Situations that may arise as a result of human interaction with environment and pose a threat to his life, health and property:
1. all kinds of injuries, poisoning with plant and animal poisons,
2. infection with natural focal diseases, altitude sickness, heat stroke and hypothermia,
3. bites of poisonous animals and insects, infectious diseases etc.
Environmental factors contributing to the development or emergence extreme situations:
1. air temperature and humidity, solar radiation, precipitation, atmospheric barometric pressure, wind, hurricane.
2. terrain, water sources, flora and fauna,
Factors that provide protective functions that contribute to the normal life of people in extreme situations natural environment:
1. clothing, emergency equipment.
2. devices for signaling and communication, water and food supply, emergency swimming facilities, improvised means used for various purposes.
Depending on the material conditions (equipment, equipment, availability of emergency packs) and the characteristics of climatic and geographical conditions, the same situation can have different consequences: for example, an emergency landing of an airplane in the desert is certainly more extreme than the same landing in the taiga. As a rule, the degree of extremeness affects the life time factor, which determines the possibility of survival.
The person in this extreme situation remains one on one with nature. In the periodical press, one can often read reports about sailors who were shipwrecked and found themselves on boats and rafts in the midst of a raging ocean, about fishermen carried away on fragments of ice floes to the open sea, about travelers caught in a snowstorm, about tourists who lost their way and got lost in the taiga or desert. Often, before the arrival of help, those in distress have to exist autonomously, that is, due to limited supplies of food and water. using the equipment available to sustain life.
In this regard, in recent years, a new field of medicine has emerged that deals with the survival of a person during his autonomous stay in extremely difficult geographical areas of the Earth for habitation, when fresh water, food, protection from the scorching rays of the sun, or, conversely, can become an insurmountable problem. from the freezing cold.
With an autonomous existence in a deserted area, the satisfaction of even the most ordinary vital needs sometimes turns into an intractable problem. Human life becomes dependent not on the usual criteria - education, professional skills, financial situation, etc., but on completely different ones - solar radiation, wind strength, air temperature, on the presence or absence of water bodies, animals, edible plants.
The favorable outcome of an autonomous existence largely depends on the psychophysical qualities of a person, physical fitness, endurance, etc. But they alone are often not enough for salvation. People are dying from heat and thirst, not suspecting that there is a saving water source three steps away; freeze in the tundra, unable to build a shelter from the snow; perish from hunger in a forest teeming with game; become victims of poisonous animals, not knowing how to provide first aid for a bite.
The basis of success in the fight against the forces of nature is the ability of a person to survive.
Survival is understood as active, expedient actions aimed at preserving life, health and performance in an autonomous existence.
These actions consist in overcoming mental stress, showing ingenuity, resourcefulness, efficiency in the use of emergency equipment and improvised means of the natural environment, and providing for the body's needs for food and water.
The main postulate of survival: a person can and must preserve health and life in the most severe physical and geographical conditions, if he manages to use in his own interests everything that the environment gives.
According to the rescue services different countries, about 80% of people in moments of danger fall into a stupor, 10% begin to panic, and only the remaining 10% quickly pull themselves together and act to escape. See how a clear understanding of the situation and self-control help a person survive in any, even the wildest conditions.
The 17-year-old girl was one of the passengers of the plane that flew over the Peruvian selva in 1971. Lightning hit the plane, and it fell apart right in the air. Only 15 of the 92 passengers managed to survive after the fall, but all but Julian were seriously injured and died before help arrived. Only she was lucky - the crowns of the trees softened the blow, and, despite the fracture of the collarbone and torn ligaments in the knee, the girl, fastened to the seat and falling with him, remained alive. Yuliana wandered through the thickets for 9 days, and she managed to reach the river, along which a group of local hunters swam. They fed her, gave her first aid and took her to the hospital. All the time spent in the selva, the girl was inspired by the example of her father, who was an experienced extreme sportsman and walked the path from Recife (Brazil) to Lima, the capital of Peru.
Spouses from the UK in 1973 spent 117 days in the open ocean. The couple went on a trip on their yacht, and for several months everything was fine, but a whale attacked the ship off the coast of New Zealand. The yacht received a hole and began to sink, but Maurice and Marilyn managed to escape on an inflatable raft, taking documents, canned food, a water container, knives and a few other necessary things that came to hand. The food ended very quickly, and the couple ate plankton and raw fish - they caught it on homemade pin hooks. Almost four months later, they were picked up by North Korean fishermen - by that time both husband and wife were almost completely exhausted, so salvation came at the last minute. On their raft, the Baileys covered more than 2,000 km.
An 11-year-old boy showed an amazing example of endurance and self-control in an extreme situation. The light-engine plane, in which Norman's father and his girlfriend were, the pilot, as well as Norman himself, crashed into a mountain at an altitude of 2.6 km and crashed. The father and the pilot died on the spot, the girl tried to go down the glacier and fell down. Fortunately, Ollestad Sr. was an experienced extreme sportsman and taught his son survival skills. Norman built a kind of skis found in the mountains and safely went down - it took about 9 hours. Growing up and becoming a writer, Norman Ollestad recounted this incident in Mad About the Storm, which became a bestseller.
A traveler from Israel, together with his friend Kevin, was rafting in Bolivia, they were carried to a waterfall. After the fall, both survived, but Kevin almost immediately managed to get ashore, and Yossi was carried away down the river. As a result, the 21-year-old guy found himself alone in a wild forest far from civilization. Once a jaguar attacked him, but with the help of a torch, the young man managed to drive the beast away. Yosi ate berries, bird eggs, snails. At this time, the rescue team that Kevin gathered immediately after the incident was looking for him - after 19 days, the search was successful. One of the plots of the popular Discovery Channel program "I Shouldn't Have Survived" was dedicated to this case.
A policeman from Italy in 1994 decided to take part in the "Marathon de Sables" - a six-day 250-kilometer race in the Sahara Desert. Caught in a severe sandstorm, he lost his direction and eventually got lost. 39-year-old Mauro did not lose heart, but continued to move - he drank his own urine, and ate snakes and plants that he managed to find in the bed of a dry river. Once Mauro came across an abandoned Muslim shrine where bats were found - he began to catch them and drink their blood. After 5 days, it was discovered by a family of nomads. As a result, Mauro Prosperi walked 300 km in 9 days, losing 18 kg during the journey.
The Australian lost almost half his weight during forced wanderings through the deserts of the northern part of the continent. His car broke down and he walked to the nearest settlement, but did not know how far or in what direction it was. He walked day after day, eating grasshoppers, frogs and leeches. Then Ricky built himself a shelter out of branches and waited for help. Luckily for Ricky, it was rainy season so he didn't have much trouble with drinking water. As a result, it was discovered by people from one of the cattle farms located in the area. They described him as a "walking skeleton" - before his adventure, Ricky weighed just over 100 kg, and when he was sent to the hospital, where he spent six days, his body weight was 48 kg.
Two 34-year-old Frenchmen in 2007 survived seven weeks in the wilderness of Guiana, eating frogs, centipedes, turtles and tarantulas. The first three weeks, friends lost in the forest, spent on the spot, building a shelter - they hoped that they would be found, but then they realized that the dense crowns of trees would not allow them to be seen from the air. Then the guys hit the road in search of the nearest housing. At the end of the journey, when, according to their calculations, they had no more than two days to go, Guillem became very ill, and Luke went alone to fetch help as quickly as possible. Indeed, he soon went out to civilization and, together with the rescuers, returned to his partner - for both the adventure ended happily.
A tourist from France survived after falling from a height of about 20 meters, and then spent 11 days in the mountains in northeastern Spain. A 62-year-old woman fell behind the group and got lost. She tried to climb down, but fell into a hollow. She could not get out of there, so she had to spend almost two weeks in the wilderness waiting for help - she ate leaves and drank rainwater. On the 11th day, rescuers spotted Teresa's red T-shirt from a helicopter and rescued her.
A 29-year-old ship's chef from Nigeria spent almost three days under water on a sunken ship. The tug got into a storm 30 kilometers from the coast, was badly damaged and quickly sank - at that time Okene was in the hold. He felt his way around the compartments and found the so-called air bag - a "pocket" that was not filled with water. Harrison was wearing only shorts and was chest-deep in water - he was cold, but he could breathe, and that was the main thing. Harrison Okene prayed every second - the day before, his wife sent him the text of one of the psalms in SMS, which he repeated to himself. There was not much oxygen in the air bag, but it was enough until the rescuers arrived, who could not get to the ship immediately because of the storm. The remaining 11 crew members died - Harrison Okene was the only survivor.
A 72-year-old Arizona woman survived 9 days in the wild. An elderly woman went to visit her grandchildren on March 31, 2016 in a hybrid car, but it ran out of charge when she drove through completely deserted places. Her phone did not catch the network, and she decided to climb higher to call the rescue service, but in the end she got lost. A dog and a cat traveled with Ann - on April 3, the police, who were already searching, found a car and a cat sitting in it. On April 9, a dog was found and the inscription Help (help), lined with stones. Beneath one of them was a note from Ann, dated April 3rd. On the same day, rescuers found first a makeshift shelter, and a little later - Ann herself.
Any kind of danger to a person creates extreme situation. An extreme situation is a situation in which there is a threat to life, health or property of a person and excludes the possibility of quick help from other people.
extreme situations resulting from human interaction with the environment are very diverse. At the same time, they can be divided into two large groups: extreme situations in the natural environment and extreme situations in society.
Every emergency situation is characterized by:
Surprise;
stressful state;
Causing damage to the human body or its property;
The need for action.
By creating an artificial habitat, a person changed the conditions of his life, moving further and further away from existence in the natural environment. The conditions of life have changed, and the attitudes of preparing a person for life in natural conditions. However, nature exists and man is forced to interact with it. Due to ignorance or poor knowledge of this environment, such interaction can lead to an extreme situation.
Extreme situations in nature- these are situations that may arise as a result of human interaction with the natural environment and pose a threat to his life, health or property. For example, all kinds of injuries, poisoning with plant and animal poisons, lightning strikes, infection with natural focal diseases, altitude sickness. Heat strokes and hypothermia, bites of poisonous animals and insects, infectious diseases, loss of property during the crossing or careless handling of a fire, etc.
The nature of the extremeness of a situation is determined by various conditions.
The first condition is intention. A person who seeks risky work or types of recreation in natural conditions (geologists, surveyors, hunters, tourists, etc.) is more likely to fall into an extreme situation, but has more opportunities to foresee it and prepare for it. A person whose intention does not include getting into a risky position is more insured against this, but if such a situation arises, he will feel insecure and such a situation may turn out to be extreme for him.
The second condition is readiness. Preparedness is knowledge and experience of actions in a given situation. However, the degree of preparedness does not always coincide with professional training, even for people whose profession is associated with risk. Often a person who believes that nothing will ever happen to him, in a difficult situation, is forced on his own experience, by trial and error, to come to what is known to trained people and specialists.
The third condition is degree of extremeness. This means that the same situation, depending on the material (equipment, equipment, availability of emergency packs) or the characteristics of climatic and geographical conditions (presence of water sources, the ability to equip a shelter, get food, etc.) has different consequences. For example, a forced landing of a helicopter in the desert will be more extreme than a forced landing in the taiga. As a rule, the degree of extremeness affects the life time factor that determines the possibility of survival. The extremeness of the situation is of a personal, individual nature. People by their nature are divided into choleric, sanguine, melancholic and phlegmatic. Choleric and sanguine people are more emotional and excitable than melancholic and phlegmatic people. This means that the same situation will be perceived by them differently. For some, it does not carry extremeness or affects them to a lesser extent, for others it is a threat to health and even life.
From the above, we can conclude that the probability of an extremum of the same situation for people of different professions and lifestyles differ significantly. For people whose professions are related to activities in nature (sailors, pilots, geologists, military, etc.), an extreme situation may occur more often and the risk is greater, but, as a rule, they are better prepared for external adverse effects of the natural environment, especially if they work in the same climate zone.
Most characteristic reasons occurrence of extreme situations in the interaction of man with nature are:
● professions related to activities in nature;
● change of climatic and geographical conditions;
● acclimatization and re-acclimatization;
● transition "cold" - "heat" and vice versa;
● abrupt change of time zones;
● the impact of external factors on the human body;
● selection of protective clothing and equipment;
● diet, drinking regimen;
● violation of the ecological balance in nature.
Along with negative factors, one should also note the factors that reduce extremeness, provide protective functions, and contribute to the normal life of people in extreme situations of the natural environment. These include: protective clothing, water and food supply, emergency equipment, signaling and communication devices, improvised means used for various purposes, emergency boats, etc.
Water safety. Statistics show that fewer people die in shipwrecks than while swimming. The ability to swim is not a guarantee of safety on the water. Open water is always a risk. You can be in the water without knowing how to swim; you can swim far from the shore and get tired. While swimming, you may be caught in strong currents or become entangled in weeds. In winter, a frozen pond is also fraught with danger - you can fall through the ice. By following security measures, you can avoid these unforeseen situations.
Some precautions help prevent the vast majority of drownings:
Learn to swim from childhood;
If you swim poorly, do not trust air mattresses and circles;
Remember that panic is the main cause of tragedies on the water, so never give in to it; it is enough to lie on your back and take one breath, moving your legs and arms slightly, to make sure that a calm person is really not drowning;
Pay attention to the first signs of fatigue during your stay in the water;
Do not swim and, moreover, do not dive in unfamiliar places, do not swim behind the buoys;
Do not swim out into the ship's route and do not approach ships;
Do not swim, do not ride a boat while drunk and in a storm.
In order to protect yourself before swimming ask yourself the following questions:
What is the depth?
Are there dangerous objects underwater?
What is the water temperature?
Are there currents, ebbs and flows?
Are there dangerous fish, animals?
▪ Also, check the availability of life-saving equipment and find out if it will be easy to use it if necessary. A boat, a life buoy, a rope or a long pole can save the life of a drowning person and save an unprepared person from dangerous attempts to help him in the water.
It is especially important to get answers to these questions if the place of the upcoming bathing is completely unfamiliar and is not patrolled by lifeguards.
Actions in an emergency situation on the water. If you can't swim and find yourself in water, lie face up in the water, spread your arms wide, and breathe as deeply and as infrequently as possible. While in an upright position, move your legs as if pedaling.
If you are tired, then rest on the water, lying on your back. To do this, straighten your arms and legs, lay your head on the water and relax.
Another way is to float: inhale, immerse your face in water, hug your knees with your hands and press them to your body, slowly exhale into the water, then again a quick breath over the water and again “float”.
If you are cold, keep warm by tensing your arms and legs in turn. After resting, swim back to the shore. If you are caught by the current of the river, move diagonally to the nearest bank. To overcome the surf, rest when the wave moves away from the shore and actively swim when it moves towards the shore. If your leg is cramped, dive headlong into the water and, straightening your leg, pull the foot towards you by the big toe with force with your hand.
Help a drowning man. First of all, the rescuer himself must be able to swim well. Use a boat, a rope, a life buoy or improvised means to rescue. Reassure and reassure the swimmer, encourage or force him to hold on to the rescuer's shoulders. If he does not control his actions, then, having swum up to the drowning man, dive under him and, taking from behind one of the capture techniques (classic - by the hair; or clasping his chest with your leading hand so that the hands of the drowning man are on top of your hand, and the head - above the water surface), transport it to the shore. If a drowning person managed to grab your arm, neck or legs, dive immediately - the instinct of self-preservation will make the victim let you go. If the drowning person is unconscious, transport him to the shore, taking his hand under the chin so that his face is constantly above the surface of the water. If a person has already plunged into the water, do not stop trying to find him at a depth, and then bring him back to life.
Having delivered the victim to the shore, free his lungs from silt and water; put it on your bent knee: your knee should rest against the victim's solar plexus. This way you will induce vomiting. Then put the victim on his back, free his oral and nasal cavities from vomit and - if necessary - proceed to resuscitation. After the measures taken, wrap the victim warmly and take him to a medical facility.
Steps to take when falling through ice. If you are forced to cross a river or lake covered with ice, remember the following:
Ice may be fragile near water runoff, such as from a farm or factory;
The ice is always thinner under a layer of snow, in those places where the current is fast, springs beat or a stream flows into the river;
Near the shore, the ice may loosely connect to the shore;
Never test the strength of the ice with a kick.
If the ice has fallen under you, keep yourself from diving headlong by spreading your arms wide. Get out onto the ice, crawling with your chest and alternately pulling your legs to the surface. After getting out, roll away, and then crawl to the side.
When assisting a fallen person, approach the polynya by crawling, spreading your legs wide. Place skis, a board, plywood under you. 3-4 m before the hole, throw a life-saving equipment to the victim - a ladder, a rope, a rescue pole, tied belts or scarves, boards, etc. After pulling the victim out, crawl out of the danger zone.
In a situation of forced autonomous existence, a successful outcome depends primarily on correct actions from the first moment of its occurrence. The main condition that determines the success of survival or death depends on the mood of a person (group) for a successful exit from this situation, his desire to return home, moral obligations to loved ones, society, the consciousness that he still has a lot to do.
The first thing to do with this is try to calm down and objectively assess the current situation. An analysis of many situations shows that very often the greatest danger for the victims is not the fait accompli itself, but the consequences that await them as a result of their first rash actions. It is important at the moment of occurrence of an emergency or extreme situation to show a sense of self-control, not to succumb to fear, which does not contribute to concentration of attention, making the right decisions.
The first actions under the influence of emotions are dictated by the instinct of self-preservation and are not always correct. We must try to perceive the danger in parts, identifying the priorities. In situations in the natural environment with forced autonomous existence caused by a vehicle accident in an uninhabited area, the following procedure is recommended, which depends on the specific situation:
In the event of a forced landing of an aircraft, a natural disaster (an avalanche, the threat of mudflow, a forest fire), you must immediately leave the danger zone. At the same time, you should take out the wounded to a safe area, try to take away all available equipment, supplies of water and food without risk to life. After that, you should promptly discuss the current situation, determine the safest place, outline the path of movement to it and relocate there. All work at the accident site is supervised by the crew commander or team leader. Having finally made sure that all people and equipment, food and water supplies are safe, they proceed to further actions.
In the event of an extreme situation in the natural environment (loss of orientation, lagging behind the group, a sharp deterioration in weather conditions), one should not conflict and relax. The general actions of those caught in extreme conditions in nature are as follows:
All things, equipment and personal property, up to personal hygiene items, in an extreme situation become public and are used to meet the needs of all victims. All food products and available water supplies are collected in a single reserve, forming an emergency reserve. Responsible for the safety of things, equipment, products are appointed. Unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
To make a decision on further actions, you need to assess the actual situation and answer the following questions.
1. If your location is unknown, did you follow the assigned (agreed) route at the time of the accident? If your absence is discovered, the initial searches will be made in the area of your intended route.
2. Are the remains of the vehicle clearly visible from the air or surrounding hills? Can you make them more visible?
3. Have local authorities Do you have enough resources at your disposal to organize an effective search?
4. Are the weather conditions conducive to the operation of search and rescue aircraft and helicopters?
5. Are transit or other aircraft flying over you? If yes, how often?
6. Do you know exactly where you are? If so, how close are you to any settlement? What is the nature of the area between you and this locality?
7. What are the climatic conditions and possible difficulties of the proposed route of movement? How long will it take to reach this settlement?
7. Will all members of the group or crew be able to survive the transition in this area? Are there any casualties with serious injuries requiring immediate medical care?
8. Do you have enough things and equipment for a long journey, do you have compasses, matches, etc.?
9. What supplies of food and water do you have? Assess your emergency supplies and those that can be replenished from natural sources. Is there a good source of water near the site of your accident? Will you be able to get food in a deserted area after you use up your emergency supplies?
10. What do you know about how to survive in those natural conditions in which you find yourself? If you are not confident in your knowledge and skills, stay in place for three days.
Exists two decision options: stay at the scene of the accident and wait for help or try to get to the nearest settlement.
The decision to leave the scene is made in those cases when:
There is no certainty that the incident is known at the exit (departure) point of the group;
The exact location of the nearest settlement is known, the distance to it is small and the state of health of people allows it to be overcome;
There was an immediate threat to life: a forest fire, a break in the ice field, a flood, etc .;
People cannot be detected by rescuers at this site due to the dense vegetation surrounding them;
For three days there was no communication and no help.
At the scene of the incident, it is necessary to indicate the direction of your departure: leave a note, lay out an arrow, make notches on trees, tie bunches of grass, etc.
Before leaving, you should make a thorough reconnaissance, determine the direction of the exit, pack and prepare everything you need for transportation (maybe even a fire if there are no matches).
When deciding to leave the scene of an accident, certain rules must be followed.
The decision to remain at the scene of an accident is made if:
A distress call or a message about the scene of an accident is transmitted using an emergency radio station;
The place of the incident has not been precisely determined, the terrain is unfamiliar and difficult to pass (mountains, forests, deep ravines, swamps, a thick layer of snow cover, etc.);
The direction to settlements and the distance to them are not known;
Most people cannot move independently due to injuries or illnesses.
Having decided to stay at the scene of the accident, it is necessary to adhere to the basic rules of safe behavior that will allow you to survive and wait for the help of rescuers (Scheme 8).
In a temporary camp, by building a reliable shelter from improvised means, it is possible to create conditions for normal rest, long-term preservation of normal life, and care for the sick and wounded. Being in one place it is easier to organize the collection of edible plants, berries, fishing and hunting.
To organize such a camp, it is necessary to develop a detailed action plan, which includes:
1) choosing the most suitable place for the camp, taking into account the terrain, the proximity of firewood and water, the absence of dangers on its territory (dead wood, rockfalls, avalanches, flooding, etc.);
2) camp planning: identifying a site for the construction of temporary but secure housing, places for cooking, storing food, property, garbage and toilets;
3) determining the type of temporary shelter, based on the capabilities of the area and the abilities of the "builders";
4) preparation and start of shelter construction;
5) preparing a place for a fire, preparing a sufficient amount of firewood and making a fire.
For the successful implementation of this plan, as well as for the creation of a normal climate in the group, it is necessary to distribute responsibilities among all its members, taking into account their state of health and abilities. At the same time, an indispensable condition is that everyone must have an assignment. This is not a frivolous requirement. The fact is that the success of survival in an extreme situation is determined by the abilities and capabilities not only of each member of the group individually, but also of the group as a whole. However, the life of the entire group depends on the physical and moral condition of each member of the group. Therefore, from the first moments of the onset of the accident, it is necessary to make efforts to preserve the moral and volitional state of the group as a whole and of each participant individually.
An indispensable condition for the successful actions of the group in an extreme situation is the presence of a leader. They can be a full-time leader - crew commander, head of the tourist group. In their absence, one of the most prepared people, an authoritative person who is able to rally the team and direct its efforts to survive in an extreme situation, can become one. This may be a person familiar with the rules of survival.
With skillful leadership, the group will get rid of such negative manifestations of human behavior as panic, confusion, self-doubt, disunity in actions, selfishness and dependence. Otherwise, conflicts are inevitable, it would seem, for the most insignificant reasons. It is the task of the leader to prevent them from flaring up, gaining strength and splitting the group. Solving this problem will help to avoid many additional troubles.
In the event of a vehicle accident, completely different people can be in the group. However, even among the members of a tourist group that finds itself in an extreme situation, previously unknown qualities may appear. With the decisive role of the leader, much depends on the members of the group. Tolerance for the weaknesses or irritation of others, the ability to be the first to reconcile will help to avoid conflicts that destroy the unity of the group. Although there are creative conflicts that make it possible to find best solution some problem. In an extreme situation, when everyone's nerves are on edge, as a rule, destructive conflicts arise.
The unity of command of the head does not mean refusal to consult with the members of the group on any issues. The ability to listen to them is a great advantage of a leader. But, not agreeing with the arguments of the interlocutors, he must reasonably explain the reason for making his own decision.
Summing up the description of the priority actions of a person (group) who finds himself in an extreme situation of forced autonomous existence, a general conclusion can be made about the rules of behavior based on the results of the analysis of such situations by rescuers.
When faced with an emergency situation, you must:
be able to anticipate danger;
be able to control their behavior;
· be independent;
be able to think and invent;
make quick decisions;
be persistent and stubborn when required;
be able to obey, if necessary;
Do not despair, if there is no more strength, fight for your life;
Look for other ways before giving up completely;
and even then don't give up.
Thus, a successful outcome in an extreme situation depends on the person himself, on his will, composure, discipline, physical training, and most importantly - the ability to act in an emergency situation.
Questions for self-examination
1. What is the greatest danger for victims in an emergency and what are the first steps?
3. Name the general actions of those who have fallen into extreme conditions in nature.
4. In what cases is a decision made to leave the scene?
5. When is the decision to stay at the scene of an accident made?
The main types of extreme situations in natural conditions. The concept of a dangerous and extreme situation. The main types of extreme situations in nature (changes in climatic and geographical conditions, abrupt changes in natural conditions, diseases or injuries requiring emergency medical care, forced autonomous existence) and their causes. The most common cases of forced autonomous existence: loss of orientation in the area, lagging behind the group, vehicle accident in a sparsely populated area. The concept of survival.
Factors and stressors of survival in natural conditions. The causes that influence human behavior are survival factors. Groups of survival factors: personal, natural, material, post-natural. The concept of survival stressors. Various stressors and ways to overcome them.
Psychological foundations of survival in natural conditions. Properties of the human psyche that help to survive. How to develop useful abilities and traits in yourself (attention and observation, sensation and perception, memory and thinking, survival orientation). How to use them in conditions of forced autonomous existence.
Fear is the main psychological enemy. Fear and its negative impact on a person in a dangerous situation. Panic and numbness as dangerous conditions. Ways to overcome fear. How self-improvement increases the chances of surviving in extreme situations. Systematic education of the will.
Preparation for the campaign and behavior in natural conditions. The main ways to avoid extreme situations in natural conditions. Preparing for a hike: ensuring security, distribution of duties, products and equipment, route selection. Rules for safe behavior in nature: observance of discipline, movement in a group, attentiveness, respect for nature, respect for the boundaries of the polygon, search and memorization of landmarks.
Reliable clothing and footwear is an important condition for safety. Requirements for clothing and footwear. Rules for the care of clothes and shoes (airing and drying) on a hike. Features of preparation for a hike in the winter.
Behavior in an extreme situation in natural conditions. Basic rules of behavior in an emergency situation. Rules of conduct in the event of an accident of an aircraft or car, in case of a natural disaster. Making a decision to move to the settlement or stay in place. Rules for safe behavior: equipment of an emergency camp, appointment of a commander, distribution of duties, conflict prevention.
Actions in case of loss of orientation. Basic rules of conduct in the case when a person gets lost. How to remember the path traveled, estimate the distance to sound and light sources, use route markings. What not to do if you get lost. Determining the direction of the met roads and paths, streams and rivers. Access to the village in winter along the ski track. Determining the direction of exit when lagging behind the group in the campaign.
Methods of orientation and determination of the direction of movement. Orientation by compass, by its own shadow, by the stars, by the clock. Orientation by local features: snowmelt, grass density, soil moisture, anthill structure, moss location, etc. Movement in azimuth using two landmarks,
Technique of movement in natural conditions. Rules for safe movement on the slopes of hills and mountains, along the stream. River crossing methods. Features of movement in winter: on snow, on frozen river beds, on ice. Overcoming wetlands.
The construction of a temporary dwelling, the production and use of fire. Basic requirements for the place of construction of temporary housing. Types and methods of constructing a temporary dwelling in summer and winter (hut, shed, igloo). Features of shelters in the mountains. Choosing a place and rules for making a fire (including in inclement weather and winter time). Compliance fire safety. Types of fires and their purpose. Methods for kindling and maintaining fire.
Providing food and water. The feeling of hunger and the provision of food from the reserves of nature. Providing water from reservoirs, snow, ice. Ways of obtaining water, its purification and disinfection in conditions of forced autonomous existence.
Search and cooking. Boiling water and cooking plant foods in the absence of utensils. Methods of cooking roots and tubers, fish, small animals on a fire. Basic rules of fishing.
Peculiarities of skiing, water and bicycle trips. Preparation for ski trips: training, selection of clothing and footwear, group equipment. Rules for safe behavior in a water trip. Preparing for a cycling trip, basic safety rules.
Water safety. Types of water hazards. Rules for safe behavior on winter waters (when moving on ice). Rules for safe behavior on water bodies in summer (when swimming).
Distress signals. Ways to send distress signals. Special characters of the international code table of characters. The device and production of the simplest signal means.
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