All tryn grass
The mysterious "tryn-grass" is not at all some kind of herbal medicine that is drunk so as not to worry. At first it was called "tyn-grass", and tyn is a fence. It turned out "fence grass", that is, a weed that no one needs, indifferent to everyone.
Pour in the first number
Believe it or not, in the old school, students were flogged every week, regardless of who was right and who was wrong. And if the "mentor" overdoes it, then such a spanking was enough for a long time, until the first day of the next month.
Goal like a falcon
Terribly poor, beggar. Usually they think that we are talking about a falcon bird. But she's not here. In fact, the "falcon" is an old military battering ram. It was a completely smooth ("bare") cast-iron ingot, mounted on chains. Nothing extra!
Orphan Kazan
So they say about a person who pretends to be unhappy, offended, helpless in order to pity someone. But why is the orphan specifically "Kazan"? It turns out that this phraseological unit arose after the conquest of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible. Mirzas (Tatar princes), being subjects of the Russian Tsar, tried to beg him for all sorts of indulgences, complaining about their orphanhood and bitter fate.
unlucky person
In the old days in Rus', "the way" was called not only the road, but also various positions at the prince's court. The falconer's path is in charge of princely hunting, the trapping path is dog hunting, the equerry's path is carriages and horses. The boyars, by hook or by crook, tried to get a way from the prince - a position. And to those who did not succeed, they spoke of those with disdain: an unlucky person.
Inside out
Now it seems to be quite a harmless expression. And once it was associated with a shameful punishment. During the time of Ivan the Terrible, a guilty boyar was put back to front on a horse in clothes turned inside out and in this form, disgraced, was driven around the city to the whistle and ridicule of the street crowd.
lead by the nose
To deceive, promising and not fulfilling the promise. This expression was associated with fairground entertainment. The gypsies led the bears by wearing a nose ring. And they forced them, the poor fellows, to do various tricks, deceiving them with the promise of handouts.
Scapegoat
This is the name of a person who is blamed for someone else's fault. The history of this expression is as follows: the ancient Jews had a rite of absolution. The priest laid both hands on the head of a live goat, thereby, as it were, shifting the sins of the whole people onto him. After that, the goat was driven out into the wilderness. Many, many years have passed, and the rite no longer exists, but the expression lives on.
Sharpen laces
Lyasy (balusters) are chiseled curly columns of railings at the porch. Only a real master could make such beauty. Probably, at first, "sharpening balusters" meant having an elegant, bizarre, ornate (like balusters) conversation. But craftsmen to conduct such a conversation by our time became less and less. So this expression began to denote empty chatter.
Grated roll
In the old days there really was such a kind of bread - "grated kalach". The dough for it was kneaded, kneaded, "rubbed" for a very long time, which made the kalach unusually lush. And there was also a proverb - "do not grate, do not mint, there will be no kalach." That is, a person is taught by trials and tribulations. The expression comes from this proverb.
Nick down
If you think about it, the meaning of this expression seems cruel - you must admit, it is not very pleasant to imagine an ax next to your own nose. In fact, everything is not so sad. In this expression, the word "nose" has nothing to do with the organ of smell. "Nose" was called a commemorative plaque, or a tag for records. In the distant past, illiterate people always carried with them such boards and sticks, with the help of which all kinds of notes or notches were made as a keepsake.
Break a leg
This expression arose among hunters and was based on the superstitious idea that with a direct wish (both down and feather), the results of the hunt can be jinxed. Feather in the language of hunters means a bird, fluff - animals. In ancient times, a hunter going on a hunt received this parting word, the "translation" of which looks something like this: "Let your arrows fly past the target, let the snares and traps you set remain empty, just like the hunting pit!" To which the miner, in order not to jinx it, also replied: "To hell!". And both were sure that the evil spirits, invisibly present at this dialogue, would be satisfied and leave behind, would not plot during the hunt.
Beat the thumbs
What are "backcloths", who and when "beats" them? For a long time handicraftsmen have been making spoons, cups and other utensils from wood. To cut a spoon, it was necessary to chip off a chock - a baklusha - from a log. Apprentices were entrusted with preparing buckwheat: it was an easy, trifling matter that did not require special skills. Cooking such chocks was called "baklushi to beat." From here, from the ridicule of the masters over the auxiliary workers - "bottlenecks", our saying went.
rub glasses
How can glasses be "rubbed"? Where and why? Such a picture would look very ridiculous. And the absurdity occurs because we are not talking about glasses at all, which serve to correct vision. There is another meaning of the word "glasses": red and black marks on playing cards. There is even a gambling card game, so called - "point". Since the cards exist, there have been dishonest players, cheaters in the world. They, in order to deceive a partner, indulged in all sorts of tricks. They were able, among other things, to quietly "rub glasses" - to turn a seven into a six or a four into a five, on the go, during the game, sticking a "point" or covering it with a special white powder. And the expression "rubbing glasses" began to mean "cheating", hence other words were born: "fraud", "fraudster" - a trickster who knows how to embellish his work, pass off bad as very good.
After the rain on Thursday
Rusichi - the most ancient ancestors of Russians - honored among their gods the main god - the god of thunder and lightning Perun. One of the days of the week, Thursday, was dedicated to him (it is interesting that among the ancient Romans, Thursday was also dedicated to the Latin Perun - Jupiter). Perun offered prayers for rain in a drought. It was believed that he should be especially willing to fulfill requests on "his day" - Thursday. And since these prayers often remained in vain, the saying "After the rain on Thursday" began to be applied to everything that is not known when it will be fulfilled.
As in the case with popular expressions many Russian proverbs and sayings have lost their original meaning. Most often, though not always, this was due to the loss of their ending.
For example, the well-known saying: "Hunger is not an aunt," continues as "the pie will not slip" (there is different variants endings).
Both in the truncated and in the full version, the meaning is the same: hunger is a cruel test that you will not regret, like a relative, but, on the contrary, can push anyone to commit a crime.
But today we will analyze exactly that part of the Slavic heritage that has come down to us in a distorted form.
The fish is looking for where it is deeper, and the person is looking for where it is better.
The generally accepted meaning of the proverb is that any person is looking for a place where he will feel good and comfortable. However, there is a version that the original meaning was different:
The fish is looking for where it is deeper, and the man - where it is better to serve the Motherland.
That is, it was not about the mercantile feelings of a person, but, on the contrary, about the noble impulses of the soul. Of course, I will not say that this is true, but the theory itself looks beautiful.
Poverty is not a vice
This is said to show that poverty is nothing to be ashamed of. However, the original:
Poverty is not a vice, but twice as bad, hinting that it is better to have some vices than to be poor. Moreover, attention should be focused not on the fact that there is some benefit in vices, but on the fact that poverty is a very difficult and negative phenomenon that it is better not to face.
Goal like a falcon
Now they say that about a person who has nothing for his soul. The Slavs, by this, meant not just a poor person, but also a savvy, punchy one, saying:
Goal like a falcon, but sharp like an axe.
You brewed porridge - you and disentangle
Initially, this proverb was understood literally: a peasant who came to visit a neighbor and received an invitation to dine, out of politeness, refused and answered with these very words.
Now we understand it in a figurative sense: each person must cope with his own problems.
Who remembers the old - that eye out
The proverb teaches that we need to forget past grievances and forgive people who have harmed us. However, in the original it sounds like:
Whoever remembers the old - that's out of the eye, and whoever forgets - both of them.
That is, you don’t need to sharpen your teeth on the offender, however, you shouldn’t forget about the harm done to you either - you need to be prepared for repeated meanness from this person.
Leopard change his spots
An adult person who has been formed as a person cannot be corrected. It's hard to disagree with this. Our ancestors said otherwise:
A humpbacked grave will fix it, but a stubborn club.
They meant that the physical imperfection of the human body can no longer be corrected (yes, there were no plastic surgeons and the opportunity to put yourself, for example, a prosthetic leg), but spiritual and moral qualities can and should be corrected for the better.
On you, God, what is worthless to us
In those distant times, people would hardly have shown such disrespect for God. They spoke:
On those, heavenly, that we are worthless.
The word "heavenly" comes from "heavenly" - this is how the poor and wretched were called in the old days. That is, the orphans and the unfortunate were given that which was unnecessary to the giver.
Lucky, as a drowned man
Now this means that a person is terribly unlucky. In ancient times, the proverb looked different and was understood almost literally:
Lucky as a Saturday drowned man - you don’t need to heat the bathhouse!
Like, luck smiled at the man: he washed himself, and he doesn’t have the hassle associated with kindling a bathhouse.
Ate the dog
So they say about a person who is a master or a specialist in some field. In this case, he "ate the dog."
Our ancestors said otherwise:
He ate the dog and choked on his tail.
This meant that someone, in general, did a good job, but not perfectly, stumbling over some little things.
The case of the master is afraid
Phraseologism means that the master is able to cope with any task perfectly. But the continuation of this proverb refutes this statement:
The work of the master is afraid, and another master of the work is afraid.
Repetition is the mother of learning
Teachers tell us this in an attempt to prove that repetition is an important part of the educational process. Based on the meaning of the original, this can be regarded as a mockery of the students:
Repetition is the mother of learning, the consolation of fools (or, alternatively, the refuge of donkeys).
That is, the smart understand everything at once, and the stupid only through cramming.
birds of a feather flock together
So they say about kindred spirits or people who have common interests, which allows them to get closer.
In the original, the expression sounded like this: The fisherman sees the fisherman from afar, and therefore bypasses
And it was taken literally.
For someone else's good he walks with a bucket
As it may seem, this is about greedy people. And, as usual, the original meaning of the proverb is exactly the opposite. Poor peasants, receiving material assistance from more prosperous compatriots, sought to somehow thank them: for example, by dragging them water from a well.
Mind Chamber
Many people say this about smart, educated individuals who are distinguished high level intellect. But it is more correct to use the saying in an ironic way, because the full version of the phrase sounds different:
Mind chamber, but the key is lost!
Business before pleasure
Now we understand this "cannibalistic" expression as the need to devote most of the time to work, and less to rest and entertainment.
In ancient times, the word "hour" served as a synonym for the word "time". When the Russian Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (1629-1676) wrote these words in the "Sergeant", he meant that you need to evenly distribute your time and spend it both on work and on leisure.
Hold your chicken by the wing, and pinch someone else's
And again, this is not about human greed, but, on the contrary, about generosity. In Rus', there was such an unusual fun when two people took a chicken in their hands and plucked feathers from a bird held by a neighbor.
My house is on the edge
Now they say this when they want to show indifference and indifference to something. In ancient times, on the contrary, the one who lived in a hut on the edge was responsible for the general security of the village. That is, the first person, having seen the attacking enemy, such a person had to warn everyone else about the danger.
Not mine - no pity
A stereotype has become ingrained in our minds that no one cares about someone else's and government property. Therefore, people treat such property irresponsibly.
Drunken sea knee-deep
Do you think our ancestors wanted to say that a drunk person does not care? No, they meant that, despite all the “courage” that a drunk person exudes from himself, he can “break down” when he encounters the smallest obstacle:
The drunken sea is knee-deep, and the puddle is up to the ears.
When you do for someone else, and the day does not end
It would seem that the proverb means that working "for an uncle" is a long and useless work. But the original meaning of the phrase was different: when you work for the common good, and not just for your own pocket, you manage to do much more.
The first pancake is lumpy
In today's understanding, it means that a person cannot do something the first time. In ancient times, the proverb sounded like this:
The first pancake is comAm, the second pancake is for acquaintances, the third is for distant relatives, and the fourth is for me.
She taught me how to behave towards other people.
And coma are bears that the Slavs have honored since ancient times. Any host in the first place had to offer a treat (figuratively) to them.
Horses die from work
Now they say so, hinting that a person should not “tear the navel” at work. The original saying was:
Horses die from work, and people get stronger.
It meant that labor is useful and ennobles a person.
Work is not a wolf, it will not run away into the forest
Another folk wisdom, which now serves as an excuse for lazy people and loafers. In ancient times, it was understood differently. The peasants believed that there was no escape from everyday work, so you need to do them now, and not wait until they “run away into the forest”:
Work is not a wolf, it will not run away into the forest, therefore it must be done, accursed.
The old horse will not spoil the furrow
A person of age has experience and is able to cope with any business no worse than a young one. However, if you hear the full version:
The old horse will not spoil the furrow, and it will not plow deeply, then you can understand that you should not expect “miracles” from the elderly in terms of work.
Hassle full mouth
The proverb meant a bunch of things that needed to be solved. But there is an apt continuation:
The mouth is full of trouble, but there is nothing to eat.
In a broad sense, this means that hard and diligent work does not always guarantee the availability of "food" - decent pay.
Conclusion
It turns out that folk wisdom turned out to be even wiser than it might seem at first. Therefore, if you want to boast of your erudition, then in order not to get into a mess, use proverbs and catchphrases correctly.
In every culture of the most diverse nationalities there are elements that are unique to it. Some elements are expressed in the language of a given people. And they pass on the accumulated experience and knowledge, parting words for future generations, memories of any specific events that were of significant importance for the history of this culture. Such language tools There are a lot of expressions. However, we will analyze specific representatives from this mass of folk language means.
Table of contents [Show]
What are proverbs and sayings
Proverbs and sayings are short sayings about the life and way of life of the people in whose language they were born. They belong to a small form of poetic creativity. A proverb is a fairly concise phrase with a rhythmic sound. Its purpose is to teach future generations. It carries in itself the experience passed many times, passed on from older generations to the younger ones in the form of a kind of conclusion. The proverb also does not differ in a large number of words. Represents a speech turnover with a built-in meaning. Often this meaning is humorous. The main difference between a proverb and a saying is that the first is a sentence with a deep meaning, and the second is a phrase or a combination of several words.
The history of the appearance of these speech genres
No one can tell the exact date of birth of the first proverbs and sayings. With the advent of language as a means of communication and transfer of experience, people sought to capture and transmit to the future all the phenomena they saw. In ancient times, writing and access to it were imperfect. Just a few centuries ago, many people in Rus' were illiterate. But what about more distant times? The way out was folk oral art, catchy phrases and expressions, which in their short presentation carry a global meaning, and most importantly, are well remembered and pass along the chain from mouth to mouth. So the experience and wisdom of many centuries have reached our days.
The use of proverbs and sayings in speech
Russian proverbs and sayings and their meaning are firmly entrenched in culture and history. There is not a single person who does not know at least one of them. Being a small literary genre, they have a deep meaning. Without losing their relevance in completely different time periods of history, they are still used in oral speech, in the media, in completely different print publications and books. This entire area of use speaks of the importance of the information carried by the proverbs of the Russian people and their meaning. Cultural value and folk wisdom simply will not let them forget and disappear.
Purpose of proverbs and sayings
As already mentioned, the most important thing in these means of linguistic expression is the description of the surrounding phenomena. Thus, our ancestors described the world around them and passed it on to the next generations. Russian proverbs and sayings and their meaning are, first of all, history. They reflect the life and everyday problems of society that occur at the moment when they were born. These phrases and phrases received an emotional coloring, the frequency of the occurrence of this phenomenon and the causal relationship were noticed, and a solution to the problem was laid. In this composition, Russian proverbs and their meaning passed further through the pages of history and were firmly imprinted in the culture of the people. That is, we can conclude that the original purpose was to describe the phenomenon for posterity and resolve issues related to it.
The place of proverbs in modern life
Russian proverbs and their meaning are firmly fixed in the culture of our people. They are an integral part Everyday life, everyday conversations, literature. Most proverbs do not lose their relevance, they reflect the essence of things, not limited by the time frame of existence. Their meaning has remained as significant as it was centuries ago. The types of human character and the laws of the universe change little over the course of generations. Russian proverbs and their meaning have not changed their place in the life of society. Their task is still the same - to teach and warn.
Recent generations have moved far away from literature, many Russian folk proverbs and their meaning are unknown to modern children. For them, this is a meaningless set of words. However, on life path they will have to face these statements more than once. And even without reading the literary classics, they will eventually recognize this part of folk culture.
Famous Russian proverbs and sayings, their meaning
Here are some examples of proverbs. A remarkable bright representative of their society is the proverb "An old friend is better than two new ones." How many times in life have each of us come across this statement? And we all know why that is. An old friend has been tested over the years, he will not betray, he has become something of a family, there are so many things in common between old friends, so many memories! How can new friends offer something like that?
Cheek brings success. This proverb talks about the importance of making decisions and implementing them. Often, to fulfill a desire, there is not enough willpower to take risks. Courage in starting a business is already half the success. Fear has always been, is and will be. It is absolutely natural for a living person, but you need to be able to overcome it. Then many things will not seem as complicated and impracticable as they originally were.
The first step is difficult. The meaning is similar to the previous one. In order to do something, you first need to get to work. And then things will go much easier.
Seven times measure cut once. It emphasizes the need for careful planning and anticipation of possible outcomes. For everything you do, you have to pay and sacrifice something. It is necessary to clearly understand whether it is worth it or not. Otherwise, it will be excruciatingly painful or even ashamed of the causeless impulsiveness.
Sources of proverbs and sayings
The original source, of course, was oral speech. The phrases were passed down from person to person, from generation to generation. After they began to appear in folk literary work: in fables, fairy tales, legends, and so on. Proverbs and their meanings in Russian fairy tales were supposed to admonish and teach the wisdom of life to children, for whom these fairy tales were intended. Now proverbs are also found in oral speech, and in literature, and in printed publications. The most extensive book-bound collections have appeared, the Internet is also rich in proverbs and explanations of their meaning. Culture cannot throw such a huge part of itself into nowhere.
The meaning of proverbs and sayings
In order to be civilized people, you must first of all remember your history, the wisdom of your predecessors, be familiar with the art and culture of the people to which you belong. The memory of the past gives a huge perspective of development. Many situations have already been passed and are precedents. This means that history has already captured multiple options for their solution. So are Russian proverbs and their meaning. With their skillful application, they will help to avoid many mistakes and unpleasant consequences in the lives of individuals and in the global scale of society.
Very often we say phrases to friends, colleagues, unfamiliar people, etc. the meaning that we do not understand or interpret incorrectly ... We suggest checking your understanding of them with the true meaning.
1. FIRST PANCAKES…
Misinterpretation: When we fail to do something the first time, we say: “The first pancake is comO”. That is, it didn’t work out, it didn’t work out, it crumpled.
But the origin of the proverb is actually quite different. Yes, and it sounds a little different - "the first pancake comAm." And there is no spelling mistake here. It's just that the meaning here is completely different - the first pancake ... bears.
Why bears first pancake? Many peoples, including the Slavs, had a custom to give the first pancakes to the coma (in Old Slavonic coma - bears). After all, the ancient Slavs honored the Komoyeditsa holiday, dedicated to the awakening of bears, which they considered the progenitors of people. The first pancakes baked by the hostess were brought to the den by bears who woke up from hibernation and were hungry like wolves.
Original source: “The first pancake is for coma, the second pancake is for acquaintances, the third pancake is for distant relatives, and the fourth pancake is for me.”
2. ZGI IS NOT VISIBLE
“Though you gouge out your eye”, “pitch darkness”, “Egyptian darkness” and “you can’t see a single thing” - this is how we can figuratively say about thick, impenetrable darkness. But what is the "zga" that is never seen? This is not known to many. By the way, even linguists still argue about the origin of this word. Some believe that “zga” is the name of a metal ring on the horse’s bow and that, by saying “you can’t see a thing”, the Russian people wanted to say: it’s so dark that you can’t even see this ring.
Others argue, and more convincingly, that “zga” is nothing more than the word “stga” that has undergone a number of changes, that is, a road, a path. In some adverbs, even now, the word “stega” is used in the meaning of “road”, from which, in particular, the diminutive “stitch” is formed. Remember, there is even a song that begins like this: “The stitches-tracks have grown over…”
So it turns out that the expression “you can’t see anything” means: “it’s so dark that you can’t see the paths, paths.” And then the meaning of such, for example, a proverb becomes clear, which the supporters of the “ring on the horse’s arch” could not explain: “A blind man leads a blind man, but both cannot see.”
In the figure: 1 - Bit; 2 - Bridle; 3 - Arc; 4 - An occasion with a lanyard; 5 - Zga; 6 - Saddle; 7 - Interlace; 8 - Harness: a) longitudinal belt, b) transverse belts, c) slope belt, d) rim belt, e) lobe; 9 - shafts: a) comb, b) strand; 10 - Abdomen; 11 - Cinch; 12 - Gouge; 13 - Clamp; 14 - Supon; 15 - Reins
3. WORK IS NOT A WOLF…
In fact, the meaning of the saying is not at all to put things off. On the contrary, in the old days, when the wolf ran into the village, the peasants hid and waited for the wolf to get tired and run away into the forest. And the work isn't going anywhere. Therefore, there is no need to wait - you need to start working.
4. HORSES DIE FROM WORK
Misinterpretation: "Working is harmful, so work less."
Full version The saying goes like this: “Horses die from work, and people get stronger.” The wise people wanted to say with these words that work is harmful only to foolish animals who do not understand the joy of work. For a person, work is not only useful, but also necessary for a healthy and happy life.
5. MY HUT WITH THE EDGE ...
Previously, villages were arranged in a long line of houses along the road. And the people who lived on the edge had a special responsibility - to be the first to meet any danger and, if necessary, to repulse any danger. Therefore, when declaring "my hut is on the edge," the peasant actually said: "I am ready with my life to protect the peace of my village."
6. YOUR SHIRT CLOSER TO THE BODY
Misinterpretation: "My interests are dearer to me."
Let's remember, when were these words spoken? Of course, at the funeral of a comrade who fell in battle. When the soldiers took off their shirts from the body and threw them into the grave - closer to the body of the deceased. Thus, they showed how much he was dear to them.
7. YOU MADE PORRIDGE FOR YOU AND DISCOVER
Misinterpretation: "I don't care about your problems."
Do you remember when these words were spoken? When a peasant came to visit a neighbor, they treated him to porridge. A polite peasant in such cases refused porridge - they say, you need food more. "You've made a mess, you'll have to deal with it."
8. NOT MY OWN - DO NOT SORRY
9. FISH IS LOOKING FOR WHERE IT IS DEEPER, AND MAN IS WHERE IT IS BETTER
Misinterpretation: "Everyone seeks only his own benefit."
This stupid fish is looking for where it's deeper. A man, a reasonable man, is looking for where he can better serve his country.
10. TEAR LIKE A SIDOR GOAT
This piquant story originates in the 12th century. The boyar Sidor Kovyla-Vislov, a personal friend of the Grand Duke Vasily Dmitrievich, was distinguished by an extravagant habit: “to tear” goats. That is, in medical terms, to copulate with goats.
WHILE A BABA IS FLYING FROM THE FURNACE, SEVENTY-SEVEN THOUGHTS WILL CHANGE YOUR MIND. About the female ability to foresee everything, think about everything and quickly choose the right one from several solutions.
GRANDMA STILL TWO SAID (guessed). 1. It is not known whether the expected, desired will come true. 2. It is not known whether what is being said is true.
WITHOUT A NAME SHEEP RAM. That which has no name is difficult to distinguish.
WITHOUT SALT THE TABLE IS CURVED. It is said when salt is not served at the table.
HARD WORDS BREAK NO BONES. Swearing, offensive, insulting words are forgotten, they can be endured.
PAPER SUSPENDS EVERYTHING. Anything can be written.
IN ONE FEATHER AND A BIRD WILL NOT BE BORN. Not all people are the same in their qualities.
VARVARA IS MY Aunt, BUT THE TRUTH IS A SISTER. Truth is the most precious thing.
IN SPRING THE DAYS ARE LONG, YES THE THREAD IS SHORT. Obsolete I don't want to work in the spring.
THERE IS NOTHING LIKE LEATHER. Everyone praises what is close to him, dear.
THE VOICE OF THE PEOPLE IS THE VOICE OF GOD. Obsolete The opinion expressed by the people is undeniable, it must be taken into account.
THE MOUNTAIN BORN A MOUSE. Huge efforts yielded insignificant results.
THUNDER DOES NOT RING, THE MAN WILL NOT CROSS. A careless person will not do what is necessary in advance, before circumstances compel him to do so.
BUSINESS IS GOING ON, THE OFFICE WRITES. Jokingly about violent activity, relentless activity, etc.
GOOD GLORY LIES, AND THIN RUNS. Bad reputation quickly spreads, and good things about a person may remain unknown.
FRIENDLY - NOT HEAVY, BUT AWAY - AT LEAST DROP. It is not difficult to work together, in concert, but it is difficult to work apart.
I DO NOT TAKE FOR THE TASTE, BUT IT WILL BE HOT AND WET. It is said jokingly when they cook or offer to eat something hot.
DO NOT TAKE MONEY FOR REQUEST. Asking for anything is not binding.
THE CROW FLEW INTO THE HIGH (boyar) MANSIONS. Obsolete It is said to someone or about someone who has fallen into an environment alien to him, a higher society.
THE CAT KNOWS WHICH MEAT IT HAS EATED. She understands that she is to blame.
KNOW THE END, DON'T FALL. Know the measure, do not go beyond the boundaries of what is permitted.
GOLD SHINES IN THE MUD. The one with great dignity is always noticeable.
WHAT POP IS, IS COMING. As is the boss, so are the subordinates.
WHO IS NOT SIN TO GOD, IS NOT GUILTY TO THE KING? Obsolete All people are sinners, all are not without sin.
WHO HAS TAKEN THE STICK, THAT AND CORPORAL. Obsolete Whoever has the power, the one with the power, the one who disposes.
Who dared, he ate two. About an enterprising, dexterous, cunning, able to arrange a person.
THE LADDER SHOULD BE REVENGE FROM THE TOP, NOT THE BELOW. Everything needs to be in order from above.
DASHING TROUBLE BEGINNING. Starting any business is difficult, it will be easier to continue.
BETTER A SMALL FISH THAN A BIG COCKROACH. Better a little useful than a lot, but unnecessary, useless.
LITTLE DOG UP TO OLD PUPPY. A small person always seems younger than his years.
THE DEAD ARE NOT BROUGHT FROM THE PEGOST. You can't bring back the past.
MOSCOW BURNED FROM A PENNY CANDLE. And small things can cause big things to happen.
THERE IS NO MASTER FOR SIN. Trouble, trouble, misfortune can happen to anyone; anyone can commit a crime.
THEY TAKE WATER ON THE ANGRY. An angry person gets more.
THIS IS WHAT THE PIKE IN THE SEA IS SO THAT THE CARP IS NOT SLEEPING. Danger makes you wary.
NO DROPS OVER US. There is no need to hurry.
I STARTED FOR HEALTH, AND I FINISHED (brought it together) FOR THE REST. About the discrepancy between a good beginning and a bad end (in words, deeds, etc.).
THERE WAS NOT A PENNY, YES SUDDENLY ALTYN. It is said with unexpected luck or joy after bad luck.
DON'T LIKE - DO NOT LISTEN, AND DO NOT INTERFERE LIE. It is said that he interrupts the speaker, expressing distrust, disagreement with him.
NEED IS JUMPING, NEED IS Dancing (crying), NEED IS SINGING A SONG. Obsolete Poverty forces you to do what you don't want to.
BURNED ON MILK, BLOWING ON WATER. One who has suffered setbacks or troubles becomes overly cautious.
ONE HEAD IS NOT A TROUBLE, A TROUBLE, SO ONE. It is easier for a lonely person, not burdened with cares for the family, to endure any difficulties and hardships.
YOU CAN'T TIE A KNOT WITH ONE HAND. You can't do anything alone.
HUNTING DEATH, YES BITTER FATE. ABOUT strong desire if it is impossible to implement.
ERROR DOES NOT BE FALSE. An error is not considered intentional deception.
WORK FOOLS LOVES. It is said jokingly or with disdain to someone whose diligence is not approved.
CUT THE TREE FOR YOURSELF. 1. Choose your equal (when getting married). 2. Take on what is within your power, capabilities.
FISH HEAD ROTTS. Disintegration, decomposition in any environment, in a team, begins primarily from above.
DO NOT DRINK WATER FROM YOUR FACE. Beauty is not important. It is said when choosing an ugly bride or groom.
SEVEN VERTS TO THE SKY AND EVERYTHING IN THE FOREST. About a long and incomprehensible speech.
THE SPOKEN WORD IS SILVER, THE UNSPOKEN IS GOLD. Words are silver, silence is gold.
LEAD CATTLE - DO NOT OPEN YOUR MOUTH TO WALK. If you keep cattle, there is no time to idle.
THE FAT HUNGRY DOESN'T UNDERSTAND. About one who does not understand the needs, inconveniences and desires of another.
FEDOT, YES NOT THAT. About who is actually worse than who they take him for or who he claims to be.
DO NOT COUNT YOUR CHICKENS BEFORE THEY ARE HATCHED. Something is judged only by the final results. It is said when the results of something are prematurely judged.
DRINKING TEA IS NOT CHOPPING FIREWOOD. Usually said in response to an invitation to drink tea.
AN HOUR WITH KVASS, SOMETIMES WITH WATER. Poor, starving. Often as an answer to the question: “How do you live?”
Zhukov, V.P. Dictionary of Russian proverbs and sayings. / V. P. Zhukov. - M .: "Modern Encyclopedia", 1967 - 537 p.
The meaning of proverbs and sayings is well explained with an example. In a series of short stories by L.N. Tolstoy, narratives are given that very accurately convey the meaning of proverbs and sayings. They are listed below. Not many examples are shown, only those proverbs that teach the mind to reason are taken, are useful in life situations and suit many. Try to explain the meaning of other proverbs and sayings that are not here, by analogy with the examples given.
Know your cricket hearth
The boy took a scythe and decided to mow the grass. He cut off his leg and cried. Baba saw and said:
- You don't have to mow. You just have to bring breakfast to your father. Know your cricket hearth.
Dog in the manger
The dog lay under the barn in the hay. The cow wanted a hay, she went under the barn, stuck her head in and just grabbed a tuft of hay - the dog growled and rushed at her. The cow walked away and said:
- If only she ate, otherwise she doesn’t eat herself, and she doesn’t give me.
The cat knows whose meat it has eaten.
A motherless girl went into the cellar and drank some milk. When the mother came, the girl looked down and did not look at her mother. And said:
- Mother, something the cat climbed into the cellar, I kicked her out. She wouldn't eat milk.
Mother said:
- The cat knows whose meat it ate.
As you look, so you see.
The boy lay on the ground and looked at the tree from the side. He said:
- The tree is crooked.
And the other boy said:
- No, it's straight, but you look crooked. As you look, so you see.
If you believe in a penny, they will not believe in the ruble.
The merchant borrowed two hryvnias. He said:
- I'll pay tomorrow.
Tomorrow came, he didn't pay. He wanted to borrow a hundred roubles. They didn't give him. If you believe in a penny - they will not believe in the ruble.
Don't die twice.
The house was on fire. And there was a baby in the house. Nobody could enter the house. The soldier came up and said:
- I will go.
He was told to:
- You'll burn!
Soldier said:
- Do not die twice, but do not pass once.
Ran into the house and carried the baby!
Bread is mined with iron.
The boy took the iron hook and threw it. The man said:
- What are you throwing good?
The boy said:
- Why do I need iron, I can’t eat it.
And the man said:
- Bread is made with iron.
The family porridge boils thicker.
The boy lived in school, came home to the holiday. Sat down for porridge. The boy said:
- What kind of thick porridge you have, the owner does not have such porridge.
And his mother said to him:
- Family porridge boils thicker.
And the bee flies to the red flower.
The girl with her mother came to the ranks. And they began to choose ribbons. Mother asked:
- What do you want?
Daughter said:
- Red.
And the bee flies to the red flower.
Raven flew over the sea, did not become smarter.
The barin went abroad. He came to his place and started planting rye with his hands. The men said:
- Raven flew over the sea, did not become smarter.
Ours spun, and yours slept.
There were two men, Peter and Ivan, they mowed the meadows together. Peter the next morning came with his family and began to clean up his meadow. The day was hot and the grass was dry; in the evening it became hay. And Ivan did not go to clean, but sat at home. On the third day, Peter brought hay home, and Ivan was just about to row. By evening it started to rain. Peter had hay, and Ivan had all the grass withered away. Ours spun, and yours slept.
A stupid bird does not like his home.
The girl loved to play on the street, but when she comes to the house, she misses it. Mother asked:
- Why are you bored?
- It's boring at home.
Mother said:
- A stupid bird is not nice to its home.
They teach the alphabet, they shout at the whole hut.
An old man lived with an old woman. It was quiet in their hut. They let the school into their house. The guys began to scream so much that the old people's ears hurt. They teach the alphabet, they shout at the whole hut.
Playful sheep - self-interest to the wolf.
Sheep walked under the forest; two lambs ran away from the herd. The old sheep said:
- Do not be naughty, lambs, get into trouble.
And the wolf stood behind the bush and said:
- Do not believe, lambs, the old sheep; she says so because her legs do not go from old age and she is envious. Why are you bored? Run more.
The lambs listened to the wolf and ran, but the wolf caught them and slaughtered them. Playful sheep - self-interest to the wolf.
A small drop, but a stone hammers.
A man took to dig a ditch and dug all summer. Dug three miles. The owner came and said:
- You dug a lot. A small drop, but a stone hammers.
Bulat iron and jelly does not cut.
There was one strong, angry dog. She gnawed on all dogs except two: she did not gnaw on a small puppy and a large wolfhound. Bulat iron and jelly does not cut.
Not for that the wolf is beaten, that sir.
The wolf ate the sheep; The hunters caught the wolf and began to beat him. Wolf said:
- In vain you beat me: it's not my fault that sir.
And the hunters said:
- Not because the wolf is beaten that it is gray, but because he ate the sheep.
Chased an ax handle, missed an axe.
A man saw a log floating on the river. He began to get it from the shore with an ax. The ax caught on a log and escaped from his hand. Chased an ax handle, missed an ax.
Boring day until evening, if there is nothing to do.
One student asked for a book; they gave him. He said:
- I don't understand!
They gave him another. He said:
- Boring!
Good is not sought from good.
The hare ran away from the dogs and went into the forest. He felt good in the forest, but he got a lot of fear and wanted to hide even better. He began to look for a better place, and climbed into the thicket in the ravine - and ran into a wolf. The wolf grabbed him. “It can be seen, really,” thought the hare, “that from no need to look for good. I wanted to hide better and completely disappeared.
Target: study of the level, purposefulness of thinking, the ability to understand and operate with the figurative meaning of the text, differentiation and purposefulness of judgments, the level of development of speech processes.
Materials: a set of proverbs and metaphors.
Progress and interpretation: the subject is called several metaphors and proverbs and asked to explain their abstract figurative meaning.
A literal interpretation of a phrase, or an explanation using the reproduction of examples from one's own experience, indicates a low level of communication. The results can be evaluated using the table.
You can use this test in another version, inviting the subject to compare phrases with each other and find among them similar or opposite in meaning. This will allow diagnosing the level of formation of associative processes and flexibility of thinking.
The technique can be used both in the study of adolescents, young men, and adults.
Proverb options. 1. Strike while the iron is hot. 2. Do not sit in your sleigh. 3. There is no smoke without fire. 4. It's not all about gold that glitters. 5. They cut the forest - chips fly. 6. You can't hide an awl in a bag. 7. There are devils in still waters. 8. If you like to ride, love to carry sleds. 9. What you sow is what you reap. 10. Not all cats have carnival. 11. Chickens are counted in the fall. 12. There is nothing to blame on the mirror if the face is crooked. 13. The hut is not red with corners, but with pies. 14. You go quieter - you will continue. 15. He took up the tug - do not say that it is not hefty. 16. Measure seven times - cut once. 17. They are greeted by clothes, escorted by mind. 18. Hat not for Senka. 19. As it comes around, it will respond. 20. Small spool, but expensive. 21. The humpbacked grave will fix. 22. One in the field is not a warrior. 23. Pretend. 24. The cat cried. 25. The voice of one crying in the wilderness. 26. Small intestine. 27. Two boots - a pair. 28. Get into your head. 29. Garden head. 30. My tongue is my enemy. 31. Make a fool pray to God - his forehead will hurt. 32. Well done among the sheep. 33. Goosebumps. 34. One with a bipod, seven with a spoon. 35. Like a butt on the head. 36. A mosquito will not undermine your nose. 37. The fifth wheel in the cart. 38. Further into the forest - more firewood. 39. Like a bolt from the blue. 40. Chickens do not peck money. 41. The soul went to the heels. 42. Cast a shadow on the wattle fence. 43. Crush water in a mortar. 44. Let the goat into the garden. 45. I ate little porridge. 46. Storm in a tea saucer. 47. The game is not worth the candle. 48. I would be glad to heaven, but sins are not allowed. 49. Forbidden fruit is sweet. 50. At least a stake on your head. 51. Do not go to the forest to be afraid of wolves. 52. I gave my soul to God. 53. One field of berries.
Proverbs and sayings are pearls of folk wisdom that are passed down from generation to generation. They contain all the truth and experience that have been verified over a long history. People, experiencing grief and sadness, love and happiness, hatred and anger, humor and irony, made up proverbs and sayings. With their help, we can understand the history of our kind, the reality that surrounded our ancestors. In addition, they add expressiveness to what has been said, deepen its content.
The origin of the genre
It is difficult to name the exact date of the creation of the first proverb and saying, because they have been walking among the people since time immemorial. But it is undeniable that throughout history they faithfully accompany their creator. Why are they so persistent and simply necessary in the speech and life of an ordinary person? The answer is simple - they convey the opinion of the people, their assessment of life and observation of everything that happens. After all, not every saying managed to become a proverb. Only those who were able to agree with the thoughts and lives of most people survived the millennia and came down to us. Proverbs and sayings do not need to be proved, they convey a solid truth that has passed many generations. In the old days, people did not know how to read and write and could not leave their wisdom on paper, so they passed it on from mouth to mouth. Proverbs and sayings are saturated with the mentality of the people, their way of life, their morality. They are a brilliant manifestation of the creativity of our ancestors.
Proverb
Speaking about what a proverb is, you need to plunge into the times of the primitive system, because it was then that it was born. They were not written down, but simply remembered, therefore their main feature is the brevity and accuracy of the thoughts expressed. Their structure is quite simple, they consist of 2 parts. The first of them conveys a description of a phenomenon or object, and the second - their assessment. Thus, what a proverb is is not difficult to determine. This is a small form of poetic creativity of the people, a short saying that has an instructive meaning. It is also a genre of folklore that is found in almost all nationalities around the world. It is also interesting that they have proverbs similar in meaning, although they live on opposite ends of our planet. This shows that the life of people, even in dissimilar natural conditions and millions of kilometers apart, not so different.
Proverb
A small genre of folk art, which reflects one of the phenomena of life through a phrase or turn of speech, is called a saying. It often has a humorous tinge to it. The saying aptly defines and evaluates a variety of life phenomena. Its basis is comparison, metaphor, paradox and hyperbole. It conveys the meaning of what a person wants to say, not directly, but in a roundabout way, rewarding the statement with a certain zest. It does not carry an instructive meaning, but only reflects what is happening.
The difference between sayings and proverbs
Proverbs and sayings are often confused, because they are very similar to each other. Both are stable expressions that are used to enhance the meaning of what was said. Therefore, very often people believe that this is the same phenomenon that has different names. Of course, they have common features (brevity, nationality, aphorism, accuracy), but there is a huge difference between them. For example, what is a proverb? This is an expression that has a logical conclusion. It encourages you to do something. An obligatory component is also the morality or teaching contained in this statement. Proverbs are not only folk, but often have an author (A. Griboyedov, I. Krylov, etc.). A proverb is a short folk expression that accurately describes any pattern or phenomenon. It can also be copyrighted. There is no morality or call to action in it. She's just talking about what happened. But there are such proverbs and sayings among the people that it is very difficult to determine the genre to which they belong.
Slavic sayings and proverbs
The Russian people, as one of the representatives of the Slavs, are very sensitive to their proverbs and sayings. Some of them were created over the centuries, others were borrowed from other peoples, but they have taken root with us so much that it is almost impossible to distinguish them. Very often Russian proverbs have a rhyme and consist of 2 parts. Morality is a mandatory component, and sometimes several proverbs fit the same teaching. The most ancient of them are those that have come down to us from the XII century. The meaning of proverbs is higher and more general than in sayings. They are already found in the Tale of Igor's Campaign and other ancient Russian manuscripts. From the 17th century, collections of these folk sayings began to be created. Russian proverbs have different origins: some are the work of ordinary people, some are taken from religious books, some were created by writers and poets.
Studies of Russian proverbs
In the 30s of the last century, the philologist M. Shakhnovich studied Russian proverbs and sayings. He wrote two dissertations, which significantly expanded the circle of knowledge on this issue. His work consisted in studying the bibliography of paremiography (a collection of proverbs) and compiling a list of sources, which included 1435 references. He grouped the collected materials into 20 sections in historical order. He believed that his work could be useful for studying the history of the Slavic peoples, their family relations and relationships in their society. He also published three collections of proverbs, which serve as a good guide for studying them.
Thus, speaking about what a proverb and a saying are, you need to understand that this is not the same phenomenon. They have common features, but there are also significant differences. The meaning of proverbs and sayings is deep, it gives speech a special shade.
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