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INTRODUCTION

Population statistics is the oldest branch of statistics. In ancient times, the first accounting operations were carried out in connection with the registration of the population for military and economic purposes (military service, taxation, etc.). Certain patterns in the study of mass data were first revealed in the field of such phenomena as the birth rate and mortality of the population.

And today, the population is the object of a comprehensive study, since it (its able-bodied part) is a direct participant in the production process and a consumer of its results. Moreover, interest in the statistical study of the population, the processes that take place in society, living conditions is not decreasing, but, on the contrary, is increasing more and more. The study of expenditures and consumption of the population, in my opinion, is the most important and interesting in all respects.

Consumption is the final stage of the reproduction process, which boils down to the use of the produced product to meet certain needs.

The main tasks of the statistics of expenditures and consumption of the population as the most important component of its standard of living are associated with the development of a system of indicators of consumption, natural and cost, individual, family and consolidated consumer budgets and consumer basket, the study of the structure of consumer spending, the elasticity and differentiation of consumption, the dynamics of consumption of the population and consumer prices, the purchasing power of money.

• The purpose of the present course work is to study the theoretical and practical aspects of the satistic study of the costs and consumption of the population.
• To achieve the goal, tasks were set to study the following areas:

Data sources and tasks of social statistics;

characteristics of the population's expenditures, their types;

main indicators and methods of their calculation;

differentiation of expenses and the problem of social inequality;

The object of the study was the population.

The subject of the study was the expenditure and consumption of the population.

The calculation part of the course work includes the solution of four problems on the topic from the version of the calculation task.

The analytical part of the work includes the analysis of statistical data, the source of which is the Russian Statistical Yearbook. 2006".

When working with tabular data, the Microsoft Office 2000 Excel spreadsheet was used.

The work used textbooks of the basic course, additional literature, as well as media materials.

Various research methods were used in the work:

Dialectical

Method of mass phenomena

Groupings

General indicators

Tabular.

THEORETICAL PART

Statistical study of expenditures and consumption of the population

1. Sources of data on consumption of the population, indicators of consumption of goods and services by the population

The generalization of information characterizing the consumption of the population is a complex process of balance development, aimed at linking various data sources. The main sources of information characterizing the consumption of the population include:

* data from a sample survey of household budgets, on the basis of which natural and cost indicators of consumption are built per capita and per consumer unit; the structure, dynamics and differentiation of consumption are studied;

* trade statistics data on the volume and structure of retail turnover;

* the balance of monetary incomes and expenditures of the population according to financial statistics, which determines the ratio in the expenditures of the population for the purchase of goods and services and for savings;

* statistics on the activities of enterprises and farms (agricultural enterprises, peasant and farm enterprises, personal subsidiary plots and enterprises of industry, wholesale and retail trade and consumer cooperation) involved in the formation and use of food resources. On its basis, balances of food resources are built, the fund for the consumption of basic foodstuffs by the population is determined and natural per capita consumption indicators are calculated, and the dynamics of consumption is studied.

In the SNA at the macro level, the summarizing cost indicator of consumption is household final consumption expenditure, which is reflected in the use of disposable income account and includes spending on:

1) final consumption of households (residents and non-residents) in the economic territory of the country, covering:

* expenses for the purchase of consumer goods (except for houses, apartments, purchase of building materials by the owners of dwellings, valuables);

* expenses for payment of consumer services (household, passenger transport, communications, housing and communal services, tourist and excursion, education, culture, healthcare, sanatorium and resort, physical education and sports, legal) and financial services (banks, insurance companies, lotteries);

* final consumption of goods and services at the expense of income received in kind as wages,

* consumption of goods and services produced for own final consumption by households in non-corporate enterprises (agricultural products produced in peasants, farms and personal subsidiary plots of the population, and housing services produced for own consumption by dwelling owners);

2) purchase of consumer goods and services by resident households abroad;

3) purchase of consumer goods and services by non-resident households in the economic territory of the country.

The final consumption expenditures of resident households are determined on the basis of indicators 1), 2) and 3) considered earlier as 1+2-3.

However, the considered generalizing indicator does not take into account the cost of demons consumed by the population. paid services.

Another generalizing cost indicator of consumption is the actual final consumption of households.

The volume of actual household consumption is the real value of final consumption, which is provided both at the expense of real income and through social transfers in kind provided to the population by the authorities government controlled, and non-profit organizations serving households. The value of actual final consumption is reflected in the use account of adjusted disposable income. This account characterizes the distribution of adjusted disposable income to actual final consumption and savings.

People's consumption of goods satisfies various needs. According to the degree of importance, they are divided into essential goods (food, housing, etc.), less necessary goods (books, televisions, washing machines, etc.), luxury goods (delicious food, especially fashionable clothes, jewelry, expensive furniture, etc.).

A growing role in the consumption of the population is played by a variety of services provided to the population and satisfying human needs.

In the volume of services produced for own final use, two types of services are taken into account: for living in one's own dwelling - they are estimated approximately, in the amount of the cost of providing living in a dwelling and domestic services produced by employees (servants, cooks, gardeners, etc.). ), and the cost is determined by the remuneration of these workers, including all types of compensation in kind (food, housing, etc.)

There are material services (industrial - repair of clothes, shoes, household and household items) and intangible (cultural, educational, medical, etc.).

Services are divided into paid (market) and free (non-market).

The main indicator of consumption is the level of individual consumption as the average consumption of certain goods and services per capita. It is calculated as the ratio of the annual volume of consumed goods and services by type to the average annual population both as a whole and for individual social groups, income groups, age, nature of occupation, other characteristics (sex, climatic and social conditions).

This indicator often appears in international comparisons, although recently in statistical publications the indicator of gross domestic product per capita is increasingly indicated.

With a significant reduction in the average per capita consumption of food products in the country in recent years, it is significantly differentiated by groups of households with different incomes, this can be seen from a comparison of the consumption of basic food products in households of the two extreme decile (10%) groups - the 1st group with the lowest cash income and the 10th group with the highest income.

Comparison of the actual consumption of individual goods with the standard allows you to determine the level of satisfaction of the needs of the population in this product.

Demand Satisfaction Ratio i-th product

looks like:

where: - actual consumption of the i-th product on average per capita;

Normative level of consumption of the i-th product on average per capita;

The coefficient of satisfaction of the needs of the population for all consumer goods and services (K.p.o) is determined in aggregate form:

where: p - the price of the goods;

q - the number of actually consumed goods;

s - the number of actually consumed services;

t - actual tariff for a certain service;

qH - standard consumption of a certain product per capita;

sH is the standard for the consumption of a certain type of service per capita;

Average population for the period.

The difference between the numerator and denominator of this indicator determines the cost of the total underconsumption of goods and services compared to its normative level.

The dynamics of total and per capita consumption is studied using indices. For certain types of goods, individual consumption change indices are calculated;

W total consumption of the i-th product:

Where, - volumes of consumption of the i-th product in physical terms in the reporting and base periods, respectively;

W per capita consumption of the i-th product:

Where, - the average population in the reporting and base periods, respectively;

The difference between the numerator and denominator of the indices shows the absolute change in the total and average per capita consumption of the i-th product, respectively:

Service statistics make it possible to determine both the total and per capita consumption of individual services by the population, and for this, their valuation is most often used (primarily, market services).

Consumer consumption of services is measured in the same way as consumption of goods. At the same time, comparability of prices (tariffs-t) for services in the reporting and base periods should be ensured as a result of using a comparable (base) price or applying the deflation method.

The dynamics of the general consumption of goods and services by the population is characterized by the aggregate consumption volume index:

q1,q0, s1, s0 - the amount of goods and services consumed in the reporting and base periods, respectively;

po, to - price of goods and tariff for a certain service in the base period.

To study the dynamics of consumption of certain groups of goods or services, the average harmonic index of physical volume of the following type is used:

where ip - individual price indices for individual goods and services.

To study the dependence of consumption on income in social statistics, in practice, the coefficient of elasticity of consumption from changes in income is used, which shows how much the consumption of goods and services increases (or decreases) with an increase in income by 1% (A. Marshall formula):

Where x, y are initial income and consumption;

Their increments over a certain period (or during the transition from one group to another).

If the elasticity coefficient is negative, then with the growth of income, the consumption of "low-value" (low quality) goods decreases.

If Re>1, then consumption grows faster than income.

If Ke=1, then there is a proportional relationship between income and consumption.

2. Study of consumption based on a sample of household budgets

At the household level, consumption is studied on the basis of a sample survey of their budgets. The survey program provides for the collection of information characterizing not only the income, but also the expenditures of the population. Household spending includes consumption and non-consumption spending. The latter include taxes, contributions to pensions and social security and other insurance premiums, Money transfers, present.

Consumer expenditures cover all current expenditures on goods and services, regardless of whether they were paid in full or in part during the survey period and whether they were intended for consumption within the household. Consumer spending consists of spending on food (including spending on eating out), alcoholic beverages, non-food items, and spending on services. They do not include the purchase of jewelry, payment for materials and work on the construction and overhaul of residential or utility premises. Free education, medical and other services are not included in consumer spending.

In the survey program, food expenditures include the consumption of bread and cereals, meat and fish, animal fats and vegetable oils, milk and dairy products, eggs, fruits and vegetables, sugar and confectionery, soft drinks, etc. Food consumption is recorded in natural units and at cost.

Natural indicators are calculated on average per capita or on average per consumer unit. Cost indicators include the cost of food in households, which consists of cash expenditures for the purchase of products intended for personal consumption within the household, expenditures for meals outside the home, and the value of food in-kind receipts. In addition, structural indicators are used that reflect the share of food expenditures in consumer spending, the structure of expenditures by type of food, and indicators that characterize the quality of food: its calorie content and the content of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in consumed products.

Let us consider some natural indicators of consumption by the population of specific goods and services. Recently, it was still believed that in terms of total caloric intake (more than 3,000 kcal per day on average per capita), our country was at the level of the developed countries of the world. For such products as milk, eggs, fish, sugar, vegetables, potatoes, the level of their per capita consumption was not lower, and for some even higher than the level of consumption in many countries. Only for meat and fruits in Russia, the level was lower, i.e., a predominantly carbohydrate-based nutrition model developed - mainly bread products, sugar, cereals and potatoes, so up to 30% of the population were overweight (vegetables and gourds was consumed 29% below the recommended norms, and fruits and berries were 31% lower.

In most developed countries, however, they have long switched to protein-vitamin nutrition with a high content of animal proteins, fats, vitamins, and essential amino acids. In total, for normal life, a person must absorb more than 100 components in appropriate proportions (only about 15 types of vitamins, and among minerals - iron, manganese, cobalt, etc.). Only compliance with consumption within the norms provides rational nutrition (replenishing the costs of human energy, as well as the optimal ratio of food and biologically active substances), necessary for the normal life of a person as a physical (biological) being and as a social subject.

In the consumption of food products, the science of nutrition distinguishes 5 groups of workers depending on their type. labor activity: I - predominantly engaged in mental work (heads of enterprises and firms, specialists, workers of culture and science); II - engaged in light physical labor (service workers, sellers of industrial goods, nurses, orderlies); III - employed in medium labor (surgeons, drivers of vehicles, workers Catering, sellers of food products, etc.); IV - those employed in heavy physical labor (construction workers, the bulk of agricultural workers, carpenters, riggers, miners working on the surface, etc.); V - those engaged in particularly hard work (miners, steelworkers, fellers, diggers, loaders, whose work is little mechanized, etc.).

The normative calorie content of food also changes significantly by group. So, if for men aged 18 to 29 years, the norm in group I is 2800 kcal. per day, then for group II - already 3000; for group 111 - 3200; for group IV - 3700 and group V - 4300 kcal. For the age group of men from 30 to 39 years, the daily energy requirement is reduced by 100 kcal, and for the group from 50 to 59 years, it is already reduced by 250 kcal. In women, the need for energy is less than in men, by about 15%, and in people who lead a sedentary lifestyle, the need for caloric content of food is 25-30% lower than the average. Calorie norms for pensioners-1900 kcal. Critical is the calorie content of food, equal to 2000 kcal., Or about 8400 kJ (in international system units score energy value food and energy consumption of a person in the process of his life are given in joules: 1 kcal. \u003d 4.184 kJ).

The study of the consumption of non-food products under the household budget sampling program is carried out by the following types: expenditures on clothing, linen, footwear, fabrics, furniture and household items, cultural and household goods, vehicles, hygiene, perfumery and pharmaceutical products, tobacco products, building materials and other non-food products. Natural indicators of consumption are calculated from the consumption of shoes and fabrics. For other non-food products, only cost indicators are calculated, as well as the structure of consumption.

Non-durable goods include, for example, clothing, shoes, fabrics, hosiery - the standard period of their service is up to three years. Disposable goods include food.

Durable goods are items with a service life of three or more years. For a range of durable goods that are typically shared between household members, average level consumption is predominantly calculated per household. These are indicators of the provision of the population with relevant items. They are calculated in natural units (per household, per 100, per 1000 households or per 10,000 people). Security is understood as the degree of prevalence of these goods in the personal use of citizens. Such indicators only indirectly characterize consumption.

In the presence of differentiated indicators of provision with one or another item by population groups, the average provision is found as a weighted average, where the weights are the share of population groups in its total population (in the number of households). The product of the average endowment indicator and the prevalence rate (the proportion of households that have a given item) will show the size of the average endowment with an item per person (per household). At the same time, with the chain of commensurability of indicators for items of individual and common household use, the latter must be adjusted (divided) by the average size of the household. If we multiply natural indicators of provision by the total population, we get the total number (park) of items available to the population.

The availability of a specific item at the time of calculation (usually at the end of the year) is determined by the balance formula

where is the availability of the item at the end and beginning of the year:

Its receipt (purchase and all other sources) within a year;

Retirement.

Disposal is estimated using the perpetual inventory method based on the assumed useful life of the item. The service life of durable items is calculated on the basis of technical and operational data, taking into account their obsolescence. So, if the service life of an item is set at 5 years, then after its expiration from the moment of sale, this item is considered to have retired from the physical volume of the general fund of security with this item.

The annual consumption of durable and non-durable items is the value of the annual depreciation of items. This value is calculated on the basis of annual wear rates, which are the reciprocal of the standard service life of items. If, for example, the normative service life of television sets is set at 10 years, then their annual depreciation is equal to 10% of the total value of the television fleet in use by the population. Annual depreciation is also calculated by dividing the value of the population's stock of items by their service life. On a per capita or household basis, the wear and tear of these items (their consumption) is determined by the ratio of the per capita or average per household supply of this item in value terms to the standard service life.

The practice of uniform write-off of the cost of items during the established period of their service comes from the fact that the actual service life of the items of interest does not differ from the established normative one - studies show that the actual service life obeys the law of normal distribution, i.e., items purchased in a certain base year of a certain type (for example, televisions) begin to fall out of consumption already in the first years of their operation (long before the deadline). As the period of their actual use increases, the share of discarded items in the total number of items purchased in the base year increases, reaching the highest level in the field of standard service life. Then this share starts to decrease. Since it is extremely difficult to establish the actual annual depreciation of certain types of goods (we need special studies), in practice so far they act in accordance with the procedure outlined earlier.

Considering the practical difficulties of accurately calculating the value of the annually worn-out part of the available fleet of items, their annual consumption is often estimated at the cost of annual purchases of these items. The disadvantage of this method is that the volume of consumption is overestimated, since the cost of annually sold items is usually higher than the cost of their annual wear. This excess is due to the fact that the volume of sales includes not only the sale of items used to restore their annually worn out part, but also their sale to consumers who purchase this item for the first time. The sizes of annual consumption and annual purchases will coincide only if both endowment and annual consumption remain unchanged.

The excess of the volume of annual purchases (sales) over the size of the annual consumption of items is expressed by the ratio of these two values ​​and is the purchase coefficient. If the size of the annual consumption of one or another item is multiplied by the coefficient of its purchase, then we get the size of the annual purchase of this item in physical terms, on average per capita. The last indicator, multiplied by the price of the given item and the population, reflects the value of the annual purchase of the item. The sum of such purchases for different items determines the total volume of purchases for the year.

A variety of services play an increasing role in the consumption of the population. Their assessment has its own specifics. Services are a special type of consumer value that exists in the form of useful activity for a person and society. The time of production of services coincides with the time of their consumption (the service is provided).

In consumption statistics, the object of study is only services provided to the population that satisfy human needs. Services of a collective nature that satisfy public needs (in the field of administration, defense, law and order, science, etc.) do not belong to this group.

Not included in the volume of production (and, accordingly, consumption) are household and personal services created by household members for their own final consumption, since their production is completely autonomous and does not affect the rest of the economy. These include: cleaning, decorating and Maintenance housing: cooking and serving food; child care, upbringing and self-education; caring for the sick, the disabled and the elderly; transportation of household members or their belongings; home repair and maintenance of consumer durables.

CALCULATED PART

EXERCISE 1

In order to analyze the expenses and consumption of the population in the region in the reporting period, a simple 5% mechanical sampling of households was carried out, as a result of which the following data were obtained, thousand rubles:

Table 1

Initial data

household number			household number	Total expenses on average per household member	Spending on food products on average per household member

According to the original data:

1. Build a statistical series of distribution of households on the basis of Total expenses on average per household member, forming 4 groups with equal intervals.

2. Calculate the characteristics of the distribution interval series: arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, mode and median.

Make conclusions based on the results of the task.

SOLUTION:

1. First, we calculate the value of the interval of the grouping characteristic (Total expenses on average per household member):

i=(x max value-x min value) /4 groups =

\u003d (110-30) / 4 \u003d 20 thousand rubles.

table 2

Distribution households by total expenditure on average per member

№		Number of households	%	Cumulative frequency	Interval midpoint

The grouping results show that more than half of the households, i.e. 67% on average have an expense per member in the amount of 30 to 70 thousand rubles.

2. Let's plot the resulting distribution series:

Fig.1. Histogram of distribution of households by total expenditures on average per member

3. Calculate the characteristics of the distribution series:

Arithmetic weighted average

xcr = ?xf/?f = 1880/30 = 62.67 thousand rubles

average total expenditures per household member on average

standard deviation

y = == 19.14 thousand rubles.

(values ​​of the distribution series deviate on average from the mean value by this value)

Table3

№	Groups of households by total expenditures per member, on average, thous.rub.	Number of households	% to the end	Interval midpoint	|xi-xcp|

The coefficient of variation

x \u003d y / xcp * 100 \u003d 19.14 / 62.67 * 100 \u003d 30.5% - the value characterizing the homogeneity of the series. Since the coefficient of variation does not exceed 33%, we conclude that our distribution series is homogeneous.

4. Mo mode is the value of the attribute (variant) that is most often found in the given population, i.e. This is the variant that has the highest frequency. The mode is found by the formula:

where: the minimum limit of the modal interval;

- the value of the modal interval;

frequencies of the modal interval preceding and following it

= 50 + 20 * (11-9 / ((11-9) + (11-7)) = 56.7 thousand rubles - the most common in this population.

The median Me is the variant located in the middle of the distribution series. The median is found by the formula:

where: - the lower limit of the median interval;

- the value of the median interval;

- half the sum of the frequencies of the series;

- the sum of the accumulated frequencies preceding the median interval;

- frequency of the median interval.

\u003d 50 + 20 * ((0.5 * 30-9) / 11) \u003d 60.91 thousand rubles - the middle of the distribution series

This means that the most common value is in the limit of 56.7 thousand rubles, and the median value is 60.91 thousand rubles.

TASK 2

Based on the initial data (Table 1), identify the presence of a correlation between the features Total expenditures on average per household member and Expenditures on food products on average per household member, set the direction of the relationship and measure its tightness.

SOLUTION: Using EXCEL, we will sort by highlighting each group with a certain color.

household number	Total expenses on average per household member	Spending on food products on average per household member

Then we will reveal the presence of a correlation between the features Total expenses on average per one household member and Expenditures on food products on average per one household member, set the direction of the relationship and measure its tightness.

So, the tightness of the connection can be measured by the empirical correlation ratio:

Let's calculate the coefficient of determination:

;

To do this, you need to calculate the total variance:

and intergroup variance:

The coefficient of determination calculated in EXCEL shows that the level of expenditure on food by (R2= 0.8548) 89.5% depends on the overall level of expenditure. Let us calculate the empirical correlation ratio:

which indicates a significant impact of total expenditure on food expenditure.

A positive value of the correlation coefficient indicates a direct relationship.

So, we observe a high direct relationship between the features Total expenditures on average per household member and Expenditures on food products on average per household member.

TASK 3

Based on the results of task 1, with a probability of 0.954, determine:

1. Sampling error of the mean Total expenditure on average per member of the household and the boundaries in which it will be in the general population.

2. Sampling error of the share of households with an average value of total expenditure per household member of 70 thousand rubles. and more and the boundaries in which the general share will be located.

SOLUTION: 1. The average value of the total expenditure on average per household member is within

Since the sampling is mechanical, the sampling error is determined by the formula:

,

where 2 - sampling variance

n - sample size

t is the confidence factor, which is determined from the table of values ​​of the integral Laplace function at a given probability (P);

at P = 0.954 t = 2

N - population size

We have n = 30 = 5%, so N = 600

2 * 3.4945 * 0.95 \u003d 6.64 thousand rubles.

With a probability of 0.954, it can be argued that the average value of total expenses per household member is within

xsr = 62.67 thousand rubles ± 6.64 thousand rubles

2. The share of households with an average total expenditure per household member of 70 thousand rubles. and more is within

The sample share will be = m / n = 11/30 = 0.3667, where m is the proportion of units with the attribute.

The sampling error for the share is determined by the formula:

0.1672 or 16.7%

With a probability of 0.954, it can be argued that the proportion of households with an average total expenditure per household member of 70 thousand rubles. and more is within p = 36.67% ± 16.7%.

TASK 4

The consumption of goods and services by the population of the region in the reporting year is characterized by the following indicators:

Define:

1. General indices:

· Sales of goods and services to the population at current prices;

· Prices (Paasche) for goods and services;

The physical volume of goods and services.

2. Absolute increase (decrease) in sales of goods and services to the population due to changes in

Prices

physical volume;

two factors together.

3. Purchasing power index of the ruble.

Draw your own conclusions.

SOLUTION:

1.Common indexes:

Sales of goods and services to the population at current prices:

The average increase in trade turnover amounted to 15.38%.

Prices (Paasche) for goods and services:

Ip = = = 1.1429 or 114.29%

The average increase in prices for all goods amounted to 14.29%.

We will find the physical volume of goods and services through the relationship of indices:

It is known that Iq * Ip = Ipq, therefore

Iq \u003d Ipq / Ip \u003d 1.1538 / 1.1429 \u003d 1.0095 or 100.95%.

The average increase in sales amounted to 0.95%.

2. Absolute increase (decrease) in sales of goods and services to the population due to changes in

Prices

physical volume;

two factors together.

Absolute increase in turnover due to price changes:

Sh according to the Paasche method:

Dppq \u003d - \u003d 2200-1924.87 \u003d 275.13 million rubles.

Due to the average increase in prices, the cash proceeds of sellers increased by 275.13 million rubles.

Absolute increase in turnover due to changes in the volume of sales of goods:

Dqpq = - = 2200-2179.02 = 20.98 million rubles

Due to the average growth in the number of goods sold, the proceeds from the sale increased by 20.98 million rubles.

Cumulative influence of factors

Dpq = 275.13 +20.98 = 293.28 million rubles

Ipsr \u003d 1 / Ip \u003d 1 / 1.1429 \u003d 0.875

Despite the fact that the volume of sales has grown, the purchasing power index of the ruble shows that in reality the goods were purchased less by 12.5%.

statistical spending consumption population

CONCLUSION

The statistics of expenses and consumption of the population, unlike other sciences, has a lot of difficult and controversial issues due to its close connection to the constantly changing living conditions and the economic and social situation in the country. An example of this is the more than 100-year-old discussion in statistics regarding the use of base- and current-weighted indices, which has more turned into the mainstream of the practical applicability of both indices in solving specific problems. This takes into account that the Laspeyres index tends to overestimate price increases, because during the period when prices rise, consumers replace expensive goods with cheap ones. The Paasche index, on the contrary, underestimates real costs consumer in the current period and therefore tends to underestimate the price dynamics.

Another example is the practical difficulties of accurately calculating the cost of the annually worn out part of the available fleet of items, and, as a result, their consumption.

The paper presents many such difficulties. However, in addition to the difficulties caused in the practical study of the subject, such nuances clearly demonstrate the real-time development of the science of consumption, which is expressed in the constant addition and search for new calculation possibilities, accurate non-biased indices, and so on. In turn, the above demonstration determines the relevance of the work done, which, undoubtedly, in addition to the tasks set at the beginning of the course, brings satisfaction to the author.

List of used literature

Ayvazyan S. A., Mkhitaryan V. S. Applied statistics and foundations of econometrics. - M.: UNITI, 2001.

Gusarov V.M. Theory of Statistics: M.: "Audit", Publishing Association "UNITI", 1998.

Course of social - economic statistics. Textbook / edited by M.G. Nazarova: M.: CJSC "Finstatinform", "Unity", 2000

General Theory of Statistics: Statistical Methodology in the Study of Commercial Activity, Textbook / edited by A.A. Spirina, O.E. Bashina: M.: "Finance and Statistics", 1994.

Workshop on statistics: Tutorial for universities / edited by V.M. Simchery / VZFEI.-M .: ZAO Finstatinform, 1999.

Sabiryanova K. Microeconomic analysis of dynamic changes in the Russian labor market. Questions of Economics, N 1, 1998.

Social Statistics: Textbook / Ed. Corresponding Member RAS I.I. Eliseeva. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional - M .: Finance and statistics, 2002. - 480 p.: ill.

Official website of Roskomstat RF: www.gks.ru

1. Workshop on the theory of statistics: Proc. allowance / Ed. R. A. Shmoylova. - M. : Finance and statistics, 2005. - 421s.

2. Course of socio-economic statistics. Textbook for universities / Ed. M. G. Nazarova. - M. : Finstatinform, 2004. - 771s.

3. Gusarov V. M. Statistics: textbook. allowance for students. universities. - M. : UNITI, 2007. - 463 p.

4. Salin VN Socio-economic statistics: Textbook for universities. - M.: Jurist, 2005. - 461s.

5. Income, expenses, consumption and social differentiation of the population of the Republic of Bashkortostan. 2007:Stat. Sat. / Bashkortostanstat. - Ufa, 2007. - 46 p. /

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Statistical characteristics of expenditures and consumption of goods and services by the population of Russia and the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug at the present stage. Indicators of socio-economic development of the Urals Federal District for January-June 2011.

term paper, added 02/22/2012


Population expenditure indicators and the essence of consumption. Calculation of the rate of change in expenditures and consumption of goods and services in the Pskov region by the method of time series. Graphical method of visual representation of changes in costs and consumption of products.

term paper, added 05/05/2015


Household income indicators. Statistical study of household spending and consumption of goods and services. Indicators of property and provision of the population with housing. Differentiation of incomes, level and limits of poverty. Dynamics of the subsistence minimum in the Russian Federation.

test, added 01/25/2011


Technical and economic indicators of groups of plants; distribution lines. Relative values ​​of intensity, chain and basic indices of trade turnover. Calculation of mean, mode and median. Standard deviation; dispersion, coefficient of variation.

test, added 10/06/2013


The average salary of one worker (method of "moments"). Dispersion and standard deviation. The coefficient of variation. Analytical indicators of the dynamic series. Average annual turnover. Average annual absolute growth.

Introduction

Chapter 1. Tasks of economic statistics and statistical observation

Chapter 2. Household budgets

2.1 Methods for measuring household income

2.2 Household spending

2.3 The main directions of the statistical study of expenditures and incomes of the population and the consumption of material goods and services

Conclusion

List of used literature

Applications

Introduction

Statistical observation called systematic, scientifically organized collection of data on the phenomena and processes of social life by registering the features that characterize them.

The tasks of statistical observation include: obtaining reliable initial information, ensuring the completeness of information, conducting statistical observation as soon as possible.

Statistical observation is carried out in two forms: by reporting and by conducting specially organized statistical surveys.

Reporting- this is a form of statistical observation, in which information is received by the statistical authorities in the form of mandatory reports on the activities of enterprises, institutions and organizations according to pre-established programs and within a certain period of time.

Specially organized statistical observations usually cover those phenomena and aspects of public life in which there is a need at the moment - censuses, one-time registration and thematic statistical surveys.

Census called a specially organized statistical observation that characterizes a certain mass phenomenon or process at a certain moment or period of time. For example, censuses of the population, various institutions, etc. are conducted.

The census is preceded by a lot of preparatory work, which consists in:

Compilation of lists to cover all, without exception, units of the population to be observed;

Breakdown of administrative regions into census tracts and distribution of objects of observation between registrars;

Personnel training;

trial censuses.

The preparatory work also includes promoting the meaning and procedure of the census.

One-time accounting makes it its task to determine the number and location of the object under study or its components in a certain territory at a certain moment or period of time (for example, accounting for the number of students by faculties, accounting for installed equipment). Special statistical surveys, as a rule, are of a selective nature. Now statistical observations are the main form of collecting statistical information in Russia.

Methodology of statistical observation is to develop such issues as the definition of the purpose, object, unit and program of observation.

The purpose of observation is the collection of information about socio-economic processes. The purpose of the observation is formulated in the document on the basis of which the observation is carried out - the order of the State Statistics Committee of Russia.

The object of statistical observation called the set of units of the phenomenon under study, subject to statistical study (enterprises, farms, certain groups of the population, etc.). To establish the object of observation means to accurately determine the composition and characteristics of the population.

surveillance program. The most important part of a statistical survey is the development of an observation program. It is a list of questions that need to be answered during the observation process.

Questions of the program of statistical observation are compiled taking into account the requirements formulated in the last century by the famous Belgian statistician Adolf Quetelet (1796-1874), who is considered one of the founders of the modern scientific formulation of statistical observation. Quetelet's first rule states that statistical observation programs should include only those questions that are necessary to achieve the goal. Quetelet's second rule is that questions should not be included in the observation program for which it is impossible to obtain a satisfactory answer. Quetelet's third rule states that the observation program should not include questions that may be regarded by the interviewees as interference in the sphere of their personal interests. Statistics studies the quantitative and qualitative side social phenomena, applying methods and indicators that allow you to measure social phenomena in motion, i.e. reveal the processes of transition of quantitative changes into qualitative ones. Therefore, statistics explores the phenomena and processes of social life not in isolation from each other, but in their interconnection and interdependence. Statistics bases the characterization of social phenomena on the data of mass observation. In order to identify and assess the scale and quantitative correlations of specific mass social phenomena and their changes, it is necessary first to collect relevant data about them, and then process and analyze their interconnection and interdependence.

These three successive stages are collection, processing and analysis quantitative side of social phenomena - and are called statistical research provided that each of its stations is carried out according to a single program in compliance with a single methodology.

Each observation unit must be characterized by a set of features provided by the observation program. According to the form and content, the signs of observation are divided into quantitative and qualitative (attributive), factorial and effective, natural and cost.

Quantitative features expressed as a number (age, wage, work experience, etc.), attributive characterize the qualitative state of this phenomenon (gender, specialty, education).

Factor signs characterize the conditions that determine the size of a phenomenon, and effective- the result caused by a combination of factor traits (for example, the amount of fertilizer applied is a factor trait, and the yield is an effective one).

natural signs characterize the phenomena in physical terms (t, km, m 3, etc.); cost- in monetary terms (rubles, thousand rubles, etc.).

The totality of all signs: quantitative and attributive, factorial and effective, natural and cost - is surveillance program.

The organizational part of the statistical observation plan includes such issues as determining the place and time of observation, establishing the form, type and method of observation, coverage of objects of observation, methods of collecting data, etc.

Statistical observation is divided into a number of types according to time, scope and method of recording facts. Continuous, or current, observation is carried out systematically, constantly, continuously, as phenomena occur. For example, registration of births and deaths, attendance and absence from work, etc.

At periodical observation registration of the studied phenomena is carried out at certain, usually identical intervals of time. For example, taking into account the progress of students in examination sessions.

Single observation carried out as needed, without observing a strict frequency, from time to time. An example is the housing census.

At continuous observation all units of the population are registered without exception. It is used in the census.

Aggregate - this is a set of elements that are formed mainly under the influence of common causes and conditions, connected by common characteristic features, common essential features, commonality of development processes, etc. . This commonality gives the elements the same quality, which is the objective basis for the formation of statistical aggregates. Separate primary elements or individual phenomena that make up the statistical population are called aggregate units.

Homogeneity, uniformity of elements is the most important feature of statistical aggregates. So, for all trading enterprises it is characteristic that they are all engaged in the sale, sale of goods. This commonality unites them into a set of trading enterprises.

At the same time, some enterprises are state-owned, others are private, some stores, according to the nature of the goods sold, are food, others are manufactured goods, the latter are divided into footwear, ready-made clothes, furniture, etc. Thus, any general set, depending on the objectives and goals of the study, can be divided into private collections, those. the same set can be studied from different points of view. Therefore, the same set can be homogeneous in one respect and heterogeneous in another.

Units, elements of the statistical population are characterized by a number of features, the value of which changes, varies under the influence of various causes and conditions. For example, the fulfillment of production standards by workers of the same specialty, working on the same equipment and producing the same products, changes, i.e. varies. Age, wages, material condition change from one unit of the population to another. Such signs are called varying and the change in the value of a feature from one element of the population to another is usually called variation.

In all mass processes, two types of regularities can be noted. Some are manifested only in the entire population (for example, in the whole country, boys and girls are born equally), other patterns are characteristic of one individual element of the population (for example, only boys or girls can be in a single family).

patterns, manifested in each individual element of the population are called dynamic patterns. Patterns that manifest themselves only in a mass process are called statistical regularities.

The property of many patterns to be formed and clearly manifest only in a mass process with a sufficiently large number of elements of the population is called the law of large numbers.

The essence of the law of large numbers consists in the gradual mutual repayment of random individual deviations of individual units of the population from a certain typical level characteristic of the entire population, which increases as their number increases. Due to this, during mass observation, the mutual cancellation of individual deviations caused by the action of various random causes and conditions occurs, and objective patterns are revealed, which in a single observation are often obscured by random circumstances.

The law of large numbers is of great scientific and practical importance. The application of the law of large numbers allows you to identify patterns where at first glance there is none. For example, out of 100 people born in Russia, 49 are girls and 51 are boys. This is a pattern that is confirmed only in the course of mass long-term observations of the sexual structure of newborns.

Chapter 1. Tasks of economic statistics and statistical observation

The main tasks of economic statistics are: providing governments with the information they need to make decisions on a wide range issues related to the formation of economic policy, the development of various government programs and measures for their implementation; providing information on the development of the economy and the social sphere to the heads of enterprises and companies, managers, production organizers and businessmen, they need to better understand the macroeconomic climate in which their companies or enterprises operate, in particular, when making decisions on investments, expanding production, organizing sales etc.; informing the general public, research institutions, socio-political organizations and individuals about the main results and trends of socio-economic development.

Statistical authorities around the world are required to provide information on the state and development of the economy to international economic organizations: UN, International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank and others. This function stems from the commitments made by countries upon entry into international organizations.

It should be noted that the tasks of statistics are closely related to the socio-political structure, the organization of the economic process. For example, in the recent past in the USSR, one of the main functions of statistics was to monitor the fulfillment of tasks of the state plan, as well as to provide the bodies responsible for drawing up plans with relevant initial information. This predetermined the content of statistical indicators, since monitoring the implementation of the plan presupposes the methodological unity of planned and reporting indicators. In the system of statistical indicators, the main attention was paid to indicators of production and use of goods. Generalizing indicators, such as the gross social product (GSP) and national income (NI), were calculated within the framework of the balance of the national economy (BNH) - a system of macroeconomic information based on the concepts of Marxist political economy and adapted to the tasks, structure and mechanisms of a centrally controlled economy. In view of the fact that in an economy based on public ownership of the means of production and the centralized distribution of material resources, such instruments as profit, price, finance play a subordinate role, secondary attention was paid to the statistics of these market categories in the USSR.

As noted above, when going to market economy there is a significant reorientation (transformation) of the activities of statistical bodies, the main task of which is the introduction into statistical practice of indicators and classifications designed to describe and analyze the market economy. Under the new conditions, the main attention is focused on providing information to government bodies for the development of economic policy, measures to prevent negative market development trends (underutilization of production capacities, rising unemployment, inflation, etc.), as well as for decision-making on a wide range of issues, related to the management of the economy at the macro level, as well as on social problems. Under these conditions, special attention is paid to the calculation of the most common macroeconomic indicators, such as gross domestic product (GDP), consumption and accumulation, savings, employment and inflation indicators, the state budget deficit, money supply, household income, etc. A significant part of these indicators is calculated within the framework of the SNA - a system of macroeconomic indicators developed to describe and analyze the functioning of a market economy.

Although the statistical authorities continue to monitor the production of the products of the most important sectors of the economy, the number of positions is much less than in a planned economy. In some countries of the world, such as Germany and France, the statistical authorities study orders received by industrial enterprises. These indicators have great importance to assess changes in the economy and prepare forecasts. Statistical monitoring of changes in the economic situation is also carried out.

Thus, in statistics, one should distinguish between the indicator economic situation, which reflects changes in GDP output and links to increases or decreases in the level of utilization of available capacity as a result of changes in consumer demand or the overall macroeconomic situation, and indicator of economic growth, which characterizes changes in the volume of GDP production due to an increase in production capacity, investment, savings, etc. In practice, it is often difficult to make such a distinction, and therefore changes in the volume of GDP on a short-term basis are usually considered as changes in the economic environment, while volume indicators GDP over a long period of time is interpreted as indicators of economic growth.

Chapter 2 Household budgets

Budget surveys are currently designed to solve the following tasks:

1) to characterize the size, structure of incomes and expenses of various socio-professional groups of the population in the territorial context;

2) to provide data on the distribution of incomes of the population and on the level of poverty; reflect the living conditions of the population and its provision with long-term cultural and household items;

3) ensure the receipt of data in order to characterize the production activities of households (in personal subsidiary plots);

4) reflect the impact on the living standards of the population of socio-economic activities carried out by the authorities;

5) provide the necessary information for the calculation of the consumer price index;

6) to provide the necessary information for the compilation of accounts of the household sector in the system of national accounts.

Budget surveys are based on a representative sample in all national-territorial entities (republics, territories, regions, autonomies). The total number of households covered by surveys is about 50 thousand (provided that the sample should not include families of employees of the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the FSB, FAPSI and similar institutions).

The sampling is carried out in a combined way, combining territorial and sectoral principles, with the distribution of those selected for the survey by sectors and regions of the country in proportion to the number of people employed in social production, excluding pensioners.

The total income of families is determined on a gross basis, then 1st before the deduction of various mandatory and voluntary payments (federal and local taxes and fees, fines, penalties, compensation, charitable assistance, etc.). In addition, income is recorded by the date of accrual, and not by the date of actual payment, adjusted according to the tax authorities, as well as the results of the economic use of animals (milk, eggs, honey, wool, etc.).

Special methods of mathematical statistics have been developed that allow combining indicators of various content into a single whole: the method of principal components, maximin correlation, etc., which are currently used in scientific research, but are not widely used in practical work bodies of state statistics. For introduction into statistical practice Russian Federation the system of national accounts needed to revise the conceptual foundations for calculating indicators that reflect the process of formation, distribution and redistribution of income. In the 1993 UN SNA as theoretical basis for the calculation of this block of indicators, the definition of income proposed by the English economist J. Hicks is adopted: income - this is the maximum amount that can be spent during a certain period on consumption, provided that the equity capital of an economic entity does not decrease over this period.

According to the concept of J. Hicks, the SNA calculates household income indicators that reflect various stages of the income distribution process:

primary income;

disposable income;

adjusted disposable income.

Primary Income(PV) of households is the income received by this sector of the economy as a result of the primary distribution of value added: wages, mixed incomes, net income from property, as well as profit and equivalent income from housing services provided for own consumption by the owner of the occupied by him housing. Net property income is defined as the difference between the amount of income received and paid. It should also be noted that the wage rate in this case includes the gross wages of employees and employers' social security contributions.

2.1 Household income quantification methods

When studying the standard of living of a country's population, it is necessary to take into account only the primary income received by its residents, the sum of which for a certain period in market prices is national income.

Not all primary income can be directly used by households for consumption or savings. Some of them are transferred in the form of current income and property taxes, mandatory social security contributions, donations, fines, voluntary contributions, etc. to other sectors of the economy. On the other hand, there is also a counter flow of current transfers from other sectors to households: social payments (pensions, scholarships, allowances, etc.), insurance premiums and reimbursements, etc.

Primary income, adjusted for the balance of current transfers, is disposable income households:

RD = PD + ΔTT,

Where PD - primary income;

ΔТТ is the balance of current transfers, defined as the difference between current transfers received and paid to other sectors of the economy.

National income, calculated taking into account the balance of current transfers received and transferred abroad, is disposable national income- a macroeconomic indicator, which, along with the indicator of national income, can be used when conducting a comprehensive analysis of the standard of living of the population and the state of the country's economy.

Households spend on final consumption at the expense of disposable income, and the difference between them forms the amount of savings in this sector.

However, transfers can be provided to households not only in cash, but also in kind (in the form of free services health care, education, culture, etc.). If the amount of such receipts, called social transfers, is added to disposable income, then you can get adjusted disposable income households:

SRD \u003d RD + ST,

Where ST - social transfers in kind received by households from government and non-profit organizations serving households.

Adjusted disposable income of households makes it possible to more accurately determine the volume of their final consumption, taking into account the social transfers received. Such a refined consumption indicator is called actual final consumption. Determining its value is especially important in the context of economic reform. During the transition to the market, many social services, which were previously provided to the population free of charge, acquire a market character. In this regard, an increase in final consumption spending, even if it outpaces the growth of consumer prices, may not be accompanied by an actual increase in consumption due to a sharp decrease in the volume of social services received free of charge. Thus, for assessing the standard of living of the population and analyzing its dynamics, out of all the income indicators listed above, the indicator of adjusted household disposable income seems to be the most preferable at present.

In the statistical practice of Russia, a number of indicators of the income of the population are calculated, but the closest to the indicators described above in terms of its economic content is disposable income, defined as income received by households from productive activities, from property and as a result of redistributive transactions. This takes into account only redistribution operations carried out in cash, i.e., without social transfers received by households in kind. The basis for calculating this indicator is the data of the balance of monetary incomes and expenditures of the population, which is compiled in accordance with the methodological principles underlying the balance of the national economy. Due to the lack of a sufficiently developed information base, this indicator is calculated under assumptions that reduce the value of the result obtained.

The balance of monetary incomes and expenditures of the population is one of the main sources of information on the volume and structure of monetary incomes, expenditures and savings of the population. It is traditionally used by domestic statistics as one of the tools for analyzing the standard of living. Its revenue part makes it possible to obtain information on the total amount of monetary incomes of the population, to analyze their structure by sources of receipt and dynamics. In addition, balance sheet data is used in studying the distribution of the country's population by income level, determining the purchasing power of the population's money income, studying the level and limits of poverty, and conducting other economic calculations both at the federal and regional levels.

Another indicator used in the statistics of the Russian Federation is cash income of the population(wages, pensions, allowances, scholarships and other social transfers in cash, proceeds from the sale of products Agriculture, income from property in the form of interest on deposits, securities, dividends, from business activities, from the sale foreign exchange, as well as insurance claims, loans and other receipts). The total amount of monetary income of the population of Russia in 2000 amounted to 1703.0 billion rubles. and for the year increased in nominal terms by 3.6%.

Data reflecting the change in their structure for the period from 1993 to 2000 are given in Table. 1(Appendices).

It should be noted that the above subsystem of indicators reflects to a greater extent the quantitative side of the category under study. To qualitatively characterize the living conditions of the population, it is more necessary to use indicators of social statistics that give an idea of ​​the quality of life. These include the main indicators of demographic statistics, the state and health protection, the quality and structure of food consumed, the level of literacy and the state) of the sphere of education and culture, the comfort of housing, etc. These indicators are used in international statistical practice to more fully characterize the well-being of the population. Some of them are used as generalizing characteristics of the standard of living, for example, the infant mortality rate and the average life expectancy, which, along with GDP per capita, are included in the block of generalizing indicators that not only reflect the standard of living of the population, but are also the most important indicators of the level of social economic development of the country.

As noted above, some indicators in this system (income, consumption) are usually considered the most important for the analysis of living standards, but they do not cover all aspects of the category under study. In this regard, in the special literature, the question of the possibility and expediency of calculating a single generalizing indicator of the standard of living is discussed. Many experts are very skeptical about the possibility of its construction. Nevertheless, from time to time attempts are made to propose a scheme for calculating a generalized indicator of the well-being of the population. For example, a few years ago, within the framework of the UN, they began to calculate the “human development index”, which claims to be a generalizing indicator of the standard of living. However, as will be shown below, it has a number of significant drawbacks.

The study of the composition of the expenditure section of the balance sheet confirms the conclusion that the indicators reflected in it in terms of their economic content are not identical to the SNA indicators similar in name. For example, the savings of the population in this balance sheet take into account only the increase in savings in deposits and securities. An increase in financial assets may be due to an increase in liabilities or a change in the form of assets. In addition, part of the savings can be spent on the acquisition of non-financial assets, for example, the purchase of land, summer cottages, etc.

The excess of the amount of income of the population over its expenses gives an idea of ​​the growth of assets in the form of cash. If there is an inverse relationship, then this indicates that the consumer spending of the population was financed by reducing the accumulated assets of households.

In table. Table 2 shows data characterizing the change in the structure of household expenditures for the period from 1995 to 2000.

For a deeper and more comprehensive analysis of the standard of living of the population, selective budget surveys of households are carried out, which serve as an important source of statistical information on the structure of income and consumer spending of the population. Such surveys make it possible to establish a relationship between the level of material well-being of households and their composition, sources of income, employment of family members in various sectors of the economy. The information obtained is the basis for studying the consumer behavior of the population, identifying the relationship between levels of consumption, income and prices.

To quantitatively reflect the relationship between the dynamics of income or prices and the level of consumption of individual goods, coefficients of elasticity, which show how much the level of consumption changes when the average per capita income (or price) changes by 1%:

Cal \u003d (ΔU / Uo) / (ΔX / Ho)

Where Uo and U1 are the level of consumption, respectively, in the baseline

and the reporting period;

Δу - change in the level of consumption in the reporting period

compared to the base, i.e. Δy = U1-Uo

x 0 and x1 - average per capita income (or price of goods), respectively

in the base and reporting period;

Δх - change in per capita income (price of goods)

for the past period, i.e. Δ x = x1 - Ho.

Sample budget surveys in Russia are the most important source of statistical information for studying regional differences in the standard of living of the population. The materials of such surveys make it possible to analyze the standard of living of low-income groups of the population, and are also used in the development of subsistence minimum budgets.

The first attempt to organize a year-round selective survey of workers in industry was made in Moscow in 1924. Selective surveys, which have been regularly conducted in our country since the beginning of the 1950s, currently cover about 49 thousand households in all regions of the Russian Federation. The sample was formed according to the territorial-sectoral principle, which implies proportional representation of various social groups of the population in it across the country and its regions. However, at present, the problem of updating the sampling frame and moving from a territorial-sectoral sample to a territorial one has arisen, since it does not include those employed in new market structures (entrepreneurs, bankers, farmers, etc.), who, as a rule, have high incomes and appropriate level of well-being.

Sample surveys regularly record both household income and expenditure. Expenses are divided into two groups: consumer spending and non-consumption spending. Consumer spending include all current costs of acquiring goods and services for use by the household or its individual members. They include acquisition costs

Sources of statistical information on expenditures of the population.

Table 3 (Appendix) gives a list of summary indicators of household expenditures with a characteristic of the frequency of publication.

2.2 Household spending

If the income indicators of the population reflect its potential to meet the needs for goods and services, then the use of these incomes for the purchase of goods and services, as well as savings, reflect the actual satisfaction of these needs.

According to their nature, all expenditures of the population are divided into current and capital. Current expenses are the costs associated with meeting current needs. Capital expenditure is the cost of acquiring land and material assets and is sold on the market). Personal subsidiary farming does not use hired labor, and its area is often limited by the current legislation. This is the fundamental difference between a personal subsidiary farm and a farm.

Income also includes pensions, allowances, scholarships, subsidies for vouchers to sanatoriums, rest homes, children's health camps, for the maintenance of children in children's institutions (state and local budgets; from enterprises, institutions and organizations; from entrepreneurs and various funds).

Income from other sources characterize such income as: income from property (rent, interest, dividends, profits, rent); various benefits: payments to refugees and internally displaced persons; inheritance, gifts, insurance indemnities, compensation for funeral services, current transfers received by Russians from abroad (transfers of wages, pensions, allowances, scholarships, grants, humanitarian aid, charity, etc.). According to the statistical methodology, this position also includes income from illegal activities (smuggling, drug and arms trafficking, prostitution, gangsterism, bribes), the methodology for recording which has not yet been developed in Russia.

Important indicators characterizing the standard of living of the population are disposable total income And disposable personal income. They are calculated respectively as the difference between the total or personal income and the amount of mandatory and voluntary payments paid by the population.

When determining total cash income of the population of the country, it includes all cash receipts received by its citizens for the year, including foreign exchange (in terms of the average annual exchange rate in rubles), as well as in-kind receipts, which are estimated at the average annual retail prices of the region.

Only occasional, one-time large cash receipts (inheritance, lottery winnings, proceeds from the sale of a car, house, land, etc.) are not included in the total cash income.

TO mandatory payments include taxes (income, land, property, inheritance, etc.); fees and charges (vehicle registration, road tax, payment for registration of residence, for the right to trade, etc.); payment of compensation for theft; fines and penalties paid by the population, etc. K voluntary payments includes various membership dues, payments to public organizations (parties, trade unions, religious and charitable organizations), gifts, sponsorship expenses from personal funds of the population, and other similar expenses.

The total disposable income of the population characterizes the total Money, as well as material goods and services that the population can use either for final consumption, either for accumulation.

Personal disposable income is less than total disposable income by the cost of services received by the population from public consumption funds.

In conditions of financial instability and significant inflation, real aggregate incomes and real disposable incomes of the population determine the actual volume of consumer goods and services that the population can receive to meet their needs. These indicators characterize the real purchasing power of various groups of the population.

Comparison of real income in dynamics is usually performed per employee (real wage index) or per capita (real income index) by dividing the corresponding indicators of the reporting and base periods.

Currently, in connection with the transition to international standards of statistics and accounting, the volume of produced gross

Indicators of accumulated property and provision of the population with housing.

An important aspect of the statistical study of the standard of living of the population is the determination of the volume of accumulated household property, attacks, and household savings. When determining the national wealth of a country, the accumulated wealth of households, i.e. stocks of consumer durables, is singled out as a reference item, since all expenditure on the acquisition of such goods is related to final consumption.

The main sources of statistical information on the amount of accumulated household property are materials from selective budget surveys, as well as trade statistics data on trade turnover for individual groups of goods.

It should be noted that the cost of purchasing non-food items is the second largest element of the population's consumer spending. When determining household expenditures aimed at purchasing durable goods, this item of expenditure also needs to be adjusted, since it includes elements that are not related to the accumulation of household goods, for example, expenditures on goods whose service life does not exceed one year (tobacco products , soap and others detergents, household chemicals and perfumes and cosmetics, etc.).

To study the provision of the population with individual material goods that are part of the accumulated household property, domestic statistics calculate and publish data on the availability of such goods in households per 100 families and their 1000 people (Table 4, Appendix).

The part of households' disposable income that is not used for final consumption is their gross saving, which is the main source of financing capital transactions. In addition, to carry out such transactions, households use capital transfers provided to them by other sectors of the economy, minus those transferred to other sectors. Household transactions with non-financial assets are recorded in the capital account. These funds are used by this sector for the accumulation of fixed assets and an increase in stocks of material working capital.

provision of housing for the population And

Provision of the population with housing is calculated as a private division of the entire housing stock as of the end of the year for the number of resident population.

It can be seen from the above definition of the monetary income of the population that this indicator includes income that represents only a change in the form of an asset, for example, income from the sale of foreign currency, livestock, things through secondhand shops, payment: the demolition of houses owned by citizens, etc. etc., as well as payments that, by their economic content, are capital transfers (gratuitous loans for housing construction and other purposes) or elements of intermediate consumption (travel expenses in terms of paying for hotels and transport).

It should be noted that at present, when there is a concealment from taxation of a part of the income of the population received from individual entrepreneurial activity, wages paid in commercial structures in the form of purchases of housing, garden plots, durable goods, etc., for workers, the question the reliability of statistical information reflected in the balance sheet of cash income and expenditure of the population is of particular relevance, since balance sheet data are widely used to assess the well-being of the population and the degree of its economic differentiation.

The income part of the balance sheet is filled in on the basis of statistical and accounting reports, sample surveys of household budgets, data from tax inspectorates and other sources.

When analyzing the dynamics of the standard of living of the population, it is necessary to use all the above income indicators not only in nominal, but also in real terms, since price changes significantly affect the volume of goods and services that can be purchased by the population with the income they receive.

In statistical practice, it is usually not the absolute amount of real income that is calculated, but its relative value, i.e., the corresponding index. For example, the index of real disposable household income is:

Irdd \u003d Ird / Ir,

where I rd - index of nominal disposable income;

Ip - composite consumer price index, which is the reciprocal of the purchasing power index of money (I ps). Thus, one can write:

Idd=Ird Ips

In addition, at comparative analysis income of the population by individual regions, sectors of the economy or social groups, it is advisable to use indicators of income per capita. Average values ​​can be calculated not only for all the above indicators (both nominal and real), but also for their individual components, for example, the average amount of accrued wages or the assigned monthly pension, etc.

2.3 Main areas of statistical study expenses and incomes of the population and consumption material goods and services

The study of household income allows you to determine the potential amount of their consumer spending, which can be provided without reducing the volume of accumulated assets. However, the SNA makes a clear distinction between final consumption expenditure and actual final consumption.

Household final consumption expenditure include:

expenses for the purchase of consumer goods (except for houses and apartments) in state, cooperative trade, in city markets and in unorganized trade; expenses for payment of consumer services;

inflow of products in kind produced by households for their own final consumption.

As part of personal services allocated: payment for housing and housing and communal services; tailoring and manufacturing of clothes, footwear, furniture, hardware, etc.; repair of apartments, outbuildings, repair and construction of houses; repair of consumer durables; other household services (bathhouses, laundries, rental shops; cultural and educational services; training; passenger transport services; communication services; healthcare; preschool children's institutions; mediation; legal services, etc.).

Cash expenditures of the population include a number of obligatory and voluntary payments, which are reflected in the “cash expenditures” section (acquisition of livestock, poultry, bees; acquisition of real estate, including housing; income tax, alimony, damages, fines, penalties; voluntary payments (membership fees , insurance premiums, charity, humanitarian aid, gifts, etc.); cash deposits in financial institutions; purchase of shares and other securities, purchase of currency; repayment of loans and loans with interest, etc.

To characterize the living conditions of the population, the program of budget surveys provides for the following indicators: “housing conditions of the family” and “availability of cultural and household items”. For their calculation, information is collected on the total and living area; the number of living rooms; number of residents; housing accessories; type of dwelling; home improvement; the presence of a second residence (dacha or house in the countryside).

A separate survey is conducted on the provision of the population with cultural and household items: refrigerators, televisions, vacuum cleaners, etc. at the end of the year.

The considered indicators of expenditures and consumption of material goods and services by the population are not only closely related to the block of income indicators, but are also used in the statistical analysis of the socio-economic differentiation of the population. At the same time, it should be noted that in the specialized foreign literature, the question of the advisability of using the consumption indicator to assess the standard of living in modern conditions is increasingly being raised, since the production of consumer goods is accompanied by pollution. environment.

The portion of household disposable income not used for final consumption is their gross savings, which is the main source of financing for capital transactions. In addition, to carry out such transactions, households use capital transfers provided to them by other sectors of the economy, minus those transferred to other sectors. Household transactions with non-financial assets are recorded in the capital account. These funds are used by this sector to accumulate fixed assets and increase inventories.

Of all the elements that make up the accumulation of fixed assets, for the analysis of the level of well-being of the population, the costs of acquiring or building one's own housing are of particular importance. However, housing construction is carried out not only by households, but also by enterprises and organizations in other sectors of the economy. The corresponding costs are included in gross fixed capital formation. Their share in the total volume of gross capital formation is one of the indicators of the social orientation of the investment policy pursued in the country.

The assessment of the housing conditions of the population is based both on SNA data and on materials from statistics on housing and communal services. Housing construction indicators are used to qualitatively characterize the standard of living of the population. These include: provision of housing And indicators of the improvement of the housing stock.

The provision of housing to the population is calculated as the quotient of dividing the total housing stock at the end of the year by the number of resident population (for the country as a whole or for individual regions) on the same date. This indicator can be calculated taking into account the total area or only residential. The total area of ​​residential buildings is the area of ​​​​housing and utility rooms of apartments. Living area includes only the area of ​​living rooms in residential buildings and premises; it does not include the area of ​​kitchens, corridors, bathrooms, pantries and other auxiliary and auxiliary premises.

For a deeper study of the provision of housing to the population, the determination of these indicators is, as a rule, included in the programs of population censuses conducted in Russia and selective socio-demographic surveys. The data obtained in this way make it possible to characterize the distribution of the population according to the types of residential premises occupied (separate apartment, individual house, hostel, etc.) and the degree of their improvement (availability of running water, central heating, etc.).

In international statistical practice, housing construction indicators also include data on the commissioning of residential buildings, the number of apartments built and their average size.

The process of stratification of society, which has sharply aggravated in Russia in recent years in connection with the transition to market economic conditions, has necessitated the introduction into the statistical practice of our country of a set of indicators that are widely used in international statistical practice to analyze the socio-economic differentiation of the population.

The most important tool for such an analysis is the construction of the distribution of the population according to the level of average per capita monetary income, which makes it possible to carry out a comparative assessment of the well-being of individual groups of the population. Particular attention is paid to low-income social groups, since this aspect of the study is necessary to develop a targeted social policy states.

In the absence of complete statistical accounting of the income of all types of households, simulation methods are used to build the distribution of the population according to the level of average per capita monetary income. The initial premise for constructing the corresponding model is that the distribution of those employed in the economy by wages and the entire population by average per capita monetary income is subject to the law of lognormal distribution. Based on this hypothesis, the empirical distribution constructed on the basis of data from sample budgetary surveys is transformed into a distribution series corresponding to the average value of the grouping characteristic in population. This average value, i.e. the average per capita monetary income, is calculated using the balance of monetary income and expenditures of the population.

Prior to 1993, such an adjustment of the data of sample budget surveys in the conditions of the Russian economy was not required, since the estimate of the average per capita cash income obtained from the sample differed slightly from the estimate of the average income in the general population. However, at present, due to the absence of families with very high incomes in the sample, it becomes necessary to appropriately adjust the distribution constructed on the basis of sample data.

To find the distribution frequencies of the population by income, the log-normal distribution function is used, which has the following form:

F(u)=1/√2π*⌠e*-t / 2*dt for X >0

Where u=In x- In μ̣o/δ In x, In μo=In μ -½ (δIn x)²;

μ - average per capita cash income for the month, calculated according to the balance of cash income and expenditures of the population;

In table. 6 shows data on the distribution of the population of Russia by the size of the average per capita cash income in January-April 1999.

To characterize the distribution of the population by income, a number of indicators are calculated:

modal Income, i.e., the level of income most commonly found in the population;

median income- a measure of income in the middle of the ranked distribution. Half of the population has an income below the median, and the other half - above;

decile coefficient of differentiation income of the population

(TOd), characterizing how many times the minimum income of 10% of the richest population exceeds the maximum income of 10% of the poorest population:

Where d9 and d 1 - respectively the ninth and first decile;

funds ratio (Kd), defined as the ratio between the average incomes of the population in the tenth and first decile groups:

Kd=d10/ d1

where d 1 and d 10 - average per capita income per month, respectively

10% of the population with a minimum income, and 10% of the richest part of it. Considering that when calculating the average income for 10% of the population and the denominator of indicators d1 and d10 are the same values, the coefficient of funds can be represented as follows:

where D1 and D 10- respectively, the total income of 10% of the poorest

and the richest 10% of the population;

Gini income concentration ratio (KL) characterizing the degree of inequality in the distribution of incomes of the population. It is calculated by the formula:

KL=Σpi qi + lqi ,

where pi - the proportion of the population with an income no higher than

his maximum level in the i-th group;

pi = 0.129; p 2= 0,129 + 0,167 = 0,296;

p 3 = 0.296 + 0.174 = 0.470 etc.; p8 = 1.

qi - income share i-groups in the total income of the population, calculated on an accrual basis; is calculated similarly, but not for the population indicator, but for the monetary income indicator.

Rice. 1. Lorenz curve

The Gini coefficient varies from 0 to 1. Moreover, the more its value deviates from zero and approaches one, the more

to a greater extent, incomes are concentrated in the hands of certain groups of the population.

To graphically illustrate the degree of unevenness in the distribution of income, a Lorenz curve is constructed (Fig. 21.1), from which it is also possible to calculate the Gini coefficient as the ratio of the area between the lines of uniform and actual distribution to the sum of areas S1 and S 2 , which is equal to 1/2:

KL=S1/ S1+S2=S1/ ½=2S1= 1-2S2

In 1999, the Gini income concentration coefficient in Russia was 0.379, i.e., it decreased by 0.5% compared to 1998.

In a statistical study of the level and limits of poverty, first of all, the limit of income is established, which ensures consumption at the minimum allowable level, i.e., the cost value is determined! subsistence minimum, with which the actual incomes of individual segments of the population are compared. The subsistence minimum includes a set of food products that provides the minimum calorie content and nutritional value necessary for life, the cost of non-food products and services, taxes and other obligatory payments corresponding to the costs for these purposes of families with the lowest incomes.

Based on data on the incomes of the poor, the indicator is calculated income deficit, equal to the total income of the population, missing to the subsistence level. In 1997, Russia's income deficit was 41.8 trillion. rub., i.e. 2.6% of the total cash income. For the year it decreased by 0.5%.

The dynamics of the given indicators reflecting the degree socio-economic stratification of the population and household income is controversial, therefore, despite the fact that this block of indicators occupies an important place in the system of indicators of the standard of living, the need to build a single indicator that reflects the level of welfare of society or, at least, allows analyzing the main trends in its changes, does not lose its relevance.

Conclusion

The determining factor in the well-being of society is the level of economic development of the country, so the main indicators of the state of the economy are often used as general indicators of the standard of living. Besides, hallmark The wealth of a country is also the income of both an individual household and households in the country. In addition, they include the volume of gross domestic product, national income and net national disposable income. . In statistical practice, the most widely used indicator is the volume of GDP, which is the end result of production activity. To analyze the standard of living, its dynamics and conduct comparative characteristics by regions, GDP is calculated in real terms (at constant prices) per capita. When making international comparisons, this indicator is valued in dollars based on the purchasing power parity of the currency.

One of the significant shortcomings of these cost generalizing indicators used to analyze the standard of living is that they contain elements that are not directly related to the standard of living. For example, GDP includes expenses for the maintenance of the army, the state apparatus, etc. Therefore, to assess the level of well-being of the population, it is proposed to use natural indicators that are closely correlated with the indicated macroeconomic indicators - infant mortality rate And life expectancy at birth. The advantage of these demographic indicators is that they reflect not only quantitative characteristic standard of living, but also quality.

For a generalizing characteristic of the welfare of society in statistical practice, we also used cost of living index, calculations of which in our country began to be carried out as early as the 20s. The cost of living changes depending on the dynamics of consumer prices and the structure of consumption, which is influenced by factors such as changes in consumer demand, market conditions, etc. The cost of living index was supposed to reflect the impact of prices on the level of well-being of the population. For this purpose, the costs necessary to maintain a fixed standard of living were compared with changes in prices for consumer goods and services. When calculating this indicator, a set of consumer goods (consumer basket) was determined, which is typical for the structure of expenditures of a certain group of the population. The cost of this set was calculated in current and basic prices, and then the obtained values ​​were compared. However, with this calculation methodology, it is not the change in the cost of living that is actually reflected, but the impact of consumer prices on it. Therefore, in the late 50's - early 60's. in most foreign countries that regularly published the cost of living index, they changed its name: it became known as the "consumer price index". This index is also calculated in the Russian Federation. It characterizes the change in the cost of living depending on one factor - the dynamics of prices for goods and services included in the consumer basket.

Despite the fact that in modern statistical theory and practice there are several indicators of the level of social welfare, the question of constructing a single aggregate indicator of the standard of living remains relevant.

List of used literature

1. Dubrov A.M., Mkhitaryan V.S., Troshin L.I. Multivariate statistical methods. Textbook. M.: Infra-M., 2002, 512s.

2. Matveeva-Kuznetsova V.M. Methods of statistical analysis of mass socio-economic phenomena. Workshop on the general theory of statistics. - M.: Infra-M., 2001, 489s.

3. Sidenko A.V., Matveeva V.M. Workshop on socio-economic statistics. M.: Enlightenment, 2000, 529s.

4. Economic statistics: Textbook / Under. ed. Yu.N. Ivanova. M.: Infra-M., 2000., 480s.

5. Yablochnik A.L. General theory of statistics. M.: Economics, 2001, 488s.

Applications

Table 1. Structure of cash income of the population of Russia (V %)

Table 2. Structure of expenditures of the Russian population (V%)

Table 3Indicators of household expenditures, formed according to statistical reporting data

	Unit	Publication Frequency	Development section
1 , Cash expenditures of the population	million rubles, rubles per capita	monthly	by areas of expenditure
	Unit	Publication Frequency	Development section
2. Food consumption per capita (per month)			for basic food items
3. Provision of durable goods per household			for the main set of durable goods
4. Consumption of paid services:
per household	thousand rubles	quarterly	by type of service
Per capita
5. Expenses for paying taxes	thousand rubles, in % of total expenditures, per inhabitant		urban and rural areas
6. Provision of housing:
Number of apartments	units, per 1,000 inhabitants
Number of private houses
Living area per person
Total area of ​​housing per inhabitant	sq. m, in % to the standard
7. Population living in dormitories, communal apartments	thousand people		by household groups

Table 4 Provision of the population of Russia with some items of cultural, household and household purposes of durable use (end of year)*

	Per 100 families			Per 1,000 people
TVs
Refrigerators and freezers
washing machines
Cars

Table 5. Dynamics of incomes of the population of Russia

Index
Monetary income (average per capita per month, thousand rubles)
Average monthly accrued wages per employee (thousand rubles)
The average amount of the assigned pension, taking into account compensation payments (per month, thousand rubles)
Real disposable per capita cash income (in % of the previous year)
Real average monthly accrued wages per employee (in % of the previous year)
The real average size of the assigned monthly pension (in % of the previous year)

Table 6. Distribution of the population of the Russian Federation by average per capita monetary income in December 1999

Average per capita cash income per month, rub.		In % of total
Over 2000.0

Dubrov A.M., Mkhitaryan V.S., Troshin L.I. Multivariate statistical methods. Textbook. M.: Infra-M., 2002, 512s., p.412-414

Matveeva-Kuznetsova V.M. Methods of statistical analysis of mass socio-economic phenomena. Workshop on the general theory of statistics. - M.: Infra-M., 2001, 489s., p.423-426

Matveeva-Kuznetsova V.M. Methods of statistical analysis of mass socio-economic phenomena. Workshop on the general theory of statistics. - M.: Infra-M., 2001, 489s., p.445-447

Economic statistics: Textbook / Under. ed. Yu.N. Ivanova. M.: Infra-M., 2000., 480s, 419-425

Economic statistics: Textbook / Under. ed. Yu.N. Ivanova. M.: Infra-M., 2000., 480s, s.425-435

Economic statistics: Textbook / Under. ed. Yu.N. Ivanova. M.: Infra-M., 2000., 480s, s.434-440

Yablochnik A.L. General theory of statistics. M.: Economics, 2001, 488 pp., pp. 410-412

Yablochnik A.L. General theory of statistics. M.: Economics, 2001, 488s., p.400

Sidenko A.V., Matveeva V.M. Workshop on socio-economic statistics. M.: Enlightenment, 2000, 529s, s.324-327

Sidenko A.V., Matveeva V.M. Workshop on socio-economic statistics. M.: Enlightenment, 2000, 529s, s.435-439

Economic statistics: Textbook / Under. ed. Yu.N. Ivanova. M.: Infra-M., 2000., 480s., p.436-445

Yablochnik A.L. General theory of statistics. M.: Economics, 2001, 488s., p.455

Monetary expenditures of the population are the use of incomes of the population for the purchase of goods and services and various kinds of payments: mandatory payments and trade union dues (taxes, fees, insurance payments, contributions to public and cooperative organizations, return of bank loans), the purchase of foreign currency, and as well as an increase in savings in deposits and securities. However, the SNA distinguishes between final consumption expenditure and actual final consumption.

Household final consumption expenditure includes:

1. expenses from the personal budget for the purchase of consumer goods;

2. expenses for payment for consumer goods;

3. consumption of products in kind produced by households for their own final consumption;

4. consumption of products received in kind by households as wages;

5. services for living in one's own home

The volume of actual household consumption is the real value of final consumption, which is provided both by real income and by social transfers in kind provided to the population by government bodies and non-profit organizations serving households.

The main indicator of consumption is the level of individual consumption as the average consumption of certain goods and services per capita. It is calculated as the ratio of the annual volume of consumed goods and services by type to the average annual population both in general and for individual social groups, income groups, age, and occupation.

Comparison of the actual consumption of individual goods with the standard allows you to determine the level of satisfaction of the needs of the population in this product.

The coefficient of satisfaction of the need for the i-th product has the form:

where fact is the actual consumption of the i-th product on average per capita;

norms - the normative level of consumption of the i-th product on average per capita;

The coefficient of satisfaction of the needs of the population for all consumer goods and services (C.p.o.) is determined in aggregate form:

where p is the price of the goods;

q - the number of actually consumed goods;

s - the number of actually consumed services;

t - actual tariff for a certain service;

qн is the norm of consumption of a certain commodity per capita;

sn is the standard for the consumption of a certain type of service per capita;

Average population for the period.

The difference between the numerator and denominator of this indicator determines the cost of the total underconsumption of goods and services compared to its normative level.

The dynamics of total and per capita consumption is studied using indices. For certain types of goods, individual consumption change indices are calculated:

total consumption of the i-th product

where?qi1,?qi10 - volumes of consumption of the i -th product in kind in the reporting and base periods, respectively;

average per capita consumption of the i-th product:

where, is the average population in the reporting and base periods, respectively;

The difference between the numerator and denominator of the indices shows the absolute change in the total and average per capita consumption of the i-th product, respectively:

Consumer consumption of services is measured in the same way as consumption of goods. At the same time, comparability of prices (tariffs - t) for services in the reporting and base periods should be ensured as a result of using a comparable (base) price or applying the deflation method.

The dynamics of the general consumption of goods and services by the population is characterized by the aggregate consumption volume index:

where q1, q0; s1,s0 - the amount of goods and services consumed in the reporting and base periods, respectively;

p0, t0 - price of goods and tariff for a certain service in the base period.

To study the dynamics of consumption of certain groups of goods or services, the average harmonic index of physical volume of the following type is used:

where ip - individual price indices for individual goods and services.

To study the dependence of consumption on income in social statistics, in practice, the coefficient of elasticity of consumption from changes in income is used, which shows how much the consumption of goods and services increases (or decreases) with an increase in income by 1% (A. Marshall formula):

where x, y - initial income and consumption;

X, ?y - their increment for a certain period.

If the elasticity coefficient is negative, then with an increase in income, the consumption of “low value” (low quality) goods decreases.

If Re>1, then consumption grows faster than income.

If Ke=1, then there is a proportional relationship between income and consumption.

If Ke<1, то потребление увеличивается медленнее, чем доход.

In addition to the indicators considered, social statistics studies the living conditions and consumer services of the population, free time of the population, health of the population, the level of education and the development of the education system, culture, art, recreation, etc.

According to the in-kind form, the costs of acquiring material goods and paying for services differ. As part of material wealth, Russian statistics distinguish the following groups.

1. Foodstuffs: meat and meat products in terms of meat; milk and dairy products in terms of milk; eggs; fish and fish products; sugar; vegetable oil; potato; vegetables, fruits and gourds; bread products, etc.

2. Consumer durables: cars, motorcycles, mopeds, bicycles; televisions, tape recorders, video recorders; refrigerators and freezers; washing machines; vacuum cleaners; photo and film equipment; clock, etc.

The difference between the total income of the population and its expenditures is population savings. Savings can take both monetary and in-kind form. These include the acquisition of land, housing, consumer durables, art objects. Monetary savings of the population consist of an increase in cash in the hands of the population (it is determined on the basis of the balance of monetary income and expenses of the population) and an increase in the types of deposits in financial institutions. The propensity of the population to save money characterizes the savings ratio. It can be determined in two versions by the formulas:

where S savings - cash savings of the population; Stot - disposable total income of the population (I option); Sden – disposable cash income of the population (II variant).

The system of national accounts distinguishes between final consumption expenditure and actual final consumption.

The concept of final consumption expenditures is based on who finances these expenditures (expenditures on goods and services for final consumption belong to the same sector that finances them), while the concept of actual final consumption is based on who benefits (actual consumption of goods is shown for each sector). and services by related units). Costs for final consumption resident households for consumer goods and services financed from their disposable income include:

Expenses for the purchase of consumer goods (except for houses, apartments, purchase of building materials by owners of dwellings, valuables) and services;

Consumption of goods and services received in kind in the form of wages, gifts, etc.;

Consumption of goods produced by households for own consumption and services for living in one's own dwelling.

Households is the value of all goods and services purchased by resident households for final consumption, regardless of the source of funding. It includes:

Household spending on consumer goods and services;

The value of consumer goods and services received by households from government agencies and non-profit organizations serving households.

Actual final consumption of households is the value of all goods and services purchased by resident households for final consumption, regardless of the source of funding.

Indicators of food consumption are calculated per capita (as a rule, per year), using natural and conditionally natural units of measurement. Recalculation into conditionally natural meters is carried out on the basis of coefficients for converting indicators of consumption of specific food products into a conventional unit, which is taken as the consumption of an adult male engaged in mechanized labor.

For calculation satisfaction rate the actual level of consumption (P fact) is correlated with scientifically based norms, i.e. rational norms of consumption (P rac): .

The indicator of the average per capita consumption of basic foodstuffs is calculated by dividing the personal consumption fund by the average annual population.

Consumption of non-food non-durable goods (clothing, footwear, fabrics, hosiery) is determined using indicators in kind per capita.

To characterize the consumption of durable goods, it is more expedient to use indicators of the provision of the population with these material goods, calculated either per 1,000 people or per 100 families.

Food consumption accounts for about half of total consumption. It is generally accepted that the higher the share of food expenditures in the structure of consumer expenditures, the lower the level of material well-being of households. After analyzing the data, we can conclude that, despite the steady decline in the share of expenditures on food, since 2003, it accounts for more than a third of all expenditures, which indicates the low standard of living of our citizens.

To study the dependence of consumption on income, we use consumption elasticity coefficient from the change in income, which shows how much the consumption of goods and services increases (or decreases) with an increase in income by 1% (A. Marshall's formula):

where , - initial income and consumption; , - their increments for a certain period.

If the elasticity coefficient is negative, then with the growth of income, the consumption of "low-value" (low quality) goods decreases. If K e >1, then consumption grows faster than income. If K e \u003d 1, then there is a proportional relationship between income and consumption. If K e< 1, то потребление увеличивается медленнее, чем доход.

Consumer basket- a set of goods and services necessary for a comfortable full-fledged living for a person throughout the year. More precisely, for the minimum satisfaction of needs.

IN compound consumer basket includes:

1. Food - bread, cereals, potatoes, fruits and vegetables, meat, fish, milk, etc. It should be noted that in Russia the share of spending on food in families is very high and can be 50% or more of total family expenses.

2. Non-food products - clothes, shoes, hats, underwear, medicines.

3. Services - payment for housing, heating, water supply, electricity (utilities), as well as expenses for transport, cultural events and others.

Table 10.4.

Monthly cost of a fixed set of consumer goods and services for 3 years (on average in Russia), rub.

The structure includes 83 items of goods and services, including: 30 types of food products, 41 types of non-food products, 12 types of services.

Security questions for chapter 10

1. What is meant by indicators of the standard of living of the population?

2. What does the concept of a household mean?

3. Sources of information about the living conditions of the population?

4. What does the total resources of households include?

5. What does the monetary income of the population include?

6. Define the concepts: living wage, minimum wage, minimum pension, consumer basket.

7. Components of the total expenditures of the population.

8. Indicators of consumption of material goods.

9. What indicator is used to determine the satisfaction of the needs of the population?

10. Structure of consumer spending?

Chapter 11. LABOR STATISTICS

Topic: Statistical study of expenditures and consumption of the population

Type: Course work| Size: 184.18K | Downloads: 77 | Added on 10/30/11 at 2:43 pm | Rating: 0 | More Coursework

University: VZFEI

Introduction 3

Theoretical part 5

Data sources and objectives of social statistics 5

Characteristics of household expenditures, their types 9

Main indicators and methods of their calculation 12

Settlement part 16

Task 1 17

Task 2 22

Task 3 25

Task 4 27

Analytical part 31

Problem Statement 31

Methodology for solving problem 31

Technology for performing computer calculations 32

Analysis of the results of statistical computer calculations 34

Conclusion 36

Bibliography 37

Introduction

In the context of the transition to a market economy, information on income is less reliable than information on expenditure. This is due to the spread of secondary employment, the presence of unaccounted for income from the shadow economic activity. The source of covering the expenses of the population in this period can be income, as well as savings that he had at the beginning of the year.

The sources for studying expenditures, as well as incomes of the population, are the balance of monetary incomes and expenditures of the population and data from a sample survey of household budgets.

All expenditures of the population are divided into current and capital.

Current expenses are the costs associated with meeting current needs.

Capital expenditures include the costs of acquiring land and fixed assets (housing, industrial buildings, agricultural machinery, equipment for processing agricultural products, etc.).

Accumulation also includes spending on the purchase of durable consumer goods (with a service life of more than a year) and the increase in consumer stocks in the households.

The main tasks of statistics on expenditures and consumption of the population are: the development of a system of indicators of consumption, natural and cost, individual, family and consolidated consumer budgets and a consumer basket, the study of the structure of consumer expenditures, the elasticity and differentiation of consumption, the dynamics of consumption of the population and consumer prices, the purchasing power of money.

The purpose of this course work is to study the theoretical and practical aspects of the statistical study of the costs and consumption of the population.

To achieve the goal, the following tasks were set to study the areas:

1. Data sources and tasks of social statistics;
2. Characteristics of the population's expenditures, their types;
3. Basic indicators and methods of their calculation.

The object of the study is households.

The subject of study is the expenditure and consumption of the population.

The estimated part of the course work includes the solution of four tasks on the topic "Statistical study of the costs and consumption of the population."

The analytical part of the work includes the analysis of statistical data, the source of which is the Russian Statistical Yearbook 2008.

When working with tabular data, the Microsoft Office 2003 Excel spreadsheet was used.

The work used textbooks of the basic course, additional literature, as well as materials from the media and statistical sites on the Internet.

CALCULATED PART

In order to analyze the expenses and consumption of the population in the region in the reporting period, a simple 5% mechanical sample of households was carried out, as a result of which the following data were obtained, thousand rubles:

household number			household number	Total expenses on average per household member	Spending on food products on average per household member

Exercise 1

According to the original data:

1. Build a statistical series for the distribution of households on the basis of - , forming four groups at equal intervals.

2. Calculate the characteristics of the distribution interval series: arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, mode and median.

3. Display graphically a histogram, a polygon.

Make conclusions based on the results of the task.

Task 2

According to the original data:

1. Establish the presence and nature of the relationship between the signs - total expenses on average per household member And spending on food products on average per household member by the method of analytical grouping, forming four groups with equal intervals according to the factor attribute.

2. Measure the closeness of the correlation between these features using the coefficients of determination and the empirical correlation.

Task 3

Based on the results of task 1, with a probability of 0.954, determine:

1. Sampling error of the average total expenditure per household member and the boundaries in which it will be in the general population.

2. Sampling error of the share of the household with an average value of total expenses per household member of 70 thousand rubles. and more and the boundaries in which the general share will be located.

Task 4.

The consumption of goods and services by the population of the region in the reporting year is characterized by the following indicators:

Type of goods and services	Sales volume, million rubles	Indices of the reporting year to the previous one, %
			physical volume
Foodstuffs
Non-food products
Paid services

Define:

1. General indexes:
   1. sales of goods and services to the population at current prices;
   2. prices (Paasche) for goods and services;
   3. physical volume of goods and services.
2. Absolute increase (decrease) in sales of goods and services to the population due to changes in:
   1. physical volume;
   2. two factors together.
3. Purchasing power index of the ruble.

Draw your own conclusions.

ANALYTICAL PART

Formulation of the problem

According to the Rosstat reports on total household consumer spending presented in Table 3.1, we will analyze the dynamics of total household spending, for which we calculate the following indicators:

1. Absolute growth;
2. Growth rate;
3. The absolute value of 1% increase;
4. Average for the period the level of the series, absolute growth, growth and growth rates.

Table 3.1

Total consumer spending of households, thousand rubles

Bibliography

1. Godin A.M. Statistics: Textbook. - M.: Publishing and Trade Corporation "Dashkov and K", 2002
2. Golub L.A. Socio - economic statistics: Proc. allowance for students. higher textbook establishments. - M.: Vlados, 2001
3. Gusarov V.M. Theory of Statistics: Textbook. allowance for universities. - M.: Audit, UNITI, 1998
4. A course of social and economic statistics: a textbook for universities \ Ed. prof. M.G. Nazarov. - M.: Finstatinform, 2002
5. Melkumov Ya.S. Socio-economic statistics: educational method. Benefit. - M.: Izd-vo IMPE - PABLISH, 2004
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