A whole world can fit on one sheet of the map, with all the oceans, continents, mountains and plains, countries, cities, minerals, animals and birds. You just need to be able to read the map correctly. In this lesson, we will learn what maps were in antiquity, and what types of maps are now, what are the advantages of a map over a globe, what is a scale, a map legend. We will learn how to use the scale of depths and heights, determine the coordinates of terrestrial objects.
Subject: The planet we live on
People started drawing maps even before they thought about round earth or flat. Scientists have discovered in Kamchatka a drawing on a bone depicting a path to a place rich in prey. This is probably one of the oldest maps. Maps were drawn on pieces of bark, cut out on wooden boards, which were convenient to take on the road. Some peoples scratched cards with a sharp object on damp clay tiles, which, after drying, became strong, with a clear image.
This world map, in the center of which the city of Babylon is located, more than 3 thousand years.
Rice. 1. World map of Ancient Babylon ()
Rock paintings of the area were also found in caves where people lived thousands of years ago.
Rice. 2. Rock drawing of the area ()
With the invention of paper, cards began to be drawn on it. All the information received by scientists and travelers during their wanderings in different lands was applied to the maps.
Rice. 3. Ancient map of the world on paper ()
Making a map was a long process, because all the details were drawn by hand, so the cards were very expensive.
For a long period of time, only four were present on the maps: Eurasia, Africa, North America, South America. Many years passed before navigators discovered Australia and Antarctica.
When you look for any country on the globe, you see only one hemisphere. And to see something else, the globe must be rotated.
It is impossible to designate a large number of geographical objects on a globe without increasing its size. A large globe is inconvenient for travel use.
Scale- this is the ratio of the length of the lines on the map or drawing to the actual length. Scale physical map Russia tells us that each centimeter of the map corresponds to 200 km of terrain.
Rice. 7. Physical map of Russia ()
On the map you can show two halves of the Earth at once. If you divide the globe along the equator, you get map of the northern and southern hemispheres,
Rice. 5. Northern and Southern Hemispheres
and if along the line of the zero meridian - Western and Eastern Hemispheres.
Rice. 6. Western and Eastern Hemispheres
On mineral map special icons mark the places of mineral deposits.
Rice. 9. Map of minerals ()
On animal habitat maps habitats indicated. various kinds birds and animals.
Rice. 10. Bird and animal habitat map ()
On contour maps there are no color designations and depicted, but not signed, all kinds of geographical objects. They are convenient for laying routes.
Rice. 11. Contour map
On political map of the world depict countries and their borders.
Rice. 12. Political map of Eurasia ()
On synoptic maps conditional icons show observations of the weather.
Rice. 13. Synoptic map ()
Various cards are combined into atlases.
Rice. 14. Geographic atlas ()
The maps depict different territories. There are maps of districts, cities, regions, states, continents, oceans, maps of the hemispheres and world maps.
Conventions on the map are the same as on the globe. They're called legend and are usually placed at the bottom of the map.
Let's find the West Siberian Plain on the physical map of Russia.
Rice. 16. West Siberian Plain ()
Small horizontal lines covering a large part of its territory mean swamps.
Here are one of the largest swamps in the world - Vasyugan. The lines represent rivers, borders and roads, the circles represent cities.
Rice. 17. Vasyugan swamps
The seas and mountains have real outlines and are colored different colors. Blue and light blue - reservoirs, yellow - hills, green - lowlands, brown - mountains.
At the bottom of the map, a scale of depths and heights is placed, with which you can see what height or depth means this or that shade of color on the map.
The deeper the ocean, the darker the color. On the map of the North Arctic Ocean most dark shade blue in the Greenland Sea, where the depth reaches 5 thousand 527 meters; the lightest shade of pale blue, where the depth of the sea is 200 meters.
Rice. 18. Physical map of the Arctic Ocean
The higher the mountains, the darker the color they are marked with. Thus, the Ural Mountains, which are considered relatively low (the highest peaks from 1000 to 2000 m above sea level), are colored light brown on the map.
Rice. 19. Ural Mountains
Himalayas - the highest mountains in the world (10 peaks with a height of more than 8 km) are indicated in dark brown.
Rice. 20. Himalayan mountains
In the Himalayas is located Chomolungma (Everest) - the highest peak in the world (8848 m).
Using the height scale, it is easy to determine the height of the Caucasus Mountains.
Rice. 23. Caucasus Mountains
Their brown color indicates that the height of the mountains is more than 5 thousand meters. The most famous peaks - Mount Elbrus (5642 m) and Mount Kazbek (5033 m) are covered with eternal snow and glaciers.
Using the map, you can determine the exact location of any object. To do this, you need to know coordinates: latitude and longitude, which are determined by the degree grid formed by parallels and meridians.
Rice. 26. Degree grid
The equator serves as a reference point - on it the latitude is 0⁰. Latitude is measured from 0⁰ to 90⁰ on either side of the equator and is called north or south. For example, the coordinate 60⁰ North means that this point lies in the Northern Hemisphere and is at an angle of 60⁰ to the equator.
Rice. 27. Latitude
Longitude is measured from 0⁰ to 180⁰ on both sides of the Greenwich meridian and is called western or eastern.
Rice. 28. Longitude
St. Petersburg coordinates - 60⁰ N, 30⁰ E
Moscow coordinates - 55⁰ N, 37⁰E
Rice. 29. Political map of Russia ()
- Vakhrushev A.A., Danilov D.D. The world around 3. M .: Ballas.
- Dmitrieva N.Ya., Kazakov A.N. The world around 3. M .: Publishing house "Fedorov".
- Pleshakov A.A. Surrounding world 3. M .: Enlightenment.
- Academician ().
- survival().
- Locate the Pacific Ocean on the physical map of the world. Determine its deepest place, indicate its name and depth. Describe how you identified this place.
- Make a short test (4 questions with three answers) on the topic "Geographic maps".
- Prepare a memo with the rules for working with cards.
Here you can see the physical map of Russia in Super Ultra HD quality and a huge resolution of 10350 by 5850 pixels (over 60 megapixels) - this is the largest map resolution that can be found on the Internet.
(the map can be enlarged in a new window for a detailed view)
Attention, the attraction of unheard-of generosity is open! This map is free to download and print.
I know that many users are looking on the Internet for a physical map of Russia in full screen, maps of Russia in good quality close-up, maps in high resolution etc. Here everyone will find what they expect to see and even more.
The resolution of the map is huge, the quality is high. That is why the map is very, very, very detailed. Map scale: 1:8 000 000 (in 1 cm - 80 km on the ground). All inscriptions on the map are in Russian.
If you look closely, then on this map of the Russian Federation you can also see Ukraine, part of Eastern Europe, Central Asia and other parts of the Eurasian continent.
This general geographical map conveys the appearance of the territory and water area. The physical map shows in detail the relief and hydrography, as well as sands, glaciers, floating ice, reserves, mineral deposits. Due to the high resolution on the map, you can see cities, towns, villages and other settlements, communication routes, borders, etc.
I hope that large Ultra HD maps and HD pictures will bring more benefits to travelers and ordinary people.
Something about the resolution of this map
Many people know what 4K and Ultra HD resolution are. Given physical map Russian Federation has 2.5 times the horizontal pixel resolution of 4K. The illustration below shows the comparative sizes of all HD formats (HD, full HD, 2K, 4K) and this physical map of Russia.
Even more beautiful photos - in my instagram photographer
You can see even more different photos on my instagram -.
Subscribe, friends. There will be many interesting things.
Links to photo galleries of cities and reserves
For those who like to look at photographs rather than maps, this site collects photographs of nature reserves, cities and their attractions. Many of the photos in the galleries below are shown in HD quality.
The geographical map of the world is an overview map of the relief of the earth's surface. A coordinate grid is applied on the geographical map of the world. Separate states and countries are not displayed on the geographical map of the world in order to generalize and simplify the display of the surface topography above sea level (the darker the color, the higher the surface). The geographical map of the world clearly and concisely shows information about the main continents, seas and oceans and allows you to quickly create an image of the relief of the whole world. View geographical maps of the world online in Russian:
Detailed geographical map of the world in Russian:
Geographic map of the world close-up in Russian- opens in a new window in full screen. The geographical map of the world in high resolution shows all the continents with the names: Africa, North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Antarctica and Australia.
The geographical map of the Earth shows the location of the oceans: the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Arctic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. A large geographical map of the world allows you to see bays, deserts, and plains. The geographical map of the world is a map of the globe and looks like a map of continents, seas and oceans. The geographic map of the world can be downloaded for free in good quality.
Geographic map of the world in Russian large format:
Geographical map of the world with coordinates of latitude and longitude, indicating the currents of the world's oceans close-up:
Geographic map of the world in Russian large format opens in a new window in full screen. A high-resolution geographic map of the world shows a high-quality map of the world in Russian with parallels and meridians, with oceans and seas, with latitude and longitude, with seas and oceans. The geographical map of the world shows plains, mountains and rivers, continents and continents of the globe. If you enlarge the geographical map of the world, you can see separately the geographical map of each continent.
Outline map of the world
In geography lessons at school, a contour map of the world is often required:
The contour geographical map of the world opens in a new window in full screen.
What to see on the geographical map of the world:
First of all, on the geographical map of the world, mountains and plains marked with different colors are striking (the darker the color, the higher the mountains). The highest mountains on the geographical map are indicated by the height of the peak above sea level. The largest rivers on the map have a name. The largest cities are also indicated on the geographical map of the world. On this map, you can immediately see where the oceans, seas, islands and lakes are located.
Continents and continents: Eurasia, Africa, North America, South America, Australia, Antarctica. The largest continent is Eurasia.
oceans of the world: There are four oceans in the world - Pacific, Atlantic, Arctic and Indian. The largest ocean in the world - Pacific Ocean.
Largest seas in the world in descending order of area: the largest sea in the world - Sargasso Sea followed by the Philippine Sea, Coral Sea, Arabian Sea, South China Sea, Tasman Sea, Fiji Sea, Weddell Sea, Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Bering Sea, Bay of Bengal, Sea of Okhotsk, Gulf of Mexico, Barents Sea, Norwegian Sea, Scotia Sea, Hudson Bay, Greenland Sea, Catfish Sea, Riiser-Larsen Sea, Sea of Japan, Arafura Sea, East Siberian Sea.
The largest islands in the world in descending order of area: the largest island in the world - Greenland, followed by the islands: New Guinea, Kalimantan, Madagascar, Baffin Island, Sumatra, Great Britain, Honshu, Victoria, Ellesmere, Sulawesi, South Island (New Zealand), Java, North Island (New Zealand), Luzon, Newfoundland, Cuba, Iceland, Mindanao, Ireland, Hokkaido, Haiti, Sakhalin, Banks, Sri Lanka.
The longest rivers in the world: the largest river in the world - Amazon, after it there are rivers: Nile, Mississippi - Missouri - Jefferson, Yangtze, Huanghe, Ob - Irtysh, Yenisei - Angara - Selenga - Ider, Lena - Vitim, Amur - Argun - Mutnaya channel - Kerulen, Congo - Lualaba - Luvua - Luapula - Chambeshi, Mekong, Mackenzie - Slave - Pis - Finlay, Niger, La Plata - Parana - Rio Grande, Volga - Kama.
The highest mountains with a height of more than 8 km: the largest mountain in the world - Chomolungma, a little lower are the mountains: Chogori, Kanchenjunga, Lhotse, Makalu, Cho Oyu, Dhaulagiri, Manaslu, Nangaparbat, Annapurna I, Gasherbrum I, Broad Peak, Gasherbrum II and Shishabangma.
The largest lakes by continent: in Africa, Lake Victoria, in Antarctica, the subglacial Lake Vostok, in Asia, the salty Caspian Sea and freshwater Lake Baikal, in Australia, Lake Eyre, in Europe, the salty Caspian Sea and freshwater Lake Ladoga, in North America- Lake Michigan-Huron, in South America - salt lake Maracaibo and fresh lake Titicaca. The largest lake in the world is the Caspian Sea.
Let's start with a sensational statement: the first drawing of a man was a map. Yes, not a hunting scene, but a planned image of the area. Perhaps it was a drawing with a twig in the sand, explaining to fellow tribesmen how to get to the coveted backwater on the river or a place where there is a lot of game.
Since ancient times, drawing maps has been one of the most sought-after services, which very rare masters could provide. they cost significant value in return, especially if they were accurate and reliable.
On this page you can see a large map of the world with countries in Russian, expanding it to full screen, decide on the route of future travels or evoke nostalgic memories of past vacation days. For their reliability, we give a tooth, because these are images from space and errors on them are excluded. If a river, a forest, a beach are depicted there, then they really exist.
The source of such cartographic wealth is the Internet resource Google map And service from Yandex. enjoy satellite maps world is very simple - they have two main control functions:
- rescaling;
- relief display method.
If you want to get a general idea of \u200b\u200bthe area, then it’s enough to open a “scheme” that will allow you to “ strategic planning» - determine the position of cities and points that must be visited.
Much more opportunities to learn about the details of the relief are provided by the "satellite mode" of the display, which recognizes elements of the terrain with a length of 10-15 meters:
- roads;
- glades;
- area;
- infrastructure;
- individual rocks and peaks.
The political map of the world with large countries in Russian is also included in our list of useful tools in a static form, you can see it below.
[Service is temporarily unavailable]
Google Maps
Service from Yandex
political map
Articles on the theme. Travel around the map on Russian Railways (availability of seats and ticket prices)
Good day to all! In this post, we will talk about the types geographical maps. I previously wrote a short article about, but now we will talk about this in more detail.
Since ancient times, in order to display and transmit to other people information about the surface of the Earth, people have created maps.
Today maps are part of our Everyday life. We encounter them in weather forecasts, in guidebooks, when planning a trip and on the road.
Types of geographical maps.
We know best general geographical maps. Such maps show the main elements of the terrain (vegetation, relief, settlements). Thematic maps focus on individual elements, for example, or temperature.
The maps are constantly updated to reflect constant changes, such as the appearance of new borders, the demolition of old buildings, road construction ... In the 1990s. after the collapse of the USSR, cartographers had to revise political maps Eastern Europe and the former USSR.
Geographic atlases.
Geographic atlas is a systematic collection of geographical maps. The main feature of the modern atlas is the internal unity of all the maps that are included in it.
This is achieved by using comparable projections, symbols, scales, general design principles, image methods, etc. It is believed that the ancient Greek scientist th (II century AD) compiled the first geographical atlas.
Atlases include general geographical maps of the world and individual regions, and separate thematic(climatic maps, population maps, economic maps, etc.)
It displays regional and national boundaries, as well as the names of administrative and political divisions, and other major settlements. Each state and each administrative-territorial unit are painted in different colors.
Irregularities on the surface of the Earth on modern physical (relief) maps, most often shown using a hypsometric color scale (shades of blue show the seabed, brown - mountains, green - lowlands).
Shadow shading and hillshade give additional plasticity and clarity to the image of the relief. In some cases, a photo-relief is superimposed on a hypsometric image to convey shadow plasticity.
The position of individual peaks relative to sea level is shown by elevation marks.
Topographic maps.
Topographic maps also belong to the general geographic, since they depict not only elements of hydrography and relief, but also artificial structures, including communications and settlements, superimposed on the natural landscape.
For example, on fairly detailed topographic maps at a scale of 1:50,000 (in 1 cm 500 m), in addition to socio-economic and natural objects of the area with all their inherent quantitative and qualitative features and placement characteristics, using contour lines (usually brown lines that connect points with the same height) shows the relief.
Of course, there are maps on a larger scale, including city plans, on which individual buildings, private houses, gardens are plotted ...
IN modern society general geographical maps(in particular, topographic) are increasingly used. For example, such maps are used in orienteering sports.
This sport originated in Scandinavia, and it requires the ability to recognize map elements on the ground, determine the direction (azimuth) of movement, etc. In sailing, navigational maps of the coastal zone are used.
Thematic cards.
Thematic maps contain information about the structure, about the location, about, about the weather, etc. Such cards are divided into several types.
On isoline maps different types of lines are widely used, which connect points with the same value of a certain element.
On synoptic and climatic maps, areas with the same pressure are connected by isobars, with the same temperatures - by isotherms, with the same precipitation - by isohyets.
On many thematic maps for expression quantitative characteristics conditional coloring and labeling are applied.
For example, on population maps, the population of the urban population is shown by small circles of different diameters and the degree of their concentration.
On cartograms, the use of different colors or different saturations of the same color for coloring individual sections directly corresponds to the quantitative indicator of a certain characteristic (crime rate, birth rate, population density).
The attention of users of such maps is focused on statistics - the main element of the cartogram.
Topological maps are very visual. On such maps, migration or trade flows are shown by arrows or lines, the width of which reflects the intensity of the process.
Very often, topological maps are drawn without observing the image scale, this is in order to facilitate the perception of the main topic.
For example, for a passenger in the schemes of transport routes, the main thing is to quickly find the desired station and determine the route.
Also, many maps display the results of scientific research. For example, geological maps show the structure of a certain section of the earth's crust, such maps are used by geographers, geologists, and they are also used when laying railways and roads, and when building buildings.
On geochemical maps showing concentrations chemical elements V rocks, on soil maps- types . On epidemiological maps, the areas of certain diseases are highlighted, which helps scientists determine the causes of these diseases.
How to use the card.
The possibilities of maps are largely limited by their scale - the degree to which the lines and distances on the map are reduced in comparison with their actual sizes on the ground.
The possibilities of the map are limited in many respects by its scale - the ratio of the size of the object shown on the map to its real size.
To show a river or a road to scale on a map would require drawing very thin lines, so thin that they could only be seen under a microscope.
On a map at a scale of 1:10,000, a two-millimeter line would correspond to 20 meters, and on a map at a scale of 1:250,000, it would correspond to 500 meters.
That is why cartographers very often simplify some elements and convey only their characteristic outlines (for example, without trying to accurately depict every bend and width of a river).
Precision and detail.
The limited scope of many details is another disadvantage of many maps. So, for example, on topographic maps at 1:50,000, wooded areas and buildings are plotted, but the sewer network and underground passages are omitted.
However, many maps contain a large amount of a wide variety of information. Geological maps, with the help of symbols and different colors, give a physical description of relief-forming rocks and show their structure.
Geologists, comparing the outlines of landforms with the boundaries of different geological layers, have the opportunity to determine the nature of the occurrence and the place of their emergence to the surface.
Map reading.
It is very important to be able to read a map, including understanding what the symbols on the map mean on the ground.
For example, the lack of surface runoff in a rainy area may suggest to geographers that the map depicts a limestone landscape, which means that surface water goes into underground voids.
The emergence of sources that are located in one row to the surface indicates the presence of a boundary between the impermeable and aquiferous rock, which delays the flow of groundwater.
Innovations in cartography.
The method of space mapping has been widely used recently. The essence of this method is the compilation of thematic and topographic maps directly from space survey data.
This method of mapping is highly economical. It is especially effective in updating and compiling maps of territories that are poorly studied, replenishing their content, showing those phenomena that are visible only from high altitudes (global faults, for example), compiling maps for a specific date (synoptic maps), mapping the dynamics of the phenomenon.
Use of geographic information systems(GIS) is the latest achievement of cartography. GIS is a computer technology for analyzing and mapping real world objects, as well as events taking place on our planet.
This technology combines traditional database operations such as statistical analysis and querying with the full visualization benefits of geographic analysis provided by a map.
All these capabilities distinguish GIS from other information systems, and also provide unique opportunities for its application in a wide range of tasks related to the forecast and analysis of phenomena and events of the world, with the identification and understanding of the main causes and factors, as well as their possible consequences, with the planning of strategic decisions and the current consequences of the actions taken.
GIS is used in almost all spheres of human activity - from the analysis of such global problems as deforestation, overpopulation, natural disasters, pollution of the territory, to solving particular problems, such as choosing the optimal location for a new office, finding the best route between points, laying a pipeline along locality, search for a house by address, a variety of municipal tasks.
Information Services.
In cartography, not so long ago they began to use the world coordinate system, which uses satellite signals."GPS" - the global navigation system, also known as "Navstar" (Navigation System with Time and Ranging - Navigation system for determining time and range), is designed to transmit navigation signals that can be simultaneously received in all regions of the world.
The first regular orbital constellation of the system was deployed from June 1989 to March 1994: 24 spacecraft were put into orbit. In 1995, the final commissioning of GPS took place.
Maintenance and operation is carried out by the Department of Defense. All over the world, the system is used to solve both military and civilian navigation tasks.
The GPS receiver allows you to determine the speed of the object, the exact time and its (latitude and longitude).
The procedure for determining coordinates on the ground became accessible and simple thanks to the advent of inexpensive GPS receivers, and this also gave impetus to the development of electronic cartography systems.
Nowadays, this system is used in aero and sea navigation, in geodesy. The geographic information service allows you to plot a route based on computer processing of geographic data in digital form.
Thus, we examined the types of geographical maps that are constantly being improved and become more detailed and accurate, and this is very good for studying our Earth and helping people navigate. 😉
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