Hair and nail care project work. Hair morphology and biology: choosing the right ingredients

Care for hair, skin, hands, nails, clothes. First aid for burns and frostbite .

“Everything in a person should be beautiful: his face, his clothes, his soul, his thoughts...”

A.P.Chekhov

subject - contribute to the formation of ideas about various types burns and frostbite; about caring for skin, nails, hair, clothes;
personal - fostering a caring attitude towards one’s health. develop the ability to establish the relationship between non-compliance with hygiene rules and the formation of skin lesions

1. Know: how to care for skin, hair, nails, clothing, the degree of burns and frostbite.
2. Be able to: provide first aid for frostbite and burns.
3.Learn to: care for skin, hair, nails, clothes.

cleanliness - wash with water at room temperature (hot water reduces elasticity; cold water- blockage of excretory ducts)
wash sweaty parts of the body
dry shoes

excess nutrition = red, greasy appearance alcohol = swelling, sagging. lack of vitamins: hypovitaminosis A = dry, rough hypovitaminosis B 2 = cracks in the corners of the mouth, brittle nails hypovitaminosis C = pinpoint hemorrhages hormonal disorders: "width="640"

poor nutrition = excess nutrition = blushes, greasy appearance
alcohol = swelling, flabbiness.
lack of vitamins:

hypovitaminosis A = dry, rough
hypovitaminosis B 2 = cracks in the corners of the mouth, brittle nails
hypovitaminosis C = pinpoint hemorrhages

hormonal disorders:

acne (avoid fatty, hot, spicy foods)

Sport

Air and sunbathing

Water procedures, bath

METHODS OF TREATING THE SKIN OF THE HANDS

FOR ROUGH, RED HANDS It is advisable to carry out a course of masks for a week.

Grind 2 potatoes into a liquid puree, add a few drops of glycerin and lemon juice and dip your hands in this mixture for 10-15 minutes. Course - 1 week, daily.

Facial skin care Skin of any type needs competent and properly selected care. A typical cosmetic facial skin care procedure includes the following steps:

MASKS FOR OILY SKIN

Kefir mask for oily skin faces

This mask cleanses and dries the skin. Using a cotton swab, apply a small amount of kefir evenly to cleansed skin. Leave for 15 minutes, then rinse with cool water.

Protein mask for oily skin

This mask tightens pores and whitens the skin. Will help cleanse the skin well and give it fresh look. Beat the white of 1 egg with ½ teaspoon of lemon juice. Leave for 10-15 minutes, then rinse warm water.

Yeast mask for oily skin

Dilute 1 tsp. crumbled yeast in warm water with the addition of 1 tsp. lemon juice. Then add 1 egg white to the resulting mixture. Mix everything thoroughly. Leave for 15 minutes, wash off the loan.

Honey mask for oily skin

This mask refreshes and softens the skin, and evens out the complexion. To 2 tsp. honey add 1 tbsp. yogurt or sour cream and a few drops of lemon juice. Mix. Apply a thick layer to the face for 15 minutes. Rinse off with cool water.

MASKS FOR DRY FACIAL SKIN:

Homemade mask for dry and irritated skin

Grind one small zucchini through a meat grinder. Leave for twenty minutes for the zucchini to release its juice, then add one egg yolk to the zucchini mass and mix thoroughly. Apply the resulting mixture to the skin in a thick layer and wash off after twenty minutes.

Moisturizing mask

You will need: mix a little fat cream with half a teaspoon of sour cream and lemon juice. Apply the resulting mass to the skin for 20-25 minutes, remove with lotion or tonic.

Toning mask

For preparation you will need: 2 teaspoons of yolk, 0.5-1 teaspoon of lemon and pumpkin juice and 1-2 teaspoons of sour cream. This mask tones and slightly brightens dry skin.

For humans, hair plays a big role.
Firstly, they are a wonderful decoration that allows you to emphasize your charm and hide flaws.
Secondly, they perform a number of important functions. Hair protects the head from overheating and hypothermia.

HAIR DISEASES

Domestic

External

skin diseases;

intoxication of the body;

postoperative period;

drug allergies;

irradiation

hair coloring;

use of tight hats;

constant friction against any object;

various injuries;

improper care.

"cluster" baldness

dry hair

HAIR CAN CONDITIONALLY DIVIDED INTO THREE GROUPS:

1) dry type hair - thin, dull, brittle, easily torn, split, after washing, fine dry dandruff appears in 1-2 days;

2) hair fatty type - greasy, sticky, with an unpleasant odor, with greasy dandruff;

3) normal type hair - durable, elastic, with a beautiful natural shine. They occur mainly in young, practically healthy people.

Before you start treating dry hair, buy the right shampoo and conditioner for dry hair. And try not to wash your hair for 3-4 days. Wean yourself from rinsing out shampoo hot water. Try to rinse your hair after washing with cold water and vinegar, lemon juice or nettle infusion.
The most effective remedy for strengthening hair, enhancing its growth and making it soft - Burr oil. It contains a storehouse of vitamins and fatty acids, tannins that literally “revive” even the most unruly and dry hair.

For care and treatment oily hair use only proven ones folk remedies.
Useful before washing oily hair grease them with kefir or yogurt and tie them with a towel for 15-20 minutes. Instead of soap, you can take dry mustard by dissolving 1 tablespoon of it in 2 liters of water.
Before washing oily hair, it is useful to do the following procedure: mix 2 tablespoons of onion juice with 2 tablespoons of castor oil. The resulting composition is evenly rubbed into the hair roots, spreading them in rows. Then wrap your head for 30-40 minutes, first with a plastic scarf, and on top with a terry towel.
Also for oily hair, onion tincture with vodka is recommended. Cut 1 onion in half, add 50 ml of vodka and leave for 2 weeks. The finished tincture is rubbed into the scalp using pressing massage movements. The smell of onions is destroyed by washing your hair in mustard. Excessive greasiness in the hair can be eliminated by washing your hair in a decoction of oak bark (3 tablespoons of oak bark, pour 1 liter of water and boil for 15 minutes). The cooled and strained broth is used as washing water. This procedure must be repeated every 3 days for several weeks.

Long lines (longitudinal grooves) on the nails may indicate poor absorption of food in the digestive system, an unbalanced diet, the presence of chronic inflammatory diseases (paranasal sinuses, teeth or incipient rheumatism).
Cross grooves nails can indicate illness internal organs(kidney, liver, gastrointestinal tract).

Sometimes nails are excessive protruding, convex. This condition of the nails indicates weakness of the heart and lungs.
A concave nail is an indicator of iron deficiency.
Pale nail color indicates anemia. Excessive redness of the nails is due to excess red blood cells.
Yellowness nails indicates liver weakness or hepatitis (in those who do not yellow them with nicotine).
Blue nails talk about a weak heart.
The reason for the appearance white stripes on nails There may also be improper functioning of the gastrointestinal tract. As a result, some of the food is not digested.

Brittle nails

Brittle nails are the most common nail defect. The reasons for it may be different. This includes a lack of vitamins A and D in the body, frequent use of harmful substances (washing powder, varnish, acetone, etc.).

Treatment for brittle nails:

saturation of nails with vitamin D and A;
include dishes using gelatin (aspic, marmalade, etc.) in your diet;
nail baths: Sunflower oil - 1/4 cup Vitamin A - 5 drops Iodine tincture - 3 drops

Course 2 weeks - daily for 20 minutes. It is useful to make baths of sea or table salt once every 2 days.

BURR

Hangnails are small, painful breaks in the skin. They are caused by loss of skin elasticity. The skin cannot withstand tension and bursts. Treatment consists of daily use of a fatty cream.
Damage to the skin due to hangnails, injections, or injuries can cause the appearance of a purulent focus in the finger - felon.

Treatment of hangnails

Steam the skin of your hands in a warm bath, where you first add 5 - 10 drops of essential oils. lemon, bergamot or petit grain oils. In extreme cases, ordinary vegetable oil will do. Keep your hands there for at least 10 - 15 minutes. Now take special pliers for removing burrs. Under no circumstances pull the hangnail, but carefully bite it with tweezers. If there are no tears on the nail fold, but the skin is quite rough, just sand it with a file. Be sure to treat small cuts and wounds with any disinfectant.

Manicure- a cosmetic procedure for the treatment of fingernails and the fingers themselves. Manicures are performed both in beauty salons or beauty salons by qualified specialists, and at home.
Pedicure- special care for toes (for example, removing calluses, polishing nails). In fact, it is an analogue of a manicure for feet.

Hygienic qualities of clothing depend on the physical properties of fabric fibers. Clothing serves a person to protect his body from adverse factors. environment- too low or too high temperature, wind, rain, snow, excessive solar radiation and other meteorological damage to the skin. Clothing also protects the surface of the skin from dust, dirt and microorganisms. The main purpose of clothing is to create an optimal artificial microclimate around the human body.

Underwear It must also comply with the rules of clothing hygiene - be a kind of “blotter” - absorb sweat, mineral salts, fat and free the skin from exfoliated cells. All this promotes free skin breathing. Fabrics with the addition of synthetic fibers cleanse the skin worse than fabrics made from natural fibers.

Hygienic summer clothes should be made of cotton, viscose or linen, have a loose fit, be comfortable, light, not impair blood circulation and not restrict movement. During the cold period Clothes with close-fitting silhouettes made of woolen fabrics are more suitable.

It is more practical to clean clothes in the morning, in daylight (contaminated areas are better visible). In the evening, you should tidy up your shoes by first wiping them with a damp cloth, then rubbing them with ointment and leaving them to dry. In the morning, all that remains is to polish the shoes with a dry brush and velvet until they shine.

The warmer the weather, the lighter your clothes should be and the more often and diligently you should wash. in winter clothing hygiene should be given special attention. You should dress so as not to freeze, and put on shoes so as not to get your feet wet. In cold weather, it is important to wear sufficiently warm underwear, preferably knitted underwear. And you should not wear several pairs of warm socks - in a tightly clenched foot, blood circulation almost stops and the foot begins to freeze, running the risk of frostbite. The rule of changing your underwear at least twice a week also applies to the winter period.

Proper clothing hygiene includes loose and comfortable shoes appropriate to the size of the foot and its configuration, weather, climate and type of human activity. Uncomfortable shoes can cause calluses and cracks. Good mood and well-being largely depend on shoes. Do not forget that shoes need care - drying, cleaning, lubricating with cream.

Good habits are easier to develop in childhood, so you should teach children to regularly perform clothing hygiene rules so that it turns into a healthy habit that helps them maintain their health.

warm in the cold
do not interfere with heat transfer
beautiful and comfortable
light and practical
pleasant to the person and others

tight and damp clothes and shoes,
physical fatigue,
prolonged uncomfortable and immobile position of the body in the cold,
weakening of the body as a result of past illnesses,
strong wind,
high air humidity,
injuries received,
alcohol or drug intoxication, etc.

First aid for frostbite faces

Ears, cheeks and nose can be

keep warm

palms or warm

pieces of fabric, in no way

do not rub in case! First aid for

frostbite on the face is slow warming,

applying a dry bandage, and then

restoration of blood circulation - abundant

lubrication with animal fat.

You need to go into a warm room and wrap your arms and legs well with a warm soft cloth. Under no circumstances should you rub them with snow! or a rough cloth - this, of course, will help warm up, but can lead to skin damage. First aid for frostbite on the extremities of the hands and feet: lightly rub them with alcohol or vodka, then immerse them in warm water, then wrap them in a dry soft cloth and give the victim a warm drink (not alcohol!).

THERMAL BURN

Signs and symptoms of burns:

Pain
Skin redness - 1 degree

Blisters appeared - 2nd degree

Wounds, blisters burst - 3 step no

charring and lack of sensitivity - 4 degree

What do we have to do:

What not to do:

Lubricate with any oil, cream, ointment, protein, etc., apply foam (panthenol) to the newly burned area.
Remove stuck clothing.
Puncture bubbles.

1. A burn occurs when:

a) exposure to low temperatures; b) exposure to fire; c) bruises.

2. If blisters appear as a result of a burn, then you must:

a) do not touch; b) pierce; c) grease with cream.

3. The frostbitten area of skin must:

a) grind with snow; b) warm with palms or warm cloth; c) cover with ice.

4. The bandage for a burn should be:

a) light, aseptic; b) warming; c) tight, fixing.

5. If a victim has frostbite, you need to:

a) leave alone, wait for the doctor;

b) apply a cold compress and give a cool drink;

c) provide warmth and hot drinks.

6. What is the most severe degree of frostbite and burn?

a) I; b) II; c) IV; d) III.

What did today's work give you?
What discovery was the most important for you?
What was your main achievement today?

Remember the famous phrase that a woman’s beauty is determined by two things: her hair and her shoes. We won’t talk about the shoes, this is already clear - clean and in keeping with the style of the rest of the clothes, let’s do the hair. Probably many will agree that the best hairstyle you can have is clean, healthy hair. beautiful hair- curly or straight, dark or blond, it’s a matter of taste, but definitely hair should be the adornment of any woman. All our experiments with choosing our own style - haircuts and hair coloring, alas, do not contribute to the health of the hair, it becomes dull, lifeless, and splits. Nowadays there is a whole sea of cosmetic hair care products that can cope with almost any problem, but let's not forget about traditional hair care products, grandma's recipes. It’s a paradox, some women can pay 300 rubles in a store for shampoo from a well-known company with whey, although the same whey costs 5 rubles per liter in their refrigerator in the form of kefir. But the effect is the same! Plus a significant saving of money and time, and not every store will be able to go with a stroller.
Some general hair care tips:
1. Use shampoo and care products according to your hair type.
2. Masks and any other procedures have an effect when used regularly.
3. The beauty of your hair, like everything else, depends on your lifestyle and nutritional principles.
4. Wear a hat in winter - our mothers were right here. Hypothermia of the head leads to a narrowing of blood vessels and, as a result, the roots of the hair follicles are poorly supplied with oxygen, and this is not the best in the best possible way affects the hair.
5. Another “winter” tip. In rooms with central heating, place a container of water on the windowsill; dry air during the heating season negatively affects not only the hair, but also the skin of the face and body.
6. After washing, hair is most vulnerable and prone to breakage. Do not comb them aggressively after washing, dry your head with a heated towel (on a radiator or heated towel rail), comb carefully, preferably with a wooden comb with sparse blunt teeth.
7. Use soft water for washing. Hard water can be softened. For example, by boiling. Don't be afraid, wash boiled water hair is not that much of a hassle. You can soften the water with table vinegar (1 tablespoon per liter) or soda. Why does water hardness affect appearance hair? The fact is that magnesium and calcium salts, which determine water hardness, form water-insoluble compounds with detergent components, which settle on your hair in the form of a dull coating, thereby depriving it of shine.
8. If you wash your hair often, use a mild shampoo, as most of them are now.
9. Avoid bad hairdressers who are not trustworthy.
Greasy hair
Oily hair quickly becomes greasy and shiny. Often the appearance is “worsened” by the presence of dandruff. Start with nutrition: limit your sugar intake, white bread, spices. For washing and rinsing you can use the following products:
Mustard: Degreases hair well. 1.tsp. Mustard mashed in water is diluted in 2 glasses of warm water. After washing, the hair is wiped with this composition, then rinsed thoroughly with warm water.
Kvass: Once every two or three days, you can wipe your head with kvass.
Nettle: Pour 100 g of fresh nettle into 1 liter of water, add 0.5 liter of table vinegar, boil for about an hour and strain. 2-3 tablespoons of water per basin. decoction (no need to use soap)
Lemon: It is good to wipe your scalp with lemon juice after washing your hair.
Ammonia: 1 tbsp. ammonia, glycerin (1 tbsp), baking soda - mix all this and add to 7 glasses of warm water. After washing with this mixture, the hair should be rinsed in a vinegar solution (1 tablespoon per 1 liter of water).

Black bread: 1 kg of rye bread is stirred and brewed with hot water (1 l). After 12 hours, the bread is stirred, 1 liter of hot water is added to the slurry, the mixture is thoroughly stirred and the hair is washed with it, then the hair is combed first with a sparse and then a fine-toothed comb, and rinsed in clean warm water.
For oily dandruff, it is good to use aloe juice before washing your hair:
The lower leaves of the plant are used to prepare juice. 20% alcohol is added to the juice. Store in a cool, dark place. Rub the juice into the scalp in partings every other day for 2.5 - 3 months.

Dry hair

Dry hair often falls out, does not lie well, and lacks shine. You need to wash such hair with very mild shampoos. In addition, it is useful to lubricate dry hair with a mixture of burdock and castor oil, then remove excess moisture and oil with a warm terry towel. The longer the hair is soaked in oil, the better. You can, for example, lubricate your hair at night and wash it in the morning. You can lubricate your hair with the following composition immediately before washing: 4 tbsp. spoons of olive or castor oil and the juice of half a lemon, heat in a water bath and rub into the scalp. After washing your hair, rinse your hair in a decoction of the following herbs: chamomile, nettle, burdock.
It would be good to review the menu - more buckwheat, oatmeal, liver. Be sure to take multivitamins.

Masks for dry hair:
The simplest thing is to lubricate your hair with egg yolk before washing and wrap it for an hour or two. You can add 2-3 tablespoons of rum or 1 tbsp to a beaten egg yolk. l castor oil, the effect will be better.
You can prepare this mask: 1 tbsp. a spoonful of castor, olive or other vegetable oil is mixed with half a tbsp. spoons of shampoo (or with 1 tsp honey and 1 tsp mayonnaise). The mixture is heated, rubbed into the scalp, wrapped for 30-40 minutes, then washed with shampoo. Rinse with acidified water (0.5 tsp. citric acid per liter or juice of half a lemon). Be sure to rinse with acidified water, otherwise your hair will be oily.

Hair strengthening
The cause of hair loss can be any disease, moving to another area, or simply stress.
In any case, you need to strengthen your entire body, eat right, take multivitamins, and spend more time in the fresh air. To strengthen your hair, you can try several procedures:
Nettle (leaves): Infusion: 1 tbsp. l. Finely chopped leaves are poured into a glass of boiling water and left for 20-30 minutes. Moisten the hair with the infusion after washing, rubbing it into the skin. Repeat every other day, or better yet, daily for 1-2 months.
You can prepare a nettle infusion with vinegar (1 part nettle to 5 parts water and vinegar). Strain and wash your hair twice a week. Course - 10 procedures.
Kefir: An hour before washing, generously lubricate your hair with kefir, cover with film and wrap.
Common hops. Infusion: 1 part buds to 10 parts water. Wash your hair two to three times a week, a course of 10 procedures. Treatment can be repeated after 1.5-2 months. Hop cones must be taken fresh or freshly dried; if you take them from a pharmacy, look at the date of collection.
Table salt: Wash your hair with warm water without shampoo, then, gently massaging the scalp, rub in table salt for 10-15 minutes. Rinse your hair. Repeat several times.
It is highly recommended as an excellent strengthening remedy to rub freshly prepared onion or garlic juice into the scalp, but be prepared for the fact that it will take you quite a long time to get rid of the specific smell.

Sections: Technology

Purpose of the lesson: to summarize students’ knowledge about the components of hair health.

introduce students to the structure of hair; hair types and hair care methods;
cultivate a culture of hygiene, respect for own health;
develop cognitive activity, ability to apply knowledge in practice, independence.

Lesson type: combined.

Interdisciplinary connections: biology, ecology, art.

Visual aids: paintings by famous artists, presentation “Structure of hair”.

Equipment: computer, multimedia projector.

Teaching method: story, explanation, demonstration, practical work.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

II. Update

III. Main part.

1.Structure and functions of hair.

Healthy hair is part of a healthy body.

For centuries, artists of all genres have admired the beauty of women's hair! ( Appendix No. 1 ), (Appendix No. 3 )

The quality of hair, thickness and condition depend on many factors, including the factor of heredity; hair care; general health.

Advertising from all sides tells us about the unusually effective qualities of this or that shampoo. Of course, modern hair care products can work wonders, but they are still not omnipotent. After all, strong, shiny hair is, first of all, healthy hair belonging to a healthy person. Cosmetics can rarely completely solve hair problems. And don’t forget that hair often gets damaged due to inept attempts to improve its appearance.

Blonding, repeated coloring with strong dyes, constant perm - all this can cause significant damage to your hair, especially if it is not provided with proper care. In this case, good shampoos, lotions and conditioners are simply irreplaceable. Moreover, it is most useful to take comprehensive care of your health and beauty.

In order to consciously choose hair and scalp care products and methods, you need to know the structure of hair. The structure of hair is quite interesting; Looking at it, you never cease to be amazed at the foresight of nature.

The hair consists of two parts: the shaft, which is located above the skin, and the root, which ends in a bulb and is located deep in the skin.

The structure of the hair itself can be figuratively compared to the structure of a tree trunk.

1. The outer, scaly layer is similar to bark.

2. Medium, thick, for wood.

3. Central - to the core.

The number of hairs on the head is from 80 to 150 thousand. They are unevenly distributed; more on the crown, less at the forehead and temples. A person loses up to 100 hairs every day.

At the same time, the same number grows again. Therefore, the amount of hair on the head is relatively constant.

Fresh, lush, shiny, vibrant hair is the best decoration.

Tell me, are there people today with absolutely healthy hair? Today, no more than 10-20% of the population have beautiful, healthy hair, the kind that can be used in shampoo commercials. Everyone else, including children, has one problem or another. Some people have thinning, dry, brittle hair, others have dandruff, oily seborrhea, diffuse hair loss and more severe disorders.

Has this always been the case?

Over the past 5-7 years, we have observed a significant increase in these diseases, both among adults and among children and adolescents. For example, the number of children with alopecia has increased sevenfold over the past five years.

What is this connected with?

First of all, with constant psycho-emotional overload, with long-term stress, which is very difficult for a person to cope with under current conditions. The financial situation of people is deteriorating; accordingly, for many, nutritious and varied nutrition is not available. And the environmental situation in many regions is unfavorable. That is, the overall level of population health is declining. And the condition of the hair is always an indicator of the general condition of the body.

For competent and effective hair care, it is important to correctly determine your hair type, as otherwise there is a risk of worsening its condition.

Hair types usually mean dry, normal, oily and mixed hair; soft and hard; thick and thin; as well as healthy or depleted hair.

The oiliness of hair depends on the activity of the sebaceous glands, which, in turn, is purely individual and genetically determined. To a certain, small extent, the amount of sebum produced depends on the type of diet and the amount of carbohydrates (primarily) and fats consumed in food.

Oily hair has a characteristic dull shine, a short time after washing it sticks together and begins to appear dirty and unkempt. Oily hair is often combined with oily dandruff.

Normal hair reflects light well and shimmers in the sun. If these qualities persist for several days after washing your hair, then your hair is of normal type. This hair type is also elastic; they hardly split and are easy to comb regardless of whether they are dry or wet.

Dry hair does not reflect light well, causing it to look dull and lacking shine. They tear easily, get tangled, are difficult to comb, and split at the ends. Quite often they are accompanied by dry, fine dandruff. Often, dry hair is the result of improper care, and not a consequence of reduced activity of the sebaceous glands.

Mixed-type hair is usually long hair that is oily at the roots and dry at the ends due to the fact that it is not sufficiently lubricated with fat along its entire length. The ends of this type of hair, without receiving the necessary lubrication, often split.

When using hair care products, do not forget that you need to wash and comb your hair properly.

How to wash your hair correctly?

Prepare shampoo specifically for your hair type.
Prepare your hair for washing by gently detangling and combing it well.
Wash your hair with warm water; hot water is harmful - it dries out your hair and scalp excessively.
Apply shampoo by first squeezing it into your palm. Distribute it evenly throughout your hair and scalp. Use exactly the right amount of shampoo for your specific hair length.
Rinse your hair thoroughly.
If necessary, reapply shampoo and repeat the process. Then rinse all remaining foam from your hair and scalp.

How to comb your hair correctly

Hair needs constant care. Regular brushing, preferably twice a day, has great importance. Irritation of nerve endings in the skin when combing revitalizes blood circulation, which promotes hair growth and preservation.

The teeth of the comb should be blunt so that they do not scratch the skin.

Combing long hair should begin from the ends, short hair - from the root. To comb short hair, you should only use a comb. It is more gentle on hair when combing it with a brush. It is better to comb hair longer than 25-35 cm first with a brush, then with a comb.

Combing your hair with a brush painlessly tidies up tangled long hair. If the hair is very long, you need to grab the hair tightly near the head, strand by strand, and brush it through it to the ends. After such preparation, the hair can be easily combed and styled with a comb. It is necessary to ensure that the hair is not pulled when combing. Combs and brushes must be clean and washed regularly.

Each person should have an individual comb and brush. Sharing it with others is not acceptable because it can transmit germs.

IV. Practical work.

Hair care

Determine your hair type using the table. ( Appendix No. 2 )
In your workbook, write a description of hair care according to plan (appendix)

V. Summing up.

VI. Homework

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Abstract for the presentation

The presentation “Care for hair, skin, hands, nails” talks about how to properly care for the skin of your hands, face, nails and hair using traditional methods. Various diseases of the skin, hair and nails and methods of treating them are also described. It is explained what is within the competence of a cosmetologist and how he can help.

Hair care, hair treatment methods;
Hand skin care, method; treatment of hand skin diseases;
Nail care, nail treatment methods;
Facial skin care;
Skin diseases;
Profession: cosmetologist.

Format

pptx (powerpoint)

Number of slides

Krasnikova I.N.

Audience

Words

Abstract

Present

Purpose

To conduct a lesson by a teacher

Slide 1

Lesson-lecture in 7th grade.

Slide 2

Slide 3

Target

To familiarize students with skin types, hair types, and how to care for them; cultivate neatness and respect for your body.

Slide 4

Plan

Hair care
Hair treatment methods
Hand skin care
Methods for treating hand skin diseases
Nail care
Nail treatment methods
Facial skin care
Skin diseases
Profession cosmetologist

Slide 5

Hair care

Slide 6

Hair

Slide 7

Redheads have the thickest hair, but less hair than brunettes. Blondes have the most hair - approximately 150 thousand. Black hair is the largest of all, it can be 3 times thicker than blond hair.

Slide 8

Hair properties

For humans, hair plays a big role.
Firstly, they are a wonderful decoration that allows you to emphasize your charm and hide flaws.
Secondly, they perform a number of important functions. Hair protects the head from overheating and hypothermia. Vellus hair is involved in the sense of touch, eyelashes protect the eyes, and hair in the nose and ears traps dust.

Slide 9

Hair structure

Slide 10

Hair diseases

Internal:

skin diseases;
intoxication of the body;
postoperative period;
drug allergies;
irradiation, etc.

hair coloring;
use of tight hats;
constant friction against any object;
various injuries;
improper care.

Slide 11

dandruff
"cluster" baldness
dry hair

Slide 12

Dry hair

Slide 13

Hair oiliness

Slide 14

Thus, hair can be divided into 3 groups.

dry type hair - thin, dull, brittle, easily torn, split, after washing, fine dry dandruff appears after washing 1-2 days;
oily type hair - greasy, sticky, with an unpleasant odor, with oily dandruff;
normal type hair

Slide 15

Hair treatment methods

Slide 16

Dry hair: treatment

Burr oil.

Slide 17

If you complain of dryness, it is not recommended to rub your hair with a towel or dry it with a hot hairdryer. Use cold air or dry your hair naturally.

Slide 18

Options for masks at home for dry hair:

Slide 19

Oily hair: treatment

Folk remedies for the care and treatment of oily hair.
Useful before washing oily hair
Also for oily hair, onion tincture with vodka is recommended. Cut 1 onion in half, add 50 ml of vodka and leave for 2 weeks. The finished tincture is rubbed into the scalp using pressing massage movements. The smell of onions is destroyed by washing your hair in mustard. Excessive greasiness in the hair can be eliminated by washing your hair in a decoction of oak bark (3 tablespoons of oak bark, pour 1 liter of water and boil for 15 minutes). The cooled and strained broth is used as washing water. This procedure must be repeated every 3 days for several weeks.

Slide 20

Conclusion

Slide 21

Hairstyle options:

Slide 22

Hand skin care

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Methods for treating hand skin

Slide 26

For rough, red hands

It is advisable to carry out a course of masks for a week.

Slide 27

For goose bumps

Daily procedures are recommended, carried out morning and evening for several days. To do this, take a natural hair brush, lather it generously (you can use shaving cream or soap cream) and thoroughly wipe your hands, rinse and lubricate with cream.
For rough skin on the elbows:

Slide 28

Wet hands

Wet hands -

Slide 29

Nail care

Slide 30

Slide 31

Nail diagnostics

Slide 32

Nail care

Pale nail color indicates anemia. Excessive redness of the nails indicates an excess of red blood cells.
The cause of the appearance of white stripes on the nails may also be improper functioning of the gastrointestinal tract. As a result, some of the food is not digested.

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Nail treatment methods

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Burrs

Treatment of hangnails

lemon, bergamot or petit grain oils. In extreme cases, ordinary vegetable oil will do. Keep your hands there for at least 10 - 15 minutes. Now take special pliers for removing burrs. Under no circumstances pull the hangnail, but carefully bite it with tweezers. If there are no tears on the nail fold, but the skin is quite rough, simply sand it with a file

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Manicure and pedicure

Manicure

Pedicure

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Examples of manicure, pedicure

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Facial skin care

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Skin of any type needs competent and properly selected care. A typical cosmetic facial skin care procedure includes the following steps:

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Masks for oily skin

This mask tightens pores and whitens the skin. It will help to cleanse the skin well and give it a fresh look. Beat the white of 1 egg with the addition of ½ teaspoon of lemon juice. Leave for 10-15 minutes, then rinse with warm water.

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Facial skin care

Dry skin usually suffers from a lack of moisture; this is a consequence of damage to the stratum corneum of the epidermis, which in itself is a consequence of temperature changes and other aggressive influences, such as the sun, wind, abuse of decorative cosmetics, etc. To prevent drying out, you must remember to moisturize and nourish dry skin, as well as stimulate metabolic processes.

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Masks for dry skin

Homemade mask for dry and irritated skin
Grind one small zucchini through a meat grinder. Leave for twenty minutes for the zucchini to release its juice, then add one egg yolk to the zucchini mass and mix thoroughly. Apply the resulting mixture to the skin in a thick layer and wash off after twenty minutes.
Moisturizing mask
You will need: mix a little fat cream with half a teaspoon of sour cream and lemon juice. Apply the resulting mass to the skin for 20-25 minutes, remove with lotion or tonic.
Toning mask
For preparation you will need: 2 teaspoons of yolk, 0.5-1 teaspoon of lemon and pumpkin juice and 1-2 teaspoons of sour cream. This mask tones and slightly brightens dry skin.

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Skin diseases

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Rosacea
Eczema-allergy

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Cuperosis
Mycosis of the facial skin (fungus on the face)

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Profession cosmetologist

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Being beautiful is the calling of every woman. But often many girls do not know how to maintain the gift of beauty given to them by nature. Beauty is talent. Exactly - a cosmetologist will help you prevent your beauty from fading. Currently, this profession has become quite widespread. And it is in demand.

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The competence of a cosmetologist includes

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Be healthy.
Your health is in your hands!

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Internet resources

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Abstract

Hair care

Hair is the decoration of any person, and in order for it to look good, it must be taken care of. To preserve your hair, you need to know what it is. Hair is 3% moisture and 97% protein. Protein substance - keratin, enriched with sulfur, microelements (iron, copper, zinc, chromium, manganese) and vitamins A, B, P, C, D.

Hair properties

The structure of the hair shows that its growth, condition and appearance depend on the condition of its papilla, which is the source of its nutrition and development. And also from the vital activity of the sebaceous and sweat glands of the scalp (as they maintain the softness and elasticity of the hair shaft). The functions of the papilla, sebaceous and sweat glands are regulated mainly by the nervous and endocrine systems of the body.

Hair diseases

Dry hair

Hair oiliness

1) dry type hair oily hair normal type hair - durable, elastic, with a beautiful natural shine. They occur mainly in young, practically healthy people.

Treatment for dry hair.

Before you start treating dry hair, buy the right shampoo and conditioner for dry hair. And try not to wash your hair for 3-4 days. Discourage yourself from rinsing shampoo with hot water. Try to rinse your hair after washing with cold water and vinegar, lemon juice or nettle infusion.

dry hair treatment.

The most effective remedy for strengthening hair, enhancing its growth and making it soft - Burr oil. It contains a storehouse of vitamins, fatty acids, and tannins that literally “revitalize” even the most unruly and dry hair.

Before washing your hair, pour heated burdock oil mixed with olive oil (or any other) into a plastic cup 30-40 minutes before washing your hair. Apply the mixture to the ends of your hair and cover your head with a rubber cap and towel. After an hour, we go wash our hair as usual. After washing, your hair will become much softer and simply shiny!

Mix one teaspoon each of vinegar and glycerin with two tablespoons of castor oil and one egg yolk.
Mix egg yolk with one tablespoon of vegetable or olive oil. Add a teaspoon of honey, henna and cognac to the mixture.
A nourishing mask for dry hair, consisting of 3 tablespoons of arnica tincture (sold in pharmacies), two yolks, two tablespoons of burdock oil, one teaspoon of honey and two chopped garlic cloves, has a good effect.
Squeeze the juice from half a lemon and mix it with two tablespoons of olive oil. In general, olive oil is used not only for the care of dry hair, it is also often used in various facial care products. In the Homemade Face Masks section of our website you will find excellent recipes for olive face masks.
Grind 1-2 egg yolks, depending on the length of your hair, and mix them with one tablespoon of castor oil.

Greasy hair

For care and treatment oily hair use only proven ones folk remedies.

Useful before washing oily hair grease them with kefir or yogurt and tie them with a towel for 15-20 minutes. Instead of soap, you can take dry mustard by dissolving 1 tablespoon of it in 2 liters of water.

Before washing oily hair, it is useful to do the following procedure: mix 2 tablespoons of onion juice with 2 tablespoons of castor oil. The resulting composition is evenly rubbed into the hair roots, spreading them in rows. Then wrap your head for 30-40 minutes, first with a plastic scarf, and on top with a terry towel.

Also 2-3 hours before washing oily hair

Greasy hair

Conclusion:

Beautiful and healthy hair always attracts attention and makes a woman feel seductive and irresistible. Often, gorgeous hair is not a gift from nature, but the result of proper and regular hair care. Even the most amazing hair can look dull and lifeless if it is not cared for or cared for correctly.

Hand skin care

It is the hands that most often reveal a person’s true age. Intense contact with water and detergents, since soap solutions wash out fat and moisture-forming substances from them. The sun, dry air, and frost lead to premature aging and the formation of “age spots.”

Every person should carefully monitor the condition of the skin of their hands and nails. First of all, you should maintain hand hygiene and cleanliness. Self-care for your hands comes down to cleansing, softening and protecting them from harmful influences.

Methods for treating hand skin

Grind 2 potatoes into a liquid puree, add a few drops of glycerin and lemon juice and dip your hands in this mixture for 10-15 minutes. Course - 1 week, daily.

Olive oil - 1/4 cup, tea tree oil - 1/4 teaspoon. This composition will soothe irritated hand skin.

For goose bumps

For the same purposes, you can use a scrub bought in a store.

For rough skin on the elbows:

After a shower, massage the skin on your elbows daily with a washcloth, and then lubricate with cream;
you can rub salt with cream;
You can make a bath for your elbows with warm olive oil, then treat the skin with a hair brush and scrub.

Wet hands. This is certainly an unpleasant thing and must be dealt with vigorously.

3 times a day after washing, you should wipe your hands with a mixture of vodka and lemon juice (1 part juice, 5 parts vodka).

However, these measures may not help, since dampness can be caused by excessive nervousness, improper metabolism and other reasons.

Nail care

You can learn a lot about your health from your nails. Nails contain a variety of microelements, such as selenium, calcium, chromium, phosphorus, zinc, etc. All these microelements are very important for the health of our body, but it may happen that the metabolism in the body is disturbed for some reason. These disorders will immediately affect the nails, perhaps this will be the only external manifestation.

Nail diagnostics

Long lines (longitudinal grooves) on the nails may indicate poor absorption of food in the digestive system, an unbalanced diet, the presence of chronic inflammatory diseases (paranasal sinuses, teeth or incipient rheumatism).

Transverse grooves on the nails can indicate diseases of the internal organs (kidneys, liver, gastrointestinal tract).

Sometimes the nails are excessively protruding and convex. This condition of the nails indicates weakness of the heart and lungs.

A concave nail is an indicator of iron deficiency.

Yellowness of the nails indicates a weak liver or hepatitis (in those who do not yellow them with nicotine).

Blue nails indicate a weak heart.

Nail treatment methods

Brittle nails

Treatment for brittle nails:

Treatment of hangnails

Hangnails are small, painful breaks in the skin. They are caused by loss of skin elasticity. The skin cannot withstand tension and bursts. Treatment consists of daily use of a fatty cream.

Damage to the skin due to hangnails, injections, or injuries can cause the appearance of a purulent focus in the finger - felon.

Steam the skin of your hands in a warm bath, where you first add 5 - 10 drops of essential oils. sand it with a file. Be sure to treat small cuts and wounds with any disinfectant.
Manicure- a cosmetic procedure for the treatment of fingernails and the fingers themselves. Manicures are performed both in beauty salons or beauty salons by qualified specialists, and at home.

Pedicure- special care for toes (for example, removing calluses, polishing nails). In fact, it is an analogue of a manicure for feet.

Facial skin care

Every day, the skin is exposed to various stressful influences. Nothing passes without a trace, and rain, and wind, and temperature changes, and the sun, and the dry air of enclosed spaces, and stress, and overexertion - all this does not pass without a trace on our skin. And now, after only 25-30 years of life, she gradually begins to fade. The initial changes are minor and we don't pay much attention to them. But if you don’t do anything further, then in a couple of years much more attentive care will be needed to restore some of its functions.

Skin with increased activity of the sebaceous glands causes its owners a lot of trouble, and the main thing it needs is stimulation of metabolic processes and, of course, hydration.

Kefir mask for oily skin

This mask cleanses and dries the skin. Using a cotton swab, apply a small amount of kefir evenly to cleansed skin. Leave for 15 minutes, then rinse with cool water.

Protein mask for oily skin

Yeast mask for oily skin

Dilute 1 tsp. crumbled yeast in warm water with the addition of 1 tsp. lemon juice. Then add 1 egg white to the resulting mixture. Mix everything thoroughly. Leave for 15 minutes, wash off the loan.

Honey mask for oily skin

This mask refreshes and softens the skin, and evens out the complexion. To 2 tsp. honey add 1 tbsp. yogurt or sour cream and a few drops of lemon juice. Mix. Apply a thick layer to the face for 15 minutes. Rinse off with cool water.

Profession cosmetologist

Lesson summary for 7th grade on the section “Beauty and Health.”

Hair care

Hair grows all over the body except the palms and soles. An adult has about 100,000 hairs, and the number depends on the color. Redheads have the thickest hair, but less hair than brunettes. Blondes have the most hair - approximately 150,000. Black hair is the largest of all, and can be 3 times thicker than blond hair.

The hair on the head is unevenly distributed: more of it on the crown of the head, less on the temporal part and near the forehead. A person's first hair appears at the end of the third month intrauterine development. Hair also grows differently. The fastest is on the head (in 3 days - about 1 mm), the slowest is on the eyebrows.

An individual hair lives on average from several months to 6 years. Eyelashes live from 3 to 5 months, fluffy eyelashes - 7-10 months. It is considered normal if 30 to 50 hairs fall out on your head per day. Hair properties

Healthy hair that grows is usually strong and resilient. The hair can be stretched to 1/5 of its length, and after that it returns to its original state. In terms of strength, they are comparable to aluminum and can withstand a load of 100 to 200 g. It is not surprising, therefore, that in the old days ropes were woven from women’s braids and designed for lifting large loads. Hair is hygroscopic, meaning it can absorb moisture. They are quite resistant to weak acids, but do not tolerate alkaline compounds well.

For humans, hair plays a big role. Firstly, they are an excellent decoration that allows you to emphasize charm and hide flaws, and secondly, they perform a number of important functions. Hair protects the head from overheating and hypothermia. Vellus hair is involved in the sense of touch, eyelashes protect the eyes, and hair in the nose and ears traps dust.

Hair has the ability to accumulate certain substances, which allows it to be used as an identifier. Forensic scientists have long successfully used this property of hair in their work.

Hair diseases

The causes that lead to hair disease are divided into internal and external. External ones include hair coloring, bleaching and prolonged use of tight hats, constant friction against any object (for example, children experience hair loss on the back of the head when rubbing against a pillow), various injuries and improper care.

Internal causes include: skin diseases (furunculosis, mycosis, etc.); intoxication of the body; infectious diseases (typhoid, syphilis, etc.); postoperative period; drug allergies; disorders nervous system, hormonal dysfunction; deficiency of vitamins and microelements (for example, iron, sulfur, zinc, vitamins A, E, etc.); irradiation; dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract.

With exhaustion of the nervous system, overwork, and depression, dry and brittle hair is observed, accompanied by the appearance of dandruff. Dandruff is the result of excessive desquamation of the surface of the stratum corneum (accompanied by itching). Dryness is caused by weakened function of the sebaceous and sweat glands. The papilla decreases, the follicle is depleted, causing dystrophy. Which leads over time to massive hair loss.

Under severe stress, focal “cluster” baldness can occur: rounded areas form on the skin, almost completely devoid of hair. And if nested baldness is not accompanied by the death of the papilla, then, albeit slowly, the growth process is restored.

Another cause of damage to the hair papilla is different types intoxication of the body (infectious, food, pregnancy-related, etc.). Sometimes hair falls out in clumps, and not only on the head, but also on the eyebrows, eyelashes, and body. Intoxication can be caused by a decrease in the cleansing function of the kidneys. This will immediately affect the condition of the skin and hair.

Insufficient levels of hormones in the blood can lead to dry, brittle hair. Insufficient and poor nutrition leads to the same result.

Dry hair

A common cause of dry hair and hair loss is improper hair care and traumatic actions. The listed external reasons include frequent use of alkaline soap, a hot hair dryer, rough combing (with metal and low-quality wooden combs with burrs), coloring using a fixative with a perhydrol concentration of more than 12%, increased solar activity in combination with dry wind (at sea), and also long-term wearing of one type of hairstyle (ponytail, bouffant) and parting. Improper care leads to the fact that the hair changes its structure and begins to split; this disease is called trichoptilosis.

Hair oiliness

Changing functions various organs and body systems can lead to oily hair. At the same time, the hair becomes greasy, sticks together, and becomes covered with greasy scales - dandruff. The disease is called seborrhea (discussed above). Increased fat content can also be caused by improper care - rubbing in a large amount of fatty nourishing oils and masks.

Thus, hair can be divided into three groups:

1) dry type hair - thin, dull, brittle, easily torn, split, after washing, fine dry dandruff appears in 1-2 days; 2) oily hair - greasy, sticky, with an unpleasant odor, with greasy dandruff; 3) normal type hair - durable, elastic, with a beautiful natural shine. They occur mainly in young, practically healthy people.

Treatment for dry hair.

There are many ways, so don't be upset. Moreover, many of them have an immediate healing effect. And with prolonged use, your dry hair will turn into silky and shiny.

Your hair will feel and look better. After 2 weeks of this therapy, you will be pleasantly surprised!

If everything remains the same, we proceed directly to dry hair treatment.

Some simple recipes nourishing masks for dry hair.

Mix one teaspoon each of vinegar and glycerin with two tablespoons of castor oil and one egg yolk.
Mix the egg yolk with one tablespoon of vegetable or olive oil. Add a teaspoon of honey, henna and cognac to the mixture.
A nourishing mask for dry hair, consisting of 3 tablespoons of arnica tincture (sold in pharmacies), two yolks, two tablespoons of burdock oil, one teaspoon of honey and two chopped garlic cloves, has a good effect.
Squeeze the juice from half a lemon and mix it with two tablespoons of olive oil. In general, olive oil is used not only for the care of dry hair, it is also often used in various facial care products. In the Homemade Face Masks section of our website you will find excellent recipes for olive face masks.
Grind 1-2 egg yolks, depending on the length of your hair, and mix them with one tablespoon of castor oil.

Greasy hair

For care and treatment oily hair use only proven ones folk remedies.

Also for oily hair, onion tincture with vodka is recommended. Cut 1 onion in half, add 50 ml of vodka and leave for 2 weeks. The finished tincture is rubbed into the scalp using pressing massage movements. The smell of onions is destroyed by washing your hair in mustard.

Also 2-3 hours before washing oily hair You can rub carrot juice into your scalp. This will reduce the oiliness of your hair. Excessive greasiness in the hair can be eliminated by washing your hair in a decoction of oak bark (3 tablespoons of oak bark, pour 1 liter of water and boil for 15 minutes). The cooled and strained broth is used as washing water. This procedure must be repeated every 3 days for several weeks.

Greasy hair It is useful to wash with a decoction of horsetail. To prepare it, pour 2 tablespoons of horsetail herb into 1 liter of boiling water, boil over low heat for 10 minutes, leave for 15-20 minutes, then filter.

Conclusion:

Hand skin care

It is the hands that most often reveal a person’s true age. Intensive contact with water and detergents is very unfavorable for good, well-groomed hands, since soap solutions wash out fat and moisture-forming substances from them. The sun, dry air, and frost lead to premature aging and the formation of “age spots.”

To protect against harmful substances, you can use a protective cream, or better, if possible, rubber gloves.

When washing your hands, try to use soaps with an alkaline solution that is suitable for normal skin(pH - 5.5-6.5).

Methods for treating hand skin

For rough, red hands, it is advisable to carry out a course of masks for a week.

Grind 2 potatoes into a liquid puree, add a few drops of glycerin and lemon juice and dip your hands in this mixture for 10-15 minutes. Course - 1 week, daily.

Olive oil - 1/4 cup, tea tree oil - 1/4 teaspoon. This composition will soothe irritated hand skin.

For goose bumps Daily procedures should be recommended, carried out in the morning and evening for several days. To do this, take a natural hair brush, lather it generously (you can use shaving cream or soap cream) and thoroughly wipe your hands, rinse and lubricate with cream.

For the same purposes, you can use a scrub bought in a store.

For rough skin on the elbows:

After a shower, massage the skin on your elbows daily with a washcloth, and then lubricate with cream;
you can rub salt with cream;
You can make a bath for your elbows with warm olive oil, then treat the skin with a hair brush and scrub.

Wet hands. This is certainly an unpleasant thing and must be dealt with vigorously.

3 times a day after washing, you should wipe your hands with a mixture of vodka and lemon juice (1 part juice, 5 parts vodka).

However, these measures may not help, since dampness can be caused by excessive nervousness, improper metabolism and other reasons.

Nail care

Nail diagnostics

Transverse grooves on the nails can indicate diseases of the internal organs (kidneys, liver, gastrointestinal tract).

Sometimes the nails are excessively protruding and convex. This condition of the nails indicates weakness of the heart and lungs.

A concave nail is an indicator of iron deficiency.

Pale nail color indicates anemia. Excessive redness of the nails is due to excess red blood cells.

Yellowness of the nails indicates a weak liver or hepatitis (in those who do not yellow them with nicotine).

Blue nails indicate a weak heart.

Nail treatment methods

Brittle nails- the most common nail defect. The reasons for it may be different. This includes a lack of vitamins A and D in the body, frequent use of harmful substances (washing powder, varnish, acetone, etc.).

Treatment for brittle nails:

saturation of nails with vitamin D and A;
include dishes using gelatin (aspic, marmalade, etc.) in your diet;
nail baths: Sunflower oil - 1/4 cup Vitamin A - 5 drops Iodine tincture - 3 drops
Course 2 weeks - daily for 20 minutes. It is useful to make baths of sea or table salt once every 2 days.

Treatment of hangnails

Hangnails are small, painful breaks in the skin. They are caused by loss of skin elasticity. The skin cannot withstand tension and bursts. Treatment consists of daily use of a fatty cream.

Damage to the skin due to hangnails, injections, or injuries can cause the appearance of a purulent focus in the finger - felon.

Pedicure- special care for toes (for example, removing calluses, polishing nails). In fact, it is an analogue of a manicure for feet.

Facial skin care

Skin of any type needs competent and properly selected care. A typical cosmetic facial skin care procedure includes the stages of superficial and deep cleansing, moisturizing, oxygen treatments, professional massage, nutrition, smoothing and lifting.

If your skin does not have any aesthetic defects, then you just need to try to keep it always moisturized and well cleaned.

Skin with increased activity of the sebaceous glands causes its owners a lot of trouble, and the main thing it needs is stimulation of metabolic processes and, of course, hydration.

Kefir mask for oily skin

This mask cleanses and dries the skin. Using a cotton swab, apply a small amount of kefir evenly to cleansed skin. Leave for 15 minutes, then rinse with cool water.

Protein mask for oily skin

This mask tightens pores and whitens the skin. It will help cleanse the skin well and give it a fresh look. Beat the white of 1 egg with ½ teaspoon of lemon juice. Leave for 10-15 minutes, then rinse with warm water.

Yeast mask for oily skin

Dilute 1 tsp. crumbled yeast in warm water with the addition of 1 tsp. lemon juice. Then add 1 egg white to the resulting mixture. Mix everything thoroughly. Leave for 15 minutes, wash off the loan.

Honey mask for oily skin

Dry skin usually suffers from a lack of moisture; this is a consequence of damage to the stratum corneum of the epidermis, which in itself is a consequence of temperature changes and other aggressive influences, such as the sun, wind, abuse of decorative cosmetics, etc. To prevent drying, you must remember to moisturize and nourish the skin in a timely manner, as well as stimulate metabolic processes.

Profession cosmetologist

The competence of a cosmetologist includes determining the type of skin of the patient and prescribing the necessary individual procedure. Also, a cosmetologist is familiar with all diseases of the skin, so he also treats them. A specialist will always determine the disease that worries you and select the necessary treatment. Currently, a cosmetologist, in addition to performing conventional procedures to maintain the skin in the required condition, knows almost all methods of therapeutic cosmetology of the “face” and “body” areas. This includes massage, hardware cosmetology, procedures for introducing gels and restylane, injecting acupuncture points and areas in need with homeopathic remedies. Also, if desired, the cosmetologist can give you electrophoresis, ozone therapy and oxygen therapy for all areas of the body, and lymphatic drainage.

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Authors:

Tkachev V.P. Candidate of Medical Sciences Sci. Endocrinologist, trichologist. Head of the course of medical trichology at the Faculty of Pedagogical Training of the MR RUDN University, Moscow.
Sharova A.A. Candidate of Medical Sciences Sci. Dermatovenerologist, cosmetologist, trichologist. Associate Professor of the Department of Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery, Russian National Research Medical University named after. N.I. Pirogov.

The article was published in the book New Cosmetology. Trichology: diagnosis, treatment and hair care. Under the general editorship of E.I. Hernandez. 2016

The life of hair at all stages is under the control of hormones (from the Greek “to excite, set in motion”), so it is not at all accidental that hair is sensitive to almost any neuroendocrine disorders. Hair treatment will not have a positive effect if the hormonal factor is not taken into account. That is why we decided to devote a separate chapter to the neuroendocrine regulation of hair.

2.1. Sex hormones

An important milestone in the study of the influence of hormones on the functions of the body was the report of Charles Brown-Séquard in May 1889. He reported to the Paris Academy of Sciences about the results of the experiments he performed on himself. In order to combat old age (he was already over seventy), the scientist destroyed the testicles of a guinea pig, and injected the extract under the skin of his abdomen. Fortunately for the researcher, the experiment was successful, and he now felt rejuvenated in every way.

It is unlikely that the idea of introducing a rejuvenating cocktail would have occurred to Brown-Séquard if it had not been preceded by thousands of years of human experience, showing what consequences castration and other interventions on hormonally active organs entail for humans and animals.

Even 40 years before Brown-Séquard, Arnold Berthold experimented with roosters, removing and replanting their testicles. Those birds to which he replanted the removed organs managed to remain healthy roosters, while the rest had their combs wrinkled, their sexual instinct faded, their pugnacity disappeared, their bright and motley plumage was replaced by dull ones, and fat deposition began. The experiment proved that the normal functioning of the testicles is regulated not only and not so much through innervation, as previously assumed. After all, during the operation the connection between the testicles and their nerves was disrupted. The main role, according to the observant scientist, was given to “the effect of the testicle on the blood, and then the corresponding effect on the entire body as a whole.”

Aristotle (384-392 BC) noted that “...of all animals only man goes bald, because he has the largest and most moist brain. Women do not go bald, since by their nature they are similar to children: both of them do not produce semen. And the eunuch does not become bald, since he turns into a woman, and the hair that appears later either does not grow on him at all, or, if he has any, falls out, with the exception of pubic hair: after all, women do not have the mentioned hair, but hair on their pubes are growing.”

It is interesting that Aristotle drew attention to one of the paradoxes from the standpoint of modern endocrinology. After all, the hair follicle is the only “organ” that responds differently to the same hormone (now known to be dihydrotestosterone) depending on its location. Androgens, which stimulate hair growth in areas such as the mustache and beard, chest and abdomen, often suppress hair follicles on the scalp, causing baldness. Estrogens, on the contrary, ensure hair growth on the scalp, but not in the “pubital hair zones.”

In 1935, Ernst Lako isolated a “crystalline male hormone” from bull testicles, in the same year the German chemist Adolf Butenandt obtained and described the structure of testosterone, and a week later Leopold Ruzicka, a Yugoslav chemist, reported a method for synthesizing testosterone from cholesterol. The “new” history of androgen use is developing rapidly and loudly. Just four years after the discovery of testosterone, in 1939, Ruzicka and Butenandt received the Nobel Prize for their discovery of a method for synthesizing testosterone from cholesterol.

Today, the biosynthesis of steroid hormones (steroidogenic pathways) is known in detail (Fig. I-2-1), although “blind spots” still remain.

Rice. I-2-1. Biosynthesis of steroid hormones in the human body

2.1.1. Androgens

Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. It is known that testosterone is the main androgen in men. The main source of testosterone - Leydig cells - are located in the testicles, where up to 95% (just under 10 mg) of this hormone is secreted. Only 5% of testosterone is formed by peripheral conversion of precursors in the adrenal glands. Women secrete the same hormones as men, but their ratio is different genders is different. The level of testosterone secretion in women, produced by the ovaries and adrenal glands, is 10-20 times lower than in men (Figure I-2-2).

Rice. I-2-2. Sources of androgens and their peripheral conversion in women of reproductive age

Serum testosterone is bound by sex hormone binding globulin and, to a lesser extent, by albumin. 1–2% of the total fraction remains in free form, capable of penetrating cells and being transformed into dihydrotestosterone (DHT) under the influence of 5α-reductase.

Three isoforms of 5α-reductase are known. Type 2 is produced predominantly in hair follicles, increasing the androgenic activity of testosterone in this area fivefold. Patients with 5α-reductase deficiency do not grow body hair and do not develop androgenetic alopecia. Scalp biopsies from the frontal and occipital areas of the scalp showed that balding men and women had higher levels of both types of 5α-reductase in frontal follicles compared to occipital follicles.

According to Sawaya and Price (1997), the concentration of 5α-reductase types 1 and 2 in women is 3 and 3.5 times less than in men, respectively. It is not surprising that the use of finasteride, a powerful 5α-reductase type 2 blocker, has a proven positive effect in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in men and, to a lesser extent, in women.

In both men and women, the skin (papillary dermis) and hair follicles themselves produce testosterone (paracrine synthesis) and also ensure its transformation into DHT.

Of interest are publications showing the positive effect of local testosterone therapy on scalp hair growth. Thus, in an experiment by Christopher et al. (1965) described the positive results of external use of testosterone for baldness in men. Men with androgenetic alopecia (21 people) applied testosterone propionate cream daily to the bald area. 75% of participants in this study experienced improvement in hair growth in the treated area.

Thus, it is not testosterone itself, but rather the activity of 5α-reductase and the accumulation of DHT that are the factors causing baldness. Systemic androgen deficiency is not any guarantee of the absence of male pattern alopecia. It is known from practice that even the most thorough study of serum testosterone does not allow us to clearly understand the features of its peripheral synthesis, conversion and interaction of metabolites with receptors of target organs, including hair follicles in each case. In connection with this circumstance, according to the International Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of androgenetic alopecia in men and women (Evidence based (S3) guidelines for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in women and in men), for the purpose of diagnosing androgenetic alopecia it is not recommended to test testosterone in men. , and women, except in cases where there are other signs of androgen excess. The author (Tkachev V.P.) has repeatedly observed the presence of androgenetic alopecia in both men and women with testosterone deficiency, normal levels, or excess.

The enzyme cytochrome P450 aromatase (aromatase) has functions opposite to 5α-reductase. Thanks to this enzyme, testosterone is converted into estradiol, and androstenedione into estrone. It is noteworthy that the concentration of aromatase in the frontoparietal zone in women is 6 times higher than in men, which, apparently, allows women to keep their hair in better condition (Sawaya M.E., Orice V.H., 1997).

The role of aromatase deficiency, especially in the development of female androgenetic alopecia (FPHL), is currently being clarified. It is known that when treating breast carcinoma with aromatase blockers, many women develop alopecia.

Interestingly, FPHL can develop in the absence of significant androgen levels. Facts such as the development of baldness in women with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, the debut of androgenetic alopecia even before the development of puberty, a weak response to treatment with systemic antiandrogens (using cyproterone acetate) and finasteride indicate that hair loss in women is less dependent on the activity of androgens.

Even more interesting are reports that treating women with testosterone, as well as men, in some cases improves hair growth on the scalp. Thus, a study conducted by Glaser et al. (2012) showed that among androgen-deficient women, 76 out of 285 patients (27%) complained of thinning hair. 48 of them (63%) noted an improvement in their hair condition during testosterone therapy. Among those who did not notice any improvement, women with a high body mass index predominated (below we will discuss the role of visceral obesity, metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in the development of alopecia, see Part I, section 2.5). Thus, the search for other causative factors of female pattern hair loss (FPHL) that are not related to androgens is relevant.

Dihydroepiandrosterone. Another androgen, dihydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), is synthesized in the body by the adrenal glands. Being a substance of steroid nature, it acts as a substrate for the synthesis of estrogens and androgens, although it itself has weak androgenic properties.

The positive effects of DHAE on the skin and its appendages are discussed in many publications. Specifically, this hormone prevents photodamage and stimulates skin healing processes. Perhaps these effects are associated, among other things, with the ability of DHAE to increase the synthesis of procollagen and inhibit collagen degradation.

The skin contains enzymes to convert circulating DHEA and its sulfated form (DHEA sulfate) into active androgens and estrogens. Most likely, the positive effect on the skin is mediated by estrogens formed as a result of aromatization of DHEA. In vitro studies indicate the existence of a direct inhibitory effect of DHEA on the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, macrophage migration inhibitor (MIF) and tumor necrosis factor by skin macrophages (Labrie F., et al., 1998).

Starting from the age of 30, the secretion of DHEA by the adrenal glands rapidly decreases, amounting to only 50% by the age of 60. maximum level. A number of doctors involved in anti-age medicine are of the opinion that it is necessary to carry out replacement therapy with this hormone in case of age-related deficiency, in the same way as is customary in case of deficiency of estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine and other hormones.

Androgen receptors. Androgen receptors play an important role in hair loss. The affinity of androgen receptors for DHT is 5–6 times higher than for testosterone. However, these receptors have low affinity for DHEA. An assessment of the number of androgen receptors in the area of the frontal hairline showed that women have approximately 40% fewer of them than men (Sawaya M.E., Price V.H., 1997).

The production of androgen receptors is regulated by the Xq11-q12 gene, located on the long arm of the X chromosome. The connection of the Xq11-q12 gene with baldness is shown in the example of Kennedy's disease (Sinclair R., Greenland K.J., 2007). This disease combines testicular atrophy, low virilization and progressive spinal muscular atrophy. In 115 patients with Kennedy's disease, the severity of baldness was significantly lower compared to the control group.

More high level Androgen receptors have been identified in those areas where baldness develops most often. Genetic testing technology is currently being developed to determine the risk of baldness. Research by Prodi D.A. et al. (2008), which included a cohort of 200 men with severe androgenetic alopecia and its early development before the age of 30 years, showed an obvious association of alopecia with the Xq11-q12 and EDA2R genes.

Another study, conducted in Germany and involving 391 people, determined the involvement of another gene in the development of androgenetic alopecia - 3q26. A large population-based study of 1125 men from Switzerland, Great Britain, the Netherlands, and Iceland demonstrated an association of androgenetic alopecia with the 20p11.22 chromosome locus (Richards J.B. et al., 2008).

In the female type of androgenetic alopecia, no obvious connection between androgen receptor polymorphism has been identified (El-Samahy M.H., Shaheen M.A., Saddik D.E., 2009).

2.1.2. Estrogens

Estradiol. Estradiol (17β-estradiol) is a sex hormone from the estrogen family. By chemical structure Estradiol is a steroid. In addition to estradiol, two more substances are classified as estrogen hormones - estrone and estriol. However, it is through estradiol that the main physiological effects of estrogen hormones are realized. This hormone is typically female, since it is produced in the body of women in relatively large quantities.

Estradiol creates the female phenotype and is absolutely necessary for ovulation. The synthesis of estradiol requires cholesterol - it is converted into testosterone, part of which in turn combines with acetyl-CoA, resulting in the formation of progesterone. Next, estradiol is formed from the existing reserves of progesterone and testosterone in the membrane of the growing ovarian follicle. During the first phase of the menstrual cycle, almost all progesterone is converted to estradiol, which ensures the growth and maturation of the egg. Then, after ovulation, the ovaries begin to produce large amounts of progesterone. Due to the relatively low rate of conversion of progesterone into estradiol in the second phase of the menstrual cycle in women, it is progesterone that prevails over all other hormones, which causes the corresponding effects. Fluctuating from 40 pg/ml in the first phase of the menstrual cycle, the concentration of estradiol reaches 450 pg/ml towards the ovulatory peak. By menopause, estradiol secretion decreases to 20 pg/ml.

The production of estradiol is controlled by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin, and during pregnancy by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Small amounts of estradiol are also produced by the adrenal cortex in both sexes and by the testes in men. In men, the main source of estradiol is the conversion (aromatization) of androgens (testosterone and androstenedione) to estrogens in peripheral tissues, which occurs with the participation of the P450 aromatase enzyme.

In women, autocrine estrogen synthesis in peripheral tissues approaches 100% after menopause, not counting small amounts synthesized from ovarian and/or adrenal testosterone and androstenedione. Thus, in postmenopausal women, almost all active sex steroids are produced in target tissues by an autocrine mechanism.

Estradiol causes endometrial proliferation, increases collagen content, skin hydration and elasticity, its turgor, and promotes wound healing. Not only the skin itself is sensitive to estrogens, but also its appendages - hair follicles (Thornton M.J., 2005). For example, estradiol prolongs the anagen phase (Hoffman R., 2004).

A number of clinical observations - improvement of hair growth during pregnancy and worsening during menopause, induction of alopecia with aromatase blockers, positive experience of topical use of estrogens in the scalp - leave no doubt about the beneficial effect of estrogens on the regulation of hair growth. Research shows that estrogen β-receptors are present in human hair follicles with sex-specific differences.

At the same time, it was shown that one of the stereoisomers, 17α-estradiol (alfatradiol), is not effective when applied topically for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in women (Blume-Peytavi U., et al., 2007).

Progesterone. Progesterone is a steroid hormone produced in women by the ovaries and placenta during pregnancy, and in men by the testicles. A small amount of the hormone is secreted by the adrenal glands in both sexes. Progesterone reduces the excitability of the uterine muscles, while at the same time increasing the tone of the cervix and the uterus itself. Favors the transition to the secretory phase of the mucous membrane of the uterine body, the accumulation of glycogen in it, which serves as a favorable factor for the development of the fetus. Progesterone promotes the formation of a woman's physique, affects hair growth, development of the genital organs, breasts, and prepares the body for childbirth and breastfeeding.

Progesterone is a precursor to a number of neurosteroids in the brain. In particular, it is a precursor to allopregnenolone, which acts on GABA receptors. Thus, progesterone significantly “modulates” mood, providing a feeling of peace and relaxation.

Topical progesterone therapy significantly inhibits 5α-reductase in an in vitro study. According to Cassidenti D.L. et al. (1991), at high concentrations, progesterone inhibited the synthesis of DHT by 97%, estradiol by 41%, while medroxyprogesterone acetate and ethinyl estradiol did not show a significant effect.