Abraham Maslow was born April 1, 1908 in New York to Jewish immigrant parents. He grew up in New York and studied at the University of Wisconsin. He received a bachelor's degree in 1930, a master's degree in humanities in 1931, and a doctorate in 1934. While studying in Wisconsin, Maslow was deeply interested in the work of social anthropologists such as Malinowski, Mead, Benedict, and Linton. Maslow studied behaviorism under the guidance of renowned experimenter Clark Hull. Maslow studied the behavior of primates under the direction of Hariya Harlow. His dissertation concerns the relationship between dominance and sexual behavior in primates. After Wisconsin, Maslow began to explore human sexual behavior on a large scale. Psychoanalytic ideas about the importance of sex for human behavior strongly supported his research. Maslow believed that a better understanding of sexual functioning would greatly improve a person's fitness. Psychoanalytic theory significantly influenced the life and thinking of Maslow himself. Psychoanalysis of one's own "ego" has shown a huge difference between intellectual knowledge and actual experience. “Slightly oversimplifying, we can say that Freud presents us with a sick part of psychology, and we must now supplement it with a healthy part,” Maslow noted. After receiving his doctorate, Maslow returned to New York, continued to do research at Columbia, then taught psychology at Brooklyn College. New York at this time was a very significant cultural center, hosting many German scientists who fled Nazi persecution. Maslow has done collaborative research with various psychotherapists, including Alfred Adler, Erich Fromm, and Karen Horney, who have applied psychoanalytic theories to the analysis of behavior in other cultures. Maslow also seriously studied Gestalt psychology. He sincerely admired Max Wertheimer, whose work on productive thinking was extremely close to Maslow's own research on cognition and creativity. Also a significant influence on Maslow's thinking was the work of Kurt Goldstein, a neuropsychologist, who points out that the body is a single whole, and what happens in any part of it affects the whole body. Maslow's work on self-actualization was to some extent inspired by Goldstein, who was the first to use the term. In addition, Maslow was greatly impressed by Sumner's Ways of the Nations, which analyzes how much of human behavior is determined by cultural patterns and prescriptions. The effect of the book was so strong that Maslow decided to devote himself to this area of research. During World War II, Maslow saw how little abstract theoretical psychology meant in solving the world's major problems, as a result of this "epiphany" his interests shifted from experimental psychology to social psychology and personality psychology. Maslow's main achievement in psychology is his concept of a holistic approach to man and the analysis of his highest essential manifestations - love, creativity, spiritual values, which influenced many branches of science, in particular, the development of economic thought. Maslow created a hierarchical model of motivation (in his work entitled "Motivation and Personality", published in 1954), in accordance with which he argued that higher needs guide the behavior of an individual only to the extent that his lower needs are satisfied. The order of their satisfaction in this case is as follows: 1) physiological needs; 2) the need for security; 3) the need for love and affection; 4) the need for recognition and evaluation; 5) the need for self-actualization - the realization of the potentials, abilities and talents of a person. Self-actualization is defined as "full use of talents, abilities, opportunities, etc." “I imagine a self-actualized person not as an ordinary person to whom something has been added, but as an ordinary person from whom nothing has been taken away. The average person is a complete human being, with faculties and gifts stifled and suppressed,” wrote Maslow. Maslow names the following characteristics of self-actualizing people: 1) a more effective perception of reality and a more comfortable relationship with it; 2) acceptance (of oneself, others, nature); 3) spontaneity, simplicity, naturalness; 4) task-centeredness (as opposed to self-centeredness); 5) some isolation and the need for solitude; 6) autonomy, independence from culture and environment; 7) constant freshness of the assessment; 8) mysticism and experience of higher states, 9) feelings of belonging, unity with others, 10) deeper interpersonal relationships; 11) democratic character structure; 12) distinction between means and ends, good and evil; 13) philosophical, non-hostile sense of humor, 14) self-actualizing creativity; 15) resistance to acculturation, transcending any frequent culture. In Maslow's latest book, The Far Achievements human nature» describes eight ways in which an individual can self-actualize, eight types of behavior leading to self-actualization 1. Self-actualization means experiencing full, alive, selfless, with full concentration and full absorption. 2. To live by constant choice, self-actualization means: in every choice, decide in favor of development. 3. To become actual means to become real, to exist in fact, and not just in possibility. Here Maslow introduces a new term - "self", by which he understands the essence, the core of the nature of the individual, including temperament, unique tastes and values. Thus, self-actualization is learning to tune in to one's own inner nature. 4. The essential points of self-actualization are honesty and taking responsibility for one's actions. 5. A person learns to trust his judgments and instincts and act in accordance with them, which leads to the best choices what is right for each individual 6. Self-actualization also involves a constant process of developing not only one's actual abilities, but also one's potentialities. 7. Maslow also uses the concept of "peak experience". These are transitional moments of self-actualization, being in which a person is more holistic, more integrated, aware of himself and the world at the moments of "peak" is much sharper, brighter and more colorful than during his passive existence. 8. A further, but not the last stage of self-actualization is the discovery of one's "protective fields" and the constant rejection of them. A person must be aware of how he distorts his own image and the images of the outside world, and direct all his activities to overcome these protective obstacles. During a long illness, Maslow became involved in the family business, and his experience of applying psychology to the family business found expression in Eupsychic Management, a collection of thoughts and articles related to management and industrial psychology. In 1951, Maslow moved to the newly organized Braid University, accepting the post of chairman of the psychology department; there he remained almost until his death. In 1967-1968 he was president of the American Psychological Association from 1968-1970. - Member of the Board of the Laughlin Charitable Foundation in California. Maslow is rightly considered in the United States the second (after William James) the largest psychologist and the founder of the humanistic direction (the "third force" after behaviorism and Freudianism) in psychology. Maslow's main strength lies in his interest in areas human life which have been ignored by most psychologists. He is one of the few psychologists who has seriously explored the positive dimensions of the human experience. Remarkably, he himself could not stand restrictive labels: “There is no need to talk about “humanistic” psychology, no need for an adjective. Don't think I'm an anti-behaviorist. I am an anti-doctriner... I am against anything that closes doors and cuts off opportunities.” Abraham Maslow died on February 17, 1970.

MASLOW Abraham Harold

Maslow) Abraham Harold (1908-1970) - American psychologist, specialist in the field of personality psychology, motivation, abnormal psychology (pathopsychologists). One of the founders of humanistic psychology. Educated at Wisconsin University of Madison (bachelor, 1930; master, 1931; PhD, 1934). He began his professional career as a teacher at the Faculty of Psychology at Columbia Teachers College (1935-1937) and Brooklyn College (1937-1951). From 1951 to 1969, Mr.. M. - Professor of Brandesai University. In 1967 - President of the American Psychological Association (APA). He received the Humanist Award from the American Humanitarian Association (1967). Honorary doctor of a number of high fur boots. Founder of Eupsychian Management magazine. Having begun his scientific career with studies of the social behavior of primates in the 1930s, already in the early 1940s. M. turned to the study of the highest essential manifestations of man, inherent in him alone - love, creativity, higher values, etc. The impetus for this was the empirically identified M. type of so-called self-actualizing personalities, most fully expressing human nature. Putting forward the demand for a holistic approach to man and the analysis of his specifically human properties, as opposed to the biological reductionism and mechanism that reigned supreme in post-war American psychology, M. at the same time sees the source of these properties in the biological nature of man, accepting K. Goldstein's view of development as the deployment of potencies in the body. M. speaks of the instinctoid nature of basic human needs, including the need he postulates for self-actualization - the disclosure of the potentialities inherent in a person. In the 40s. M. develops a theory of human motivation, which is still among the most popular. M.'s theory is based on the idea of a hierarchy of satisfaction of needs, ranging from the most urgent physiological and ending with the highest need for self-actualization. In total, M. identifies 5 hierarchical levels of needs (the so-called pyramid of M.). The lowest needs are met first; the higher ones begin to motivate behavior only when the lower ones are satisfied. The behavior of most people is driven by lower needs, because they fail to satisfy them and move to a higher level. In the mid 50s. M. abandoned a rigid hierarchy, highlighting two large classes of needs coexisting with each other: the need for scarcity (need) and the need for development (self-actualization). Continuing the study of self-actualizing personalities, whose life problems are qualitatively different from the neurotic pseudo-problems facing an immature personality, M. comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to create new psychology- the psychology of being a person as a full-fledged, developed personality, in contrast to the traditional psychology of becoming a person by a person. In the 60s. M. is developing such a psychology. In particular, he shows the fundamental differences between cognitive processes in cases where they are driven by need, and when they are based on the motivation of development and self-actualization. In the second case, we are dealing with cognition at the level of Being (B-cognition). A specific phenomenon of B-cognition is the so-called peak experiences, characterized by a feeling of delight or ecstasy, enlightenment and depth of understanding. Brief episodes of peak experiences are given to all people; in them everyone for a moment becomes, as it were, self-actualizing. Religion, according to M., originally arose as a figurative-symbolic system for describing peak experiences, which later acquired an independent meaning and began to be perceived as a reflection of some kind of supernatural reality. The usual motivation at the level of Being is replaced by the so-called metamotivation. Metamotives are the values of Being (B-values): truth, goodness, beauty, justice, perfection, etc., which belong both to objective reality and to the personality structure of self-actualizing people. These values, as well as basic needs, M. derives from human biology, declaring them universal; the sociocultural environment plays only the role of a factor influencing their actualization, and more often negatively than positively. In recent years, M. moved even further, developing the problem of the transcendence of self-actualization and the transition to even more high levels development. M. stood at the origins of transpersonal psychology, was one of the leaders of this movement in the initial period of its formation. M.'s ideas about the direction of human development led him to an ideal model of a eupsychic society that creates and maintains the possibility of maximum self-actualization of its members. Eupsychic ideology M. found practical use in management, which thanks to M. penetrated the idea of self-actualization as the motivating force of people's behavior in the management of organizations. In recent years, M. turned to the problems of education, devoting them to a number of original works. M. had a great influence on the development of Western psychology in the 1960s and 70s, giving a powerful impetus to the humanistic trend in it. In the late 1950s M. initiated the association of unconventional psychologists interested in specifically human manifestations of man in a new community, which grew from the American Association for Humanistic Psychology (1962) and the Journal of Humanistic Psychology (1961). M. was the main inspiration and until his death one of the leaders of the movement of humanistic psychology, in many ways his face. The main works of M.: Motivation and Personality, N.Y., 1954; Toward a Psychology of Being, N.Y., 1962; Religions, Values, and Peak-experiences, Columbus, 1964; The Psychology of Science, N.Y., 1966; The Farther Reaches of Human Nature, N.Y., 1971. In Russian. per. Self-actualization / Psychology of personality. Texts. Moscow, Moscow State University, 1982; Motivation and personality, St. Petersburg, 1999. D.A.Leontiev

Abraham Maslow(Eng. Abraham Maslow; April 1, 1908, New York - June 8, 1970, Menlo Park, California) - a famous American psychologist, founder of humanistic psychology.

Maslow's Pyramid is widely known - a diagram representing human needs hierarchically. However, there is no such scheme in any of his publications; on the contrary, he believed that the hierarchy of needs is not fixed and to the greatest extent depends on the individual characteristics of each person.

His model of the hierarchy of needs has found wide application in economics, occupying an important place in the construction of theories of motivation and consumer behavior.

Biography

Maslow was the eldest of the seven children of the cooper Samuil Maslov and Roza Shilovskaya, who emigrated from the Kyiv province to the United States at the beginning of the 20th century. He was born in the Jewish area of Brooklyn. Father worked as a cooper; parents often quarreled. When he was nine years old, the family moved from the Jewish section of the city to another, non-Jewish, and since Maslow had a pronounced Jewish appearance, he learned what anti-Semitism was. Abraham was a lonely, shy and depressed young man.

Given my childhood, one can only be surprised that I am not mentally ill. I was a small Jewish boy in a non-Jewish environment. Kind of like being the first black in an all-white school. I was lonely and unhappy. I grew up in libraries, among books, without friends.

Maslow was one of the best students in the school. After graduating in 1926, on the advice of his father, he entered the City College of Law in New York, but did not even finish his first year. Maslow first met psychology at Cornell University, where E. B. Titchener was a professor of psychology.

In 1928, Maslow transferred to the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where Harry Harlow, a well-known primate researcher, became his supervisor. That same year, Maslow married his cousin Bertha, with whom he had been in love since the age of 12.

At the University of Wisconsin, he received a bachelor's degree (1930), a master's degree (1931) and a doctorate (1934). Maslow received a classical behavioral education, and his first scientific work, which promised him a bright future, was devoted to the relationship of sexuality and social behavior in primates.

In 1934, he began working at Columbia University as a research assistant to Edward Thorndike, a well-known behaviorist and learning theorist. At first, Maslow was also a behaviorist, fascinated by the work of John B. Watson, but gradually became interested in other ideas as well.

It was Watson's excellent program that got me into psychology. But its fatal weakness is that it is only good for the laboratory and in the laboratory, you can put it on and take it off like a lab coat... It does not create an idea of a person, a philosophy of life, a concept of human nature. It does not create guidelines for life, values, choice. It's just a way of collecting behavioral data, what you can see, touch, and hear through your senses.

In 1937, Maslow accepted an offer to become a professor at Brooklyn College, where he served for 14 years. At this time, he met a galaxy of the most famous European psychologists who took refuge in the United States from Nazi persecution, including Alfred Adler, Erich Fromm, Karen Horney, Margaret Mead, as well as the founder of Gestalt psychology Max Wertheimer and anthropologist Ruth Benedict. The last two became not only Maslow's teachers and friends, but also those people, thanks to whom the idea of studying self-actualizing personalities arose.

My research into self-actualization was not planned as a study and did not start as a study. They began as an attempt by a thinking young man to understand his two teachers, extraordinary people whom he loved and admired. It was a kind of worship to the highest intellect. It was not enough for me to simply adore them, I sought to understand why these two people are so different from ordinary people with whom the world is full. These two people were Ruth Benedict and Max Wertheimer.

Prominent American psychologist Abraham Maslow was born April 1, 1908. His parents, Jews who emigrated from Russia, lived in New York, in Brooklyn. Abraham Maslow was the eldest of seven children, so parents who were not lucky enough to get an education themselves helped the firstborn in every possible way in this matter. However, not everything was as rosy as it might seem at first glance.

Maslow's mother was a very religious woman, and constantly reminded the children of the retribution from above that threatens them for the slightest misconduct, not forgetting about earthly punishments, for which she was very generous. Because of this, the boy's relationship with her was very strained until her death. At first, relations did not work out with his father, who often drank, cheated on his wife, got into fights, but later the first-born of the Maslow couple reconciled with him.

But for now Abraham Maslow still young, lonely and unhappy because of his nationality. Ashamed of my appearance, the boy tried to compensate for his frailty and unsightliness by playing sports. Having not achieved noticeable results in this field, Abraham Maslow switched to science with the same zeal. Books became his friends, since there was no shortage of libraries in New York. And the summer months were spent working in the company of his family, which was engaged in the production of barrels.

Yielding to the persuasion of his father, 18-year-old Abraham Maslow entered the City College of his native city, where he began to study law. But he soon realized that this was not his path. At the same time, he became interested in the behavioral psychology of D. Watson. Therefore, in 1930, at the University of Wisconsin, he received a bachelor's degree in psychology. A year later - a master of arts, and three years later - a doctorate.

Abraham Maslow married at the age of 20 to Bertha Goodman (his first love), whom he knew from school, she was also his cousin, so the Maslow couple were against this marriage. But the son did not listen to his parents and got married right before moving to Wisconsin, where his two daughters Ellen Maslow (later received a doctorate and now working as a psychotherapist) and Ann Kaplan were born.

At his alma mater, Abraham Maslow worked with G. Harlow, in the primate laboratory, to study the behavior of rhesus monkeys. He devoted his doctoral dissertation to the study of sexual and dominant behavior in a colony of monkeys.

He returned to New York in 1937 as a doctor, where he began working with E. Thorndike, a well-known theorist in the field of learning, at Columbia University. And some time later he became a teacher at Brooklyn College, to which he devoted 14 years. It was during this period that he met most of the most famous psychologists who had fled from Europe, communication with whom in an informal setting later influenced his theory.

In 1943, two short articles by Abraham Maslow appeared in the Psychological Review, which can be called the first step towards his future theory. He was already disillusioned with behaviorism, believing that a person is reduced to the state of a stimulus-reactive mechanism. But exactly what makes a person a person remains behind the scenes.

In 1951, Abraham Maslow took over as chair of the psychology department at Brandeis University in Massachusetts. Then in the magazine Social psychology and the psychology of deviations ”an article was published in which he criticized A. Kinsey for incorrect sampling of respondents in a sociological study on sexual topics. In general, Abraham Maslow had a tense relationship with the editors of psychological publications, his articles were accepted with difficulty or were refused publication. But the students doted on their outwardly nondescript teacher.

In 1954, the first significant work “Motivation and Personality” was published, on the pages of which the hierarchical theory of needs was told, which is known to the whole world today. Abraham Maslow presented his pyramid to the public, at the base of which were the basic human needs, and the top was the need for self-actualization. It was she who he considered an innate human desire, but before fully revealing all his inclinations and abilities, a person must fully satisfy all the other steps of the pyramid. Abraham Maslow paid a lot of attention to the Jonah complex, according to which a person, preferring an established but limited existence, avoids additional responsibility, serious life successes, as this can lead to a loss of control. This is a kind of barrier to reaching the top of the pyramid of needs.

In subsequent years, the theory became widespread, however, a lot of criticism was expressed to its author. Although he himself admitted that his work is rather an addition to the natural-scientific approach.

In 1961, Abraham Maslow left his post as head of the department, but remained as a professor of psychology. In 1962, the work “On the Psychology of Being” was published, in which human needs were divided into lower ones, arising from a lack of something, saturable, and higher, which are focused on development and growth, unsatisfied. However, Abraham Maslow himself considered this work, as well as The Far Limits of Human Nature (which came out after the death of the author), as preliminary research.

In 1967-1968 he became president of the American Psychological Association. And in 1969 he went to the W. Laughlin Charitable Foundation in Menlo Park, California. Here he was able to study the philosophy of democratic politics, economics and ethics. But in 1970, on June 8, a heart attack interrupted scientific research. Abraham Maslow.

However, his books ("Motivation and Personality", "Psychology of Being" and others) are popular to this day. He started with behaviorism, fell under the influence of psychoanalysis, had a huge impact on humanistic psychology. Therefore, it is not possible to attribute his name to one direction or another. However, his theory of self-actualization continues to excite supporters of different directions today. It is used by many scientists, and sometimes very successfully.

Introduction

From the point of view of humanistic psychology, people are highly conscious and intelligent creatures without dominant unconscious needs and conflicts. In this, the humanistic direction differs significantly from psychoanalysis, which presents a person as a creature with instinctive and intrapsychic conflicts, and behavioralists, who interpret people as practically obedient and passive victims of the forces of the environment.

Supporters of humanistic views, Considering people as active creators of their own lives, having the freedom to choose and develop a lifestyle that is limited only by physical or social influences, such prominent theorists as Frome, Allport, Kelly and Rogers can be called, but it was Abraham Maslow who received universal recognition as an outstanding representative of the humanistic theory of personality. His theory of personality self-actualization, based on the study of healthy and mature people, clearly shows the main themes and provisions characteristic of the humanistic direction.

short biography

Abraham Harold Maslow was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1908. He was the son of uneducated Jewish parents who emigrated from Russia. Parents really wanted him, the eldest of seven children, to get an education.

Initially, going to college, Maslow intended to study law to please his father. Two weeks spent at City College in New York convinced him that he would never become a lawyer. In his teenage years, Maslow moved to the University of Wisconsin, where he completed an official academic course in psychology, receiving a bachelor's degree in 1930, a master of arts in 1031, and a doctorate in 1934. While studying in Wisconsin, he worked with Harry Harlow, a renowned psychologist who at the time was setting up a primate lab to study the behavior of rhesus monkeys. Maslow's doctoral dissertation was devoted to the study of sexual and dominant behavior in a colony of monkeys!

Not long before moving to Wisconsin, Maslow married Bertha Goodman. Marriage and university studies were very important events in Maslow's life, he said: "Life did not actually begin for me until I got married and went to Wisconsin."

After receiving his doctorate, he worked with a well-known theorist in the field of learning E.L. Thorndike at Columbia University in New York. He then moved to Brooklyn College where he worked for 14 years.

In 1951, Maslow was appointed chair of the psychology department at Brandeis University. He remained in this post until 1961, when he was professor of psychology there. In 1969, he left Brandeis to work for the W. P. Loughlin Charitable Trust in Menlo Park, California.

In 1970, at the age of 62, Maslow died of a heart attack.

His works:

"Religions, Values and Peak Experiences" (1964)

"Eupsyche: A Diary" (1965)

"Psychology of Science: Reconnaissance" (1966)

"Motivation and Personality" (1967)

"Towards a Psychology of Being" (1968)

"New Dimensions of Human Nature" (1971, collection of previously published papers)

Abraham Maslow (Abraham Maslow, April 1, 1908, New York - June 8, 1970, Menlo Park, California) is a famous American psychologist, the founder of humanistic psychology.

Maslow's Pyramid is widely known, a diagram that represents human needs in a hierarchical way. However, there is no such scheme in any of his publications; on the contrary, he believed that the hierarchy of needs is not fixed and to the greatest extent depends on the individual characteristics of each person.

His model of the hierarchy of needs has found wide application in economics, occupying an important place in the construction of theories of motivation and consumer behavior.

In 1928, Maslow transferred to the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where Harry Harlow, a well-known primate researcher, became his supervisor.

In the 1960s, Maslow rose to prominence, and in 1967 was elected president of the American Psychological Association, much to his own surprise.

A. Maslow died suddenly from acute myocardial infarction at the age of 62 years.

Sister - anthropologist and ethnographer Ruth Maslow Lewis (1916-2008), wife of anthropologist Oscar Lewis.

Books (4)

The far reaches of the human psyche

This book is the second, revised edition of the final work of A.G. Maslow, dedicated to the theory of self-actualization he created. This theory is based on the difference between lower (imperfect) and higher (growing) needs.

The book is addressed a wide range readers interested in the history and theory of psychology, human sciences.

Motivation and personality

Many years after its first publication, Motivation and Personality still offers unique and influential theories that have not lost their relevance to modern psychology.

This third edition is a revision of the classic text by a team of authors, preserving Maslow's original style. The aim of the revision of the text was to give it greater clarity and structure, thus making it suitable for use in training courses in psychology.

The third edition also includes an extended biography of Maslow, an afterword by the editors in which they set out the practical and theoretical aspects of Maslow's system of thought as reflected in our life and society, and a complete bibliography of Maslow's writings.

New frontiers of human nature

The last book of Abraham Maslow - the founder and leader of humanistic psychology, who opened up new perspectives on the psychological understanding of man and had a huge impact on changing the face of psychological science in the second half of our century.

Towards the psychology of being

In his book, he continues the work begun to create the foundations for `the formation of a unified psychology and philosophy, which includes both the depths and heights of human nature`. It is an attempt to combine the `psychology of development and growth` with psychopathology, psychoanalytic dynamics and movement towards wholeness.

Reader Comments

Konstantin/ 06/20/2018 A. Maslow, of course, did not take into account everything in human behavior and did not describe everything, since we would be pleased to share, update or even read. He himself said that "perfection in the world simply does not exist." Mister "father" Russian education, Leontiev noticed this, but the practice of life showed that the education system built by this "father" of Russian psychology led to the collapse of education itself, but Maslow's works are striking in their relevance today. Despite the fact that I personally do not agree with all the conclusions of the author, especially in the motivation of the individual, however, Maslow's work should be studied. because in their basic versions they do not just work, but prove their viability. I recommend it to everyone as a pill from the psychology of "achievement" and the psychology of perfection. And also for those who are sincerely interested in the psychology of personality.

Alexander the Resurrected/ 10/25/2016 This is where modern psychologists should start - forward, not back, to and from Freud...

Guest/ 01/25/2014 “Placing in a single, quantifiable space of humanity all the diseases that psychiatrists and therapists deal with, all the disorders that give food for thought to existentialists, philosophers, religious thinkers and social reformers, provides enormous theoretical and scientific advantages. Moreover, we can place in the same continuum various types of health that we already know about, in the full palette of their manifestations, both within the boundaries of health and beyond it - we mean here manifestations of self-transcendence of mystical merging with the absolute and other manifestations the highest possibilities of human nature, which the future will reveal to us.

A.H. Maslow (1908-1970), founder of humanistic psychology, one of the founders of transpersonal psychology.

stranger/ 12.11.2013 According to D.A. Leontiev, one of the significant shortcomings of A. Maslow's theory is the theoretical amorphousness of the concept of "self-actualization". Including the processes of self-realization, self-expression, self-affirmation and self-development, this concept
ignores significant differences between them, which makes it difficult to operationalize (Leontiev D.A., 1997, p. 171)
Leontiev D.A. Self-realization and essential human forces // Psychology with a human face: a humanistic perspective in post-Soviet psychology / Ed. YES. Leontiev, V.G. Schur. M.: Meaning, 1997. - S. 156-176.

Alexander/ 6.06.2013 I am very inspired by him as a scientist and as a Person.
His most important contribution to psychology was a significant expansion of the map and horizons of the territory of psychology. He paid very thorough and serious attention to the study of health, self-actualization, the highest in man. He also acted as one of the first scientists who worked on the creation of an integral model of personality development, seeking to combine the approaches of other schools.
Maslow was the founder of two current trends in psychology - humanistic and transpersonal.
I want to talk about the general style of his work. It is impossible to find an impeccable system in them, his train of thought develops very vividly and freely, trying to capture and captivate the reader, point him to the possibility of direct experience of the things in question. His words seem to sparkle and flare up.
I definitely recommend it to anyone who has at least something to do with psychology, and just to everyone)

Guest/ 4.05.2013 you can learn a lot about yourself. Thank you

Roman T/ 9.11.2011 Great psychologist!!!

Guest/ 1.09.2011 I advise everyone to read who does not know what he wants in life!

Natalia/ 25.03.2010 Thank you for the excellent selection of Maslow's books! Writes perfectly, what is necessary for work. Classic!

Faith/ 11.10.2009 He was the first to study healthy individuals. It is perhaps wiser to focus on healthy individuals.

Maksim/ 06/07/2009 A great psychologist who should be put on a par with Freud and Jung. He came up with a new theory, develops the concept of humanistic psychology. Worth reading for anyone with an interest in personality psychology