Economic cycles, their types and causes. Business cycle indicators

Depending on the duration, cycles in the economy are divided into short, medium and long (long).

Short cycles are called Kitchin cycles, after the English economist and statistician Joseph Kitchin. He explained the small cycles by the periodicity of fluctuations in gold reserves and determined their recurrence with a periodicity of three years and four months.

The founder of econometrics, Wesley Mitchell, saw the reason for small cycles in the field money circulation and determined their duration to be 40 months, that is, also three years and four months.

Small (short) cycles are associated with disruption and restoration of equilibrium in the consumer market.

The reason for the short cycles is the changes taking place in the credit industry. That is why they manifest themselves as credit crises.

Average cycles also called Clement Juglar cycles (named after the French economist who studied middle cycles in the second half of the 19th century). He believed that the reason for average cycles also lies in the field of credit, and determined their frequency at 8-10 years. This periodicity coincides with the duration of average cycles, the reason for which scientists saw in the same frequency of renewal of fixed capital.

The middle cycles include the so-called construction Simon Kuznets cycles(named after the American scientist, Nobel Prize winner). He believed that cyclical fluctuations were associated with the periodic renewal of housing and certain types of industrial structures and determined their duration (frequency) at 15-20 years.

The existence of long waves (large cycles) is associated with changes basic technologies, energy sources and infrastructure facilities. They are also called Kondratiev cycles (in honor of the Russian scientist Nikolai Kondratiev). His research was based on statistical data on the dynamics of production of iron, lead, coal, as well as the average level of prices, wages and interest rates, foreign trade turnover and other indicators in England, France, Germany and the USA for the period from the 80s of the 18th century. until the 20s of the XX century. Based on economic analysis, he identified two and a half long waves with a duration of 54-55 years with an ascending and descending phase.

Descending phase of the major cycle is a period of change in basic technologies and technological structures, lasting 20-25 years. During this phase, small and medium cycles occur, which creates the basis for the most significant changes in technical re-equipment.

Rising phase of the major cycle- this is a period of growth in the economic, scientific and technical development of society, lasting 25-30 years, during which cyclical fluctuations associated with the renewal of fixed capital, the massive spread of new technologies, the emergence and development of new sectors of the economy are also possible.

Let's take a closer look at the average cycles, which are also called industrial cycles.

Industrial (economic) the cycle is the most acute form of manifestation of the contradictions inherent in a market (capitalist) economy and at the same time very tough, but in an effective way their permissions.

The material basis of the industrial cycle, in accordance with Marxist theory, is the periodic renewal of fixed capital.

The frequency of cycles is thus determined by the time of renewal of fixed capital. The faster this renewal is carried out, the more often crises occur. At the time described by K. Marx, the frequency of renewal of fixed capital was 10-11 years. This was also the periodicity of the average (industrial) cycles.

The classic business cycle diagram includes four phases (Fig. 16.1).

Let's give brief description each phase of the business cycle.

Features of the economic crisis:

  • - overproduction of goods in relation to effective demand for them;
  • - significant reduction in production volumes;
  • - falling prices;
  • - shortage of free Money necessary to make payments;
  • - stock market crash and bankruptcy of enterprises;
  • - increase in unemployment rate;
  • - reduction in wages;
  • - drop in profit level;
  • - mass destruction of consumer goods, equipment, etc.;
  • - disorder of the credit system.

Traits of depression:

  • - "stagnation" of production;
  • - low price level;
  • - “sluggish” trade;
  • - low rate loan interest;
  • - liquidation of surplus goods.

Revive Traits:

  • - expansion of production until the pre-crisis level is restored;
  • - rising prices;
  • - increasing the rate of profit;
  • - increasing employment levels;
  • - revival of trade;
  • - strengthening of optimistic expectations.

Lifting features:

  • - exceeding the maximum production volume of the pre-crisis level;
  • - rapid growth in employment;
  • - growth in wages and other types of income;
  • - credit expansion;
  • - artificial stimulation of aggregate demand, caused by intermediaries’ expectations of rising prices and their desire to buy more goods at lower prices;
  • - an increase in supply, which will eventually exceed demand and create conditions for the next crisis.

With the acceleration of scientific and technical progress and increased state (governmental) intervention in the economic life of society, the industrial cycle is modified (Fig. 16.2).

Modern economic theory distinguishes two phases of the economic (industrial) cycle:

  • - recession, including crisis and depression;
  • - climb, including revival and boom.

Recession- this is a phase of the economic (business) cycle, characterized by a relatively moderate, non-critical decline in production or a slowdown in economic growth. It is located between the top and bottom points.

Rise (expansion) of production- the phase located between the bottom (lowest point) and boom (highest point of the cycle).

According to the US National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), a recession is a period of decline in the level of aggregate output, income, employment, and trade, lasting from six months to one year and characterized by a significant decline in many sectors of the economy.

American scientists Arthur Burns and Wesley Mitchell, studying the cyclical fluctuations of the modern economy, came to the conclusion that the dynamics of the output and employment series determines economic growth, called an increasing trend, and fluctuations in business activity around the trend form industrial cycles.

Thus, a trend can be considered as a result of the action of factors that determine long-term economic growth (savings level, increase in labor resources, technical changes, etc.), and a cycle can be considered as a temporary deviation from this trend.

Economic cycle (Business cycle, or business cycle)- these are regular fluctuations in the level of business activity (usually represented by fluctuations in national income), in which, after an increase in business activity, it decreases, after which its increase is observed again.

Modern economic cycles differ significantly from the cycles late XIX- first half of the 20th century.

  • 1. They do not have a depression phase as obligatory, but if the fall is very deep and long-lasting, then the recession phase is called depression.
  • 2. There is no clear boundary between revival and recovery. These phases are combined into one. This is called the expansion phase of production. There are top (boom) and bottom (bottom) points of the business cycle.
  • 3. The resultant of long-term economic growth is determined - a trend, fluctuations around which form a cycle.
  • 4. Economic indicators in the phases of the cycle have also changed.

Economic laws are the laws of the development of production relations (or property relations), which are closely related to the development of productive forces. Such laws, similar to the laws of nature, are distinguished by their objective nature. However, they are very different from the laws of nature, since they arise, develop and function exclusively in the process economic activity people - in production, distribution, exchange and consumption. In addition, unlike the laws of nature, economic laws are not eternal. In this article we will talk about what economic laws and categories there are.

Systematization

Experts distinguish four types of them in the system of economic laws:

  • general laws are those laws that are inherent in all social methods of production. This includes the law of growth of labor productivity, the law of saving time and others.
  • special. This category includes laws operating in several socio-economic formations. For example, the law of value, the law of supply and demand
  • specific economic laws operate within the framework of one social mode of production. The most important is the basic economic law, which expresses the connections in the process of interaction between productive forces and property relations
  • private laws are laws that work exclusively at one stage of the social mode of production. For example, the law of monopoly formation by concentration of production, operating at the highest stage of development of capitalism, approximately from the beginning of the 20th century.

Basic laws

Of all economic laws, the most important are:

  • competition law
  • law of division of labor
  • law of labor change
  • law of demand
  • law of supply.

In the term “competition,” experts include the rivalry of companies that produce the same products in order to attract consumers to their products. Competition can be called one of the most important concepts of a market economy, which substantiates the laws of the capitalist mode of production. The task of competition is to guarantee conditions for extracting the greatest income and achieving cost-effective company performance.
The scope of competition law is all social production. The intensity of competition in the market for goods and services in a market economy does not cease to grow, and the types of competition, or rather, competition, become more complex, more diverse and take on an indirect nature. The results of such a struggle depend on the subjects of competition, as well as on certain material and economic conditions for the development of society.
Due to increased competition in the labor and goods markets and, at the same time, high levels of poverty Russian citizens, introduction of monetization social benefits increases interest in the sociological analysis of the “hare problem” - the problems of minimizing society's losses, which are associated with the desire of citizens to use a large number of public goods distributed without payment. However, imperfect competition in the Russian market of goods and services becomes the reason for the desire of manufacturers to fast receipt income, as a result of which it becomes unprofitable to increase the production of “public goods” distributed free of charge among the poor and impoverished segments of the population.
Important social indicators of competition include:

  • competitiveness, which manifests itself in the interaction of competing parties - economic entities
  • fairness of competition, which follows from the norms of ethics and culture of competing entities.

The law of division of labor divides all human labor into different types, for example, mental and physical labor; industrial and agricultural; managerial and executive. This law underlies the division of society into social groups that engage in corresponding types of work.
In the context of the development of the newest concept of the “knowledge economy”, experts are studying the status different types labor, their combination, the formation of new professions and types labor activity, the growth of the field of tertiary education, which in the Russian education system corresponds to secondary and higher vocational education, as well as postgraduate education (postgraduate and doctoral studies). Postgraduate education plays a decisive role in creating an intellectual base and developing new types of intellectual work.
In sociological analysis, a global problem can be called the social consequences of the division of social labor, namely the process of creating the Russian middle class, as well as the integration into its system of representatives of various social and professional strata of highly qualified employees.
The law of labor change is closely related to the law of division of labor and represents the “universal law of social production.” The formation of this law was recorded during the Industrial Revolution of the 16th-19th centuries, when there was an increase in the dependence of the type of labor on technical progress and its implementation in all types of production.
The activity of this law reflects the mobility of the employee’s functions and the need to change the type of work. The company, based on production requests and the interests of the administration, has the right to replace personnel in order to create a high-quality workforce. Consequently, this law manifests itself in the process of transition from one type of activity to another and implies that a person has the ability to make such a transition. Due to changes in work, the employee’s abilities and professional skills develop. Let us note that mastering several specialties not only expands the scope of a person’s work activity, but also causes an increase in his competitiveness in the labor market.
In Russian market economy There are three forms of functioning of the law of labor change:

  • changing the type of work activity within the existing profession
  • change of work type
  • combination of main work with other types of work.

The changed structure of the Russian labor and employment market has entailed a change in the nature of demand. In the context of a general sharp decline in labor mobility in the manufacturing industry at the dawn of the 1990s and a reduction in the employment of engineering and technical employees, labor market demands for financial and economic specialists, lawyers, managers, and trade workers increased.
In the world labor market in the context of globalization, there is a need for growing migration of labor resources, adaptation of people to the demands of national labor markets, the needs of employers and consumers.
The laws of supply and demand are the fundamental economic laws in a market economy. They express the action of two main market forces - supply and demand. The result of their interaction can be called “an agreement between the parties on the purchase and sale of goods and/or services in a specific quantity and at a specific cost.”

Economic categories

The main economic categories are actually theoretical expressions, mental forms of production relations, economic phenomena and processes that actually exist. We can say that they are also specific concepts in which the economic characteristics of objects, phenomena, and processes are expressed.
Such categories in theory reflect mainly property relations in their interaction with the development of the system of productive forces. Since the content of productive forces is the interaction of man with nature in the process of work, one side of the economic category is specific areas of such interaction. For example, these categories include:

  • objects of labor
  • ways of working
  • consumer price
  • product of labor.

On the other hand, the economic category is the relationship between people regarding the assignment of different objects of property and the results of labor. For example, money, price, cost, salary, profit, rent.
In addition, each economic law groups specific economic categories around itself, for example, the law of value is revealed using categories such as required labor time, market value, price.
Based on the fact that economic categories are a theoretical expression of individual aspects of property relations in their interaction with the development of productive forces, the formation of new types of property is inextricably linked with the emergence of new economic categories.

    developing or Third World countries(sometimes they are called agricultural, the basis of the economy is agriculture, the sale of minerals, that is, the raw materials industry is developed, etc.);

    industrial (the basis of the economy of these states is industry);

    post-industrial (these are modern developed states in which a scientific and technological revolution has occurred; the main wealth of these states is created in the service sector, in the industrial sector).

Depending on the form of government of the state

    Monarchy, that is, the power of one person;

    Republic:

    • Oligarchy, that is, the power of a few;

      Polyarchy, that is, the rule of the majority; another name is liberal democracy.

    Jamahiriya.

Depending on the dominant ideology of the state

    ideologized;

    de-ideologized.

De-ideologized (secular) states- There is no official ideology here. In ideologized states, the entire functioning of the state is determined by the dominant ideology. In particular, a person’s ability to participate in state activities, etc., depends on his views on state ideology. In deideologized states, ideological pluralism is proclaimed, that is, the opportunity to preach and develop any ideology. The state can prohibit extreme forms of ideology, such as racist ones.

Part two

Types of law

Type of law is a set of the most important features of law generated by a certain era. As in the theory of state, in the theory of law there are two approaches to typology: formational And civilizational.

With the formational approach, the most important factor determining the type of law is its class essence, that is, the interests of which class it serves. According to the Marxist theory of social development, each of the class socio-economic formations - slave, feudal, capitalist and socialist - corresponds to a certain historical type of law.

Historical type of law - this is a set of the most essential features characteristic of the legal system of a certain socio-economic formation. There are four historical types of law: slave, feudal, bourgeois, socialist.

Slave law

Slave law - it is the will of the slave-owning class elevated to law. The main objectives of slave law were: securing the private ownership of slave owners in the means of production and slaves, as well as protecting the foundations of the slave state system.

Legal history ancient world knows two main slaveholding state and legal models: ancient Eastern and ancient. The first model was widespread in the territories of states that existed in the 4th millennium BC. - 1st floor 1st millennium AD on the Asian and African continents (Egypt, Babylonia, India, China, etc.), the second - in Ancient Greece and in Ancient Rome. The main difference between these models was that the ancient Eastern legal system was built on the predominance of the state over the individual, and the ancient one, on the contrary, on the freedom of the individual and its autonomy from the state. Such freedom was possible thanks to the widespread prevalence of private property in ancient states. It was private property that provided citizens with a certain independence from the state, while in the countries of the Ancient East property belonged to the state and was associated with position: in order to become an owner, it was necessary to occupy a certain place in the state hierarchy.

The difference between the two legal systems of slave law was not absolute, but relative. The ancient Eastern and ancient legal systems had more similarities than differences:

1) both systems legally established class-class inequality, that is, inequality not only between free and slaves, but also inequality between separate groups of free people;

2) both systems were closely related to religion. The concepts of sinful and criminal largely coincided, religious norms served as a source of legal norms, and clergy were often at the origins of justice;

3) the legal norms enshrined in most legislative monuments of both systems were records of specific cases from judicial practice - incidents, or instructions for judges, did not contain general rules behavior and were casuistic in nature. Crucial importance for legal actions was compliance with a certain form of their implementation;

4) both systems did not know the division of law into branches;

5) with the exception of Roman private law, all ancient law was characterized by a low level of legal technology: strict legal terminology was not developed, legislators used everyday language.

The pinnacle of slaveholding law was Roman law. It was divided into private and public. The classic distinction between public and private law was given by the Roman jurist Ulpian, who wrote: “Public law is that which relates to the position of the Roman state; private - which refers to the benefit of individuals.” Roman law was different the highest level legal technique, precision of formulation, validity of decisions, specificity, practicality, vitality. It reached its highest level of development in the regulation of property relations, primarily property relations. Even after the fall of the Roman Empire, Roman private law continued to exist, exerting a huge influence on the legislation of European countries (in particular, during the formation and development of bourgeois states), on legal thought and the legal history of mankind.

Feudal law

Feudal law represented the will of the dominant feudal class in the Middle Ages, elevated to law. Its main task was to legally formalize and regulate the property rights of feudal lords to land and other means of production, ensuring their political and economic dominance in medieval society. Feudal law was characterized by the following features:

1) the main place in feudal law was occupied by the norms regulating land relations, since it was land that represented the main wealth in the Middle Ages;

2) feudal law was a privileged right that consolidated the inequality of the various classes of medieval society. A person's social status was determined in accordance with the place he occupied in the feudal hierarchy. Each class had its own court; only the peasants were subject to the court of the master, since they were outside the feudal hierarchy. The investigative (inquisitorial) process dominated, built on a system of formal evidence, of which the confession of the accused himself was considered the most perfect evidence. Witness testimony was taken into account taking into account the social status of the witness;

3) feudal law is the right of the strong. It openly recognized violence as a source of law (primarily on the part of the feudal lord in relation to the peasant);

4) feudal law was inherent particularism, i.e., the absence of a unified system of law throughout the country. Law was fragmented; acts of individual feudal lords and local customs prevailed locally;

5) like the law of the ancient world, feudal law retained a close connection with religion;

6) feudal law did not know the division into branches of law. Its components were manorial law, city law, commercial law, canon law and royal law.

As commodity-money relations developed in feudal society, feudal law borrowed a number of institutions and norms of Roman law. This process was called the reception of Roman law. Beginning in the Middle Ages, it continued in modern times - the era of the formation of bourgeois relations.

Bourgeois law

Bourgeois law formed during the period of the XVII-XIX centuries. and represented the will of the bourgeois class elevated to law. In legal science today, this law is also called modern law, since in its main features it is still in effect to this day. Bourgeois law is characterized by:

1) secularism is a right that is not related to religion;

2) high legal technology and the creation of an extensive branch system of law;

3) division of law into private and public;

4) recognition of the law as the main source of law. The main tasks of bourgeois law are the protection of capitalist ownership of land and the preservation of the main means of production in the hands of the bourgeoisie.

Socialist law

According to Marxist theory socialist law represents at the first stage - the stage of formation and development of the socialist state - the will of the proletariat, peasants and working intelligentsia raised into law, and at the second stage - the stage of developed socialism - the will of the entire people raised into law. It is not eternal: having emerged along with the state as a class institution, socialist law will die out along with it. In reality, socialist law was declarative in nature and was subordinated to the state.

Currently, the formational approach to the typology of law is subject to serious criticism. The understanding of law solely as the will of a single, dominant class elevated to law is outdated. Modern legal science sees in law the state-established ideas of society about what is legal and illegal, what is permitted and what is prohibited. Law is not a tool of class domination, but a means of achieving social compromise. At the same time, the civilizational approach to the typology of law directs researchers to study the specifics of the law of each civilization. However, such a methodology does not allow identifying common features and patterns of development of the legal development of humanity and model a unified classification. Therefore, modern legal science, studying the history of law, prefers such scientific categories as the legal system and the legal family to the concept of “type of law”.

Vocabulary lesson

Canon law - right of the Christian church. Manorial law - a set of legal norms that regulated relations in the feudal estate between peasants and feudal lords.

Formal proof system - a procedure in which the value of each piece of evidence is determined by law and depends on the social status and religion of the witness.

Question number 2 part two

Expenses state budget RF.

State budget expenditures- these are funds aimed at financially supporting the tasks and functions of the state and local government.

All expenses can be divided into the following groups:

§ military;

§ economic;

§ for social needs;

§ for foreign policy activities;

Thus, the costs go to:

governmental support individual industries;

financing:

Social and cultural events,

Country defense,

Law enforcement activities,

International cooperation,

Repayment and servicing of public debt;

Industry

Social politics

Agriculture

Public Administration

International activity

Defense

Law enforcement

Healthcare

Financial support for regions.

This division of budget expenditures, characterizing the sectoral proportions of the distribution of budget funds, allows for redistribution government resources for the purpose of structural transformation of social production.

The main source of cash revenues to the budget is: national income, national wealth, internal and external loans.

Expenditures of the federal budget of the Russian Federation are classified:

1) by its role in the process of reproduction - for costs associated with financing material production and maintaining the non-production sphere. This distinction allows us to analyze in more detail the role of the state and the importance of the budget in regulating the economic and social development of society.

2) according to functional purpose - for expenses on financing the national economy, socio-cultural events, national defense, maintenance of the administrative apparatus, on law enforcement and security, on fundamental research and promotion of scientific and technological progress, on expenses for servicing the public debt.

Each type of expense has a qualitative and quantitative characteristics. High quality reflects the economic nature of the phenomenon and establishes the purpose of budget expenditures, and quantitative - their value.

Budget expenditures, depending on their economic content, are also divided into current expenditures and capital expenditures – capital expenditures.

The bulk of the funds comes from current expenses. These expenses ensure the ongoing functioning of the organs state power local government, budgetary institutions, provision of state support to other budgetary and individual sectors of the economy in the form of grants, subsidies and subventions, as well as other budget expenses not included in capital expenditures in accordance with the budget classification. They include expenses for the purchase of goods and services, labor of civil servants, wages, payments on internal loans and public external debt, etc.

Capital Expenditures– these are expenses that ensure innovation and investment activities in accordance with the approved investment program. These include

(Let's explain some expenses)

1. To expenses for public administration and local government include the costs of maintaining the relevant bodies of state power and local self-government - representative (legislative) and executive. These expenses, being the material and financial basis for the activities of government bodies, allow them to manage the economy.

2. Expenditures on the judiciary, law enforcement activities and ensuring state security cover the funds necessary to maintain the prosecutor's office, internal affairs and internal troops, the criminal procedural system, customs authorities, tax police, border service and state security.

3. In expenses for National economy the main place is occupied by deductions in the industry Agriculture, housing and communal services, consumer services and some other industries.

4. Significant budget funds are annually allocated to financing of social and cultural events. These are costs for education, health care and physical education, social security, social assistance, culture and art, and the media. They allow the state to develop a system of public education, finance culture, satisfy the minimum needs of the population for medical care, provide social protection for citizens, and increase the level of their social security. The largest amounts are allocated to finance education. The priority remains free education and healthcare. Guaranteed to receive free general and on a competitive basis vocational education.

Considerable attention is paid to the social protection of the least affluent segments of the population. Measures are envisaged to increase the minimum wage, increase unemployment benefits, and compensation for children's meals preschool age, schoolchildren, students, on streamlining the wages of employees of budgetary institutions.

It should be borne in mind that a large part of social expenditures goes through off-budget social funds (payment of pensions).

Budget expenditures on social and cultural events have not only social, but also economic significance. As the financial basis for the implementation social rights- for education, medical service, social protection, etc., these expenses simultaneously affect social production, helping to improve the quality of labor resources, creating conditions for increasing labor productivity based on the use of scientific achievements, and accelerating scientific and technological progress.

5. Part of the budget funds is allocated on defense. Defense expenditures are caused by the need to preserve and develop the defense industry complex, maintain the combat readiness of the army, continue the development of the latest weapons, as well as strengthening the social protection of military personnel and members of their families, increasing salaries for officers, rising prices for military products and a number of other reasons.

6. Expenditures on basic research and promotion of scientific and technological progress constitute only a small percentage of the total amount of federal budget expenditures

7. Expenses for international activities include costs for non-trade operations (maintenance of Russian institutions and representative offices abroad, payment of membership fees to international organizations, etc.). Financing costs in the field of international activities covers the international cooperation, implementation of international treaties, cultural, scientific and information relations.

IMPORTANT!

http://info.minfin.ru/fbrash.php

It takes a long time to copy all the diagrams, but if you look at the approximate percentage and numbers, he’ll definitely ask. 2011 especially. Look at what the most is spent on (there, 3 indicators are always in the lead)

http://info.minfin.ru/fbdohod.php

look at the income too!

Current budget expenditures- part of budget expenditures that ensures the current functioning of state authorities, local governments, budgetary institutions, the provision of state support to other budgets and individual sectors of the economy in the form of subsidies, subsidies and subventions for the current functioning. Current expenses include expenses such as wage, purchase of services, transport services, utilities.

Capital expenditure budgets- part of budget expenditures that ensures innovation and investment activities, including expenditure items intended for investments in existing or newly created legal entities in accordance with the approved investment program, funds provided as budget loans to legal entities, expenses for major (rehabilitation) repairs and other expenses associated with expanded reproduction, expenses during the implementation of which property owned by the Russian Federation, its constituent entities, and municipalities is created or increased. Capital expenditures include capital construction, major repairs, purchase of equipment, durable equipment and land.

The current budget legislation excludes budget loans from budget expenditures, but in theory they adhere to the above classification and include budget loans as part of capital budget expenditures.

The volume of expenditures of the corresponding budget is determined and approved item by item. Budget funds are allocated to specific recipients of budget funds with the designation of their direction to finance specific goals.

Among the capital expenditures of the budgets the following are highlighted:

Expenses intended for investment in capital construction projects of state and municipal property;

Funds provided as budget loans to legal entities.

Budget expenditures are divided on a territorial basis in accordance with the budgetary structure of the Russian Federation.

Formation of budget expenses budget system RF is carried out in accordance with expenditure obligations stipulated by the division of powers established by the legislation of the Russian Federation of federal government bodies, government bodies of the constituent entities of the Federation and local governments.

According to Art. 6 of the Budget Code of the Russian Federation, expenditure obligations are the obligations of a public legal entity (the Russian Federation, its subject, a municipal entity) or acting on its behalf, stipulated by law, other regulatory legal act, contract or agreement budgetary institution provide to an individual or legal entity, other public legal entity, subject international law funds from one or another budget.

The law (decision) on the budget for the next financial year and planning period creates appropriate financial conditions for the implementation of the norms enshrined in other regulations issued before its adoption and providing for the expenditure obligations of a public legal entity, i.e. implying the provision of any funds and material guarantees, and necessitates expenses.

Budget system of the Russian Federation.

Budget system Russian Federation - based on economic relations and the state structure of the Russian Federation, regulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation, the totality of the federal budget, budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local budgets and budgets of state extra-budgetary funds;

Thus, the budget system of the Russian Federation includes budgets of three levels:

First level– federal budget and budgets of state extra-budgetary funds of the Russian Federation

Second level- Budgets of constituent entities of the Russian Federation and budgets of territorial state extra-budgetary funds

Third level– budgets of municipalities

The budget is a form of formation and expenditure of a fund of funds intended for financial security tasks and functions of the state and local government. Regional budgets provide tasks and functions that are within the jurisdiction of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local budgets are within the jurisdiction of local self-government.

State extra-budgetary fund- a fund of funds formed outside the federal budget and the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and intended to implement the constitutional rights of citizens to pensions, social insurance, social security in case of unemployment, health care and medical care.

Federal budget and budgets of state extra-budgetary funds of the Russian Federation

The federal budget and the budgets of state extra-budgetary funds of the Russian Federation are intended to fulfill the expenditure obligations of the Russian Federation.

Budget of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation and budget of a territorial state extra-budgetary fund

Each subject of the Russian Federation has its own budget and the budget of a territorial state extra-budgetary fund.

The budget of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation (regional budget) and the budget of a territorial state extra-budgetary fund are intended to fulfill the expenditure obligations of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

The budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation separately provide for funds allocated for the fulfillment of expenditure obligations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation arising in connection with:

a) with the exercise by government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation of powers on subjects of jurisdiction of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation

b) powers on subjects of joint jurisdiction in accordance with 184-FZ "On general principles organizations of legislative (representative) and executive bodies state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation"

c) expenditure obligations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation carried out at the expense of subventions from the federal budget.

Local budget

Each municipality has its own budget.

The budget of a municipal entity (local budget) is intended to fulfill the expenditure obligations of the municipal entity.

Local budgets separately provide for funds allocated to fulfill the expenditure obligations of municipalities arising in connection with:

a) with the exercise by local self-government bodies of powers on issues of local importance

b) expenditure obligations of municipalities, fulfilled at the expense of subventions from other budgets of the budget system of the Russian Federation for the implementation of certain state powers.

Local budgets currently number more than 100 thousand.

The budgets included in the budget system of the Russian Federation are independent and are not included in each other, i.e. budgets of constituent entities of the Russian Federation are not included in the federal budget, and local budgets are not included in regional budgets.

Federal budget and set of consolidated budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation(without taking into account interbudgetary transfers between these budgets) form the consolidated budget of the Russian Federation (a set of budgets of all levels of the budget system of the Russian Federation).

Budget of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation and set of budgets of municipalities, included in the constituent entity of the Russian Federation (without taking into account interbudgetary transfers between these budgets), form the consolidated budget of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

Budget of a municipal district (district budget) and a set of budgets of urban and rural settlements, included in the municipal district (without taking into account interbudgetary transfers between these budgets), form the consolidated budget of the municipal district.

Consolidated budgets of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities RF are not considered or approved by legislative authorities. They perform the function of combining the territory’s budget indicators. First of all, consolidated budgets are a statistical set of budget indicators that characterize aggregated data on income and expenses, sources of funds and areas of their use for the territory of the Russian Federation as a whole and individual constituent entities of the Russian Federation

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