleton consists of 206 bones, most of which are combined into joints and ligaments.
Human skeleton, front view: 1 - lower jaw; 2 - upper jaw; 3 - zygomatic bone; 4 - ethmoid bone; 5 - sphenoid bone; c - temporal bone; 7 - lacrimal bone; 8 - parietal bone; 9 - frontal bone; 10 - eye socket; 11 - nasal bone; 12 - pear-shaped hole; 13 - anterior longitudinal ligament; 14 - interclavicular ligament; 15 - anterior sternoclavicular ligament; 16 - coracoclavicular ligament; 17 - acromioclavicular ligament; 18 - coracoacromial ligament; 19 - beak-shoulder ligament; 20 - costoclavicular ligament; 21 - radiant sternocostal ligaments; 22 - external intercostal membrane; 23 - costal xiphoid ligament; 24 - ulnar lateral ligament; 25 - radial roundabout (lateral) ligament; 26 - annular ligament of the radius; 27- iliac-lumbar ligament; 28 - ventral (abdominal) sacroiliac ligaments; 29 - inguinal ligament; 30 - sacrospinous ligament; 31 - interosseous membrane of the forearm; 32 - dorsal intercarpal ligaments; 33 - dorsal metacarpal ligaments; 34 - roundabout (lateral) ligaments; 35 - radial roundabout (lateral) ligament of the wrist; 36 - pubic-femoral ligament; 37 - iliac-femoral ligament; 38 - obturator membrane; 39 - upper pubic ligament; 40 - arcuate ligament of the pubis; 41 - peroneal roundabout (lateral) ligament; 42 - ligament of the patella; 43 - tibial roundabout (lateral) ligament; 44 - interosseous membrane of the leg; 45 - anterior tibiofibular ligament; 46 - forked ligament; 47 - deep transverse metatarsal ligament; 48 - roundabout (lateral) ligaments; 49 - dorsal ligaments of the metatarsus; 50 - dorsal ligaments of the metatarsus; 51 - medial (deltoid) ligament; 52 - navicular bone; 53 - calcaneus; 54 - bones of the toes; 55 - metatarsal bones; 56 - sphenoid bones; 57 - cuboid bone; 58 - talus; 59 - tibia; 60 - fibula; 61 - patella; 62 - femur; 63 - ischium; 64 - pubic bone; 65 - sacrum; 66 - ilium; 67 - lumbar vertebrae; 68 - pisiform bone; 69 - trihedral bone; 70 - capitate bone; 71 - hooked bone; 72 - metacarpal bones; 7 3-bones of fingers; 74 - trapezoid bone; 75 - trapezoid bone; 76 - navicular bone; 77 - lunate bone; 78 - ulna; 79 - radius; 80 - ribs; 81 - thoracic vertebrae; 82 - sternum; 83 - scapula; 84 - humerus; 85 - collarbone; 86- cervical vertebrae.
Human skeleton, rear view: 1 - lower jaw; 2 - upper jaw; 3 - lateral ligament; 4 - zygomatic bone; 5 - temporal bone; 6 - sphenoid bone; 7 - frontal bone; 8 - parietal bone; 9- occipital bone; 10 - awl-mandibular ligament; 11- ligament; 12 - cervical vertebrae; 13 - collarbone; 14 - supraspinous ligament; 15 - scapula; 16 - humerus; 17 - ribs; 18 - lumbar vertebrae; 19 - sacrum; 20 - ilium; 21 - pubic bone; 22- coccyx; 23 - ischium; 24 - ulna; 25 - radius; 26 - lunate bone; 27 - navicular bone; 28 - trapezoid bone; 29 - trapezoid bone; 30 - metacarpal bones; 31 - bones of the fingers; 32 - capitate bone; 33 - hooked bone; 34 - trihedral bone; 35 - pisiform bone; 36 - femur; 37 - patella; 38 - fibula; 39 - tibia; 40 - talus; 41 - calcaneus; 42 - navicular bone; 43 - sphenoid bones; 44 - metatarsal bones; 45 - bones of the toes; 46 - posterior tibiofibular ligament; 47 - medial deltoid ligament; 48 - posterior talofibular ligament; 49 - calcaneal-fibular ligament; 50 - dorsal ligaments of the tarsus; 51 - interosseous membrane of the leg; 52 - posterior ligament of the head of the fibula; 53 - peroneal roundabout (lateral) ligament; 54 - tibial roundabout (lateral) ligament; 55 - oblique popliteal ligament; 56 - sacrotuberous ligament; 57 - flexor retainer; 58 - roundabout (lateral) ligaments; 59 - deep transverse metacarpal ligament; 60 - pea-hooked ligament; 61 - radiant ligament of the wrist; 62 - ulnar roundabout (lateral) ligament of the wrist; 63 - sciatic-femoral ligament; 64 - superficial dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament; 65 - dorsal sacroiliac ligaments; 66 - ulnar roundabout (lateral) ligament; 67 - radial roundabout (lateral) ligament; 68 - iliac-lumbar ligament; 69 - costal-transverse ligaments; 70 - intertransverse ligaments; 71 - beak-shoulder ligament; 72 - acromioclavicular ligament; 73 - coracoclavicular ligament.
As mentioned above, the human skeleton forms about 206 bones, of which 34 are unpaired, the rest are paired. 23 bones make up the skull, 26 - the spinal column, 25 - the ribs and sternum, 64 - the skeleton of the upper limbs, 62 - the skeleton of the lower limbs. The bones of the skeleton are formed from bone and cartilage tissue, which belong to the connective tissues. Bones, in turn, consist of cells and intercellular substance.
The human skeleton is arranged in such a way that its bones are usually divided into two groups: the axial skeleton and the accessory skeleton. The first includes the bones located in the center and forming the basis of the body, these are the bones of the head, neck, spine, ribs and sternum. The second includes the clavicles, shoulder blades, bones of the upper, lower extremities and pelvis.
Central skeleton (axial):
- The skull is the basis of the human head. It houses the brain, organs of vision, hearing and smell. The skull has two sections: cerebral and facial.
- The ribcage is the bony base of the chest, and the location for internal organs. Consists of 12 thoracic vertebrae, 12 pairs of ribs and sternum.
- The spinal column (spine) is the main axis of the body and the support of the entire skeleton. The spinal cord passes through the spinal canal. The spine has the following sections: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal.
Secondary skeleton (additional):
- The belt of the upper limbs - due to it, the upper limbs are attached to the skeleton. Consists of paired shoulder blades and clavicles. The upper limbs are adapted to perform labor activity. The limb (arm) consists of three sections: shoulder, forearm and hand.
- Belt of the lower extremities - provides attachment of the lower extremities to the axial skeleton. It houses the organs of the digestive, urinary and reproductive systems. The limb (leg) also consists of three sections: thigh, lower leg and foot. They are adapted to support and move the body in space.
Functions of the human skeleton
The functions of the human skeleton are usually divided into mechanical and biological.
Mechanical features include:
- Support - the formation of a rigid bone-cartilage frame of the body, to which muscles and internal organs are attached.
- Movement - the presence of movable joints between the bones allows you to set the body in motion with the help of muscles.
- Protection of internal organs - the chest, skull, spinal column and not only, serve as protection for the organs located in them.
- Shock-absorbing - the arch of the foot, as well as the cartilaginous layers at the joints of the bones, contribute to the reduction of vibrations and shocks during movement.
Biological functions include:
- Hematopoietic - the formation of new blood cells occurs in the bone marrow.
- Metabolic - bones are the storehouse of a significant part of the calcium and phosphorus in the body.
Sexual features of the structure of the skeleton
The skeletons of both sexes are mostly similar and do not have radical differences. These differences include only minor changes in the shape or size of specific bones. The most obvious structural features of the human skeleton are as follows. In men, the bones of the limbs are usually longer and thicker, and the attachment points of the muscles tend to be more bumpy. Women have a wider pelvis, including a narrower chest.
Bone Types
Bone- active living tissue, consisting of a compact and spongy substance. The first looks like dense bone tissue, which is characterized by the arrangement of mineral components and cells in the form of the Haversian system (structural unit of the bone). It includes bone cells, nerves, blood and lymph vessels. More than 80% of the bone tissue has the form of the Haversian system. The compact substance is located in the outer layer of the bone.
Bone structure: 1 - the head of the bone; 2- epiphysis; 3- spongy substance; 4- central bone marrow cavity; 5- blood vessels; 6- bone marrow; 7- spongy substance; 8- compact substance; 9- diaphysis; 10- osteon
The spongy substance does not have the Haversian system and makes up 20% of the bone mass of the skeleton. The spongy substance is very porous, with branched partitions that form a lattice structure. This spongy structure of bone tissue provides an opportunity for storage of bone marrow and storage of fats and at the same time provides sufficient bone strength. The relative content of dense and spongy matter varies in different bones.
Bone Development
Bone growth is an increase in bone size due to an increase in bone cells. The bone can increase in thickness or grow in the longitudinal direction, which directly affects the human skeleton as a whole. Longitudinal growth occurs in the zone of the epiphyseal plate (cartilaginous area at the end of a long bone) initially as a process of replacing cartilage with bone. Although bone tissue is one of the most durable tissues in our body, it is important to understand that bone growth is a very dynamic and metabolically active tissue process that occurs throughout a person's life. hallmark bone tissue is a high content of minerals in it, primarily calcium and phosphates (which give bone strength), as well as organic components (provide bone elasticity). Bone tissue has unique opportunities for growth and self-healing. The structural features of the skeleton also imply that, thanks to a process called bone tissue remodeling, the bone can adapt to the mechanical stresses to which it is subjected.
Bone growth: 1- cartilage; 2- formation of bone tissue in the diaphysis; 3 - growth plate; 4- formation of bone tissue in the epiphysis; 5- blood vessels and nerves
I- fruit;II- newborn;III- child;IV- young man
Bone remodeling- the ability to modify the shape of the bone, its size and structure in response to external influences. This is a physiological process, including resorption (resorption) of bone tissue and its formation. Resorption is the absorption of tissue, in this case bone. Rebuilding is a continuous process of destruction, replacement, maintenance and repair of bone tissue. This is a balanced process of resorption and bone formation.
Bone tissue is formed by three types of bone cells: osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes. Osteoclasts are large bone-destroying cells that carry out the process of resorption. Osteoblasts are cells that form bone and new bone tissue. Osteocytes are mature osteoblasts that help regulate the process of bone remodeling.
FACT. Bone density is highly dependent on regular physical activity for a long time, and exercise, in turn, helps to prevent bone fractures by increasing their strength.
Conclusion
This amount of information, of course, is not an absolute maximum, but rather a necessary minimum of knowledge required by a personal trainer in his professional activities. As I've said in articles about personal trainers, the foundation of professional development is continuous learning and improvement. Today we laid the foundation in such a complex and voluminous topic as the structure of the human skeleton, and this article will be only the first in a thematic cycle. In the future, we will consider many more interesting and useful information regarding the structural components of the frame of the human body. In the meantime, you can say with confidence that the structure of the human skeleton is no longer "terra incognita" for you.
Loading...