An obligatory part of the repair work in the apartment is the replacement or installation of electrical cables, junction boxes, electrical panels. A well-chosen wiring diagram will protect your home from accidents and unforeseen situations.
We will tell you what you need to provide for self-replacing or laying electricians. Here you will learn how to draw up a diagram and distribute electrical outlets in one-room, two- and three-room apartments. Based on our recommendations, you will be able to provide yourself with a trouble-free energy network.
Modern household technologies at the end of the 20th century made a tangible breakthrough. In addition to televisions, computers, security and video surveillance systems, powerful household appliances, and wireless communications appeared in homes. In this regard, the wiring of electrical cables has become much more complicated, although the principles of the device have not changed.
Difficulties begin with the very first stage - design. In order to correctly draw up a wiring diagram in an apartment, you need to know in advance the approximate power of household electrical appliances, their location. At the same time, it is necessary to think over the lighting system in all rooms.
If you do not take into account the laying of computer cables and the installation of a router for a home network, in the future you will get wires hanging on the wall or stretched along the floor. At best, they can be hidden in the plinth or sewn into boxes.
In addition to a large number of new devices, another difference has appeared: along with the power network, there is always a low-current system, which traditionally includes telephone and television wires, as well as computer, security, acoustic equipment and an intercom.
These two systems (power and low-current) cannot be separated, since all devices are powered by 220 V power sources.
Wiring diagram of a low-current system in an apartment. Includes three networks: computer, telephone and television. Each network has its own types of cable and equipment.
The number of devices and cables operated simultaneously has changed. If earlier it was enough to install one chandelier in the hall, now many people use a lighting system that includes, in addition to the chandelier, spotlights and lighting.
An increase in power must be added to the increase in the number of equipment - for this reason, the old cables are no longer suitable, and the dimensions of the electrical switchboard have grown noticeably.
What is a wiring diagram for?
It turns out that the device of modern electrical wiring in an apartment is a real art, which only a professional electrician can handle.
If you do not want to constantly change the wall decoration in order to mask cables that appear here and there, we recommend that before repairing an apartment or building a house, draw up a drawing indicating all significant objects related to electricity: sockets, switches, electrical panel with, lighting fixtures.
Consider the power grid in terms of its constituent parts:
- Automatic protection devices installed in the electrical panel. The functioning of all home equipment and the safety of users depend on their quality and proper installation.
- Cables, wires with a properly selected section and good insulation.
- Sockets and switches with high-quality contacts, safe cases.
In private houses, an obligatory element is an introductory machine and a power cable from it to the shield. With the help they regulate the power consumption and, if necessary, turn off all the electricity at home.
All work that is somehow related to electricity in the house will require a competent and serious approach from you, so the wiring diagram in an apartment or private house must be well thought out, and most importantly, correctly and efficiently manufactured. It is from the electrical circuit and its installation that repairs in new housing or major repairs in the old one will begin. The sequence of actions for installing wiring in the house will be as follows. Firstly, wiring is laid along the walls, which will subsequently be covered with plaster and wallpaper. Under this finish, all electrical wiring will lie for many years and will not bother you. For this, before starting installation, you need to very carefully calculate the entire wiring plan of the apartment.
Wiring diagrams - where to start?
Most often, when the turn of laying electrical wiring in a house or apartment comes up, people do not imagine the end result. And the wiring diagram should be presented in colors. This is because the overall functionality, as well as the correctness and consistency, etc., will directly depend on the correctness of the scheme. The wiring diagram of a house or apartment will always begin with one thing - thinking through the plan of the entire electrician. Let's explain why. Let's say you've completed a repair without thinking about the end result. We finished all the repairs, put furniture and household appliances and ... You can get a bunch of problems.
Sockets and switches may be closed by a sofa or cabinet, and where it is needed it is not there and vice versa. And in such cases, you will begin with pleasure to unwind extension cords throughout the apartment to the necessary electrical receivers. Naturally, you do not want such a new electrical wiring in the apartment. Errors in flats are still comparatively tolerable. But if the house wiring diagram is done incorrectly in a private house, then this promises more serious problems. This is because the apartments usually undergo major repairs with the replacement of wiring every 20-25 years. But in private homes, this is all done either much less often, or never done at all. Assume that a mistake is made in a several-story building, then the problems will seem even more fun.
In order to avoid all such problems, you just need to calmly think over everything and decide how to put household appliances and furniture in the house. It is also worth noting that in the near future you will buy and will depend on electricity. All these questions are best discussed with the family, because everyone will have their own vision of the situation, which will not be superfluous.
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Wiring diagram - power section
So, you've thought it all out. Now you need to start putting all the plans and ideas that have appeared on paper. Draw a plan for your home. For example, we will disassemble a standard one-room apartment, but everything is exactly the same for a private house. In order to complete the wiring diagram of the apartment wiring, you will need a sheet of paper, a pen, a ruler, colored markers or pencils.
On the diagram you need to indicate the location of doorways and walls. Exact dimensions are not needed, only the general position is required. If you have not yet learned, then we advise you to refer to the article of the same name.
For example, the following picture should turn out.
For a complete presentation and simplicity, number and sign all the rooms:
- No. 1 - hall;
- No. 2 - kitchen;
- No. 3 - bathroom;
- No. 4 - entrance hall.
After that, you need to put on the electric circuit the place in which household appliances and furniture will be located. All items must be numbered, labeled and highlighted by the color of electricity consumers.
It is for consumers of electricity, highlighted in red, that sockets will be needed. Now you need to simplify your circuit, i.e. we remove all items, and in those places where the electronics will be located, we will put the designations of sockets on the wiring plan. It should look like the following.
It will not be superfluous to apply the symbols used in the scheme in order to avoid confusion.
The specific dimensions and location of the sockets will need to be indicated on the diagram after you decide on the exact locations of the electronics and furniture.
Electrical diagram in the apartment - lighting part
In this example, all lighting fixtures will be in the center of the room. Let's start with the first room - the hall. The coordinates of the location of the lamps, if you know the exact dimensions of the room, you can indicate in the first place. In our case, we do not have exact dimensions, so we will carry out all the necessary measurements during the first stage of installation, i.e. marking. With the definition of the center, we hope, there should be no problems. But just in case, let's say that first you measure the width of the room, and divide the resulting measurement in half.
The same must be done with the length of the room, i.e. measure and divide by half. This way you will get the coordinates of the middle of the room. According to these obtained coordinates, you need to designate the center of the room and mark it with a cross on the diagram.
In exactly the same way, designate the middle of all rooms.
The entrance hall, which is L-shaped in shape, needs to be divided into 2 parts and also marked out.
If you change the applied crosses to the symbols of lighting devices, you get a similar wiring diagram.
To complete the wiring diagram at home with your own hands, you need to apply switches. To do this, you need to determine the location of interior doors. By the way, have a look, useful article. Here you need to understand in which direction the door will open, i.e. inward or outward, as well as to the right or left. This must be done so that the installed switch is not behind any door.
The next step is to apply switches to the wiring diagram. Usually they are located inside the rooms in such a way that when entering the room and opening the door, one could turn on the light without any problems, and turn it off when leaving. The exception will be rooms with high humidity - bathrooms and bathrooms.. This is due to the fact that the constant ingress of moisture will quickly disable the switches, unless, of course, special devices with increased protection are used.
Draw the switches on your circuit using the legend. Before starting the installation of electrical wiring on the diagram, it is necessary to apply the exact dimensions to the switches - the distance from the doors, as well as the height from the floor.
As a result, you will draw up two wiring diagrams - a socket diagram and a circuit of switches and fixtures. The first stage is over. Now you have the main part of the electrical circuit.
Wiring diagram
First you need to think over and calculate the entire wiring route in the house. To do this, it is necessary to conduct an inspection in the room in which the work is planned. It is also necessary to decide on the finishing work that will be carried out. Namely, you need to know: what the ceilings will be, whether the plaster will be performed and its thickness, where the load-bearing walls are, whether it will be necessary. Let's look at all this with an example.
For example, you are planning to perform stretch ceilings. In terms of wiring, this option is just great. In this case, all the work on laying electrical wiring can be done independently, as well as save a lot of time and effort, as well as materials. This is due to the fact that combined wiring can be used. That is, the installation of cables is carried out on the draft ceiling in corrugated non-combustible pipes, and the descents to the switches and sockets are carried out in the walls - in the strobes.
This method of wiring installation has the following advantages.
If it is necessary to replace the electrical wiring, all work is carried out without updating the plaster layer, and no hard work is required to arrange the strobe. But it is the preparation of channels for laying cables that takes up the bulk of the working time. Also, you do not need to stretch them through the channels of the ceiling. This also allows you to save your strength, because. channels are not always clean. In addition, the consumption of wires is greatly reduced. This is due to the fact that during the laying along the walls you need to bypass various obstacles, and if you lay along the ceiling, then the wiring is carried out along the shortest path.
If your wiring will be carried out in the standard way along the walls, then you need to pay attention to the following points.
- We recommend avoiding concrete floors above doors and windows. This is due to the fact that it is very difficult to make strobes in them, and the second reason will be problems during the installation of cornices or curtains for hanging curtains.
- It is necessary to correctly find the channels in the floor slabs, because they will need to lay wiring for lamps.
- Accurately calculate the location of the junction boxes. If this is done correctly, then you can also significantly reduce the consumption of material during the installation of electrical wiring.
- If your house is monolithic concrete, then you need to draw up a circuit of switches and sockets in such a way that they do not fall on the main supporting structures, because. it is highly undesirable to violate their integrity.
After taking into account the above nuances, you can begin to draw up a wiring diagram. To do this, you need to use the schemes that turned out at the first stage of preparation. Wiring diagrams should be superimposed on each other and the overall picture will be obtained.
We start with the first room in the house. There will be ordinary ceilings for painting. Therefore, here the installation will be carried out along the walls, and for the chandelier it will be laid in the channels of the ceiling slab. Also in this room there are two double sockets, a switch and a chandelier. The wire should be pulled from the farthest corner, because. the first double socket in the circuit is located there. You need to stop at the exit from the premises, because. there will be a junction box.
It is not recommended to make sockets with a loop, because. this will greatly reduce the power of the last socket in the circuit. It will be more reliable and correct to make all connections in the switch box. Therefore, you need to lead the wire directly from each outlet to the box. Draw the cable route from the second double outlet.
After that, sketch the wire from the chandelier to the junction box.
When all the cables are collected in one place, it is necessary to designate a place for the junction box itself.
In the same way, you need to designate the routes for laying wiring in other rooms. Electrical wiring in the kitchen - here you can use channels in floor slabs to reduce the wire path from one of the outlets. By passing them through these channels, you save both material and your time.
Making a wiring diagram in the bathroom.
Schematic in the hallway. In this room, it is planned to install a false ceiling made of plastic, and therefore it is possible to throw electrical wiring along the ceiling in corrugated tubes.
After the above manipulations, designate a place to find the power shield. As a rule, it is located near the entrance to the apartment.
Begin. From the hall to the shield.
From the kitchen to the shield.
From the bathroom to the power shield.
And finally, from the hallway to the shield.
So a wiring diagram for an apartment or a private house has been drawn up, and then you can put it into practice without looking back.
The next step for the installation of electrical wiring in the house will be the calculation of the wire cross section. It is extremely undesirable to neglect such a calculation, because each equipment has its own power consumption, which the supply wire must withstand. Well, after that you will definitely have to figure it out.
You can do an electrician in an apartment or house with your own hands, but this is quite risky. Of course, any job can be learned. But electrical is a field that requires excellent knowledge of theory and good practice. Illiterate wiring experiments can be dangerous. If you are going to conduct electricity with your own hands, you need to know the procedure and nuances of the work.
How to conduct electrical wiring in the house?
Need to start from a detailed plan. According to the wiring diagram in a private house:
- you can calculate how many and what cables are needed, the size, the number of switches, sockets and distribution boxes;
- determine the location of power and wiring parts;
- carry out maintenance and repair of concealed wiring in the future.
The electrical network scheme depends on the type of power supply selected.
A schematic three-phase diagram and a plan diagram of a private house or apartment, made on a scale, with distribution groups are needed for high-quality electrical installation in the future.
Often in a house or apartment there is an internal and introductory electrical panel. Cables lead from the inner shield to the premises.
Main groups into which consumers are divided:
- lighting;
- sockets;
- devices with high power;
- bathroom and toilet lighting and sockets;
- kitchen lighting and sockets;
- commercial buildings.
When drawing up a three-phase circuit, it is necessary to provide the system with protection devices - RCDs, which are installed on each distribution group.
The wiring diagram is affected by the intended placement of household appliances and their power. They determine the number, placement of sockets and the desired cable size.
The three-phase wiring diagram in the house and in the apartment does not differ much, only by introducing electrical energy: it enters the apartment via a cable from the shield on the floor, and into the house - via an overhead line. The wiring plan in the garage involves the input of electricity from the central power line or from a house standing nearby by an underground or overhead method.
Wiring in the apartment
There may be several options: the wiring can be mounted before the plaster, and then covered with it, the installation can be done by crushing the plaster, carried out in the cavities behind the drywall. To install the wiring, a pipe, PVC corrugation or a metal flexible sleeve is used; open wiring is often laid in cable channels.
In order to carry out high-quality electrical wiring in the apartment, there are certain tips and rules.
To ensure safety, in the switchboard install machines, which protect equipment from burnout and short circuit, and shutdown devices that, in the event of voltage drops, turn off the consumer. For the toilet, its own safety shutdown device is recommended due to high humidity.
The installation of electrical wiring in the bathroom has its own characteristics: there should not be junction boxes in it, and it is unacceptable to place a switch there. You can install an outlet. For a room with high humidity, it is necessary to select devices protected from moisture with grounding.
Marking for electrical wiring is carried out along strictly vertical and horizontal lines. Power lines must not cross each other. The track must always be parallel to any wall. If the wiring is under the floor, the cable must be placed at a certain distance from the wall.
Today, usually in new homes using copper wires, they are more durable than aluminum, which remained in many old apartments.
The size of the cable must be at least two square millimeters, it is always selected more than the calculated one, which is determined depending on the expected load on the network. The possible current density for copper wire should not exceed eight amperes per square millimeter. Different distribution groups require wire with different sizes.
The cable that runs in the cavities must be protected with sleeves, pipes or corrugations.
Pulling electrical wiring with sleeves, metal pipes and PVC corrugations makes it possible to replace electrics without disturbing the finish.
All cable splices must be located only in distribution boxes and they need to be accessed so that, if necessary, something can be corrected. Wires can be connected by soldering or terminals.
Wires and installation boxes are fixed under switches and sockets with plaster or plaster.
There must be at least one outlet per six square meters throughout the apartment. In rarely used rooms, for example, in the corridor, 1-2 sockets will suffice, in the kitchen it is good to put several groups of three or four sockets (this depends on the number and placement of household appliances).
It is best to use switches and sockets with ceramic interiors and copper contacts.
The placement of switches and sockets is not regulated, but it is more convenient to place sockets at a height of at least thirty centimeters from the floor. Switches are placed at a height convenient for the outstretched hand.
Wiring in a private house
Wiring in a country house is carried out according to the same principles as in a city apartment. Nevertheless, wiring in a wooden house has its own characteristics. Due to the fact that the base of the log house is combustible, it is necessary to carry out electrical wiring in a private house in compliance with safety measures.
Installation of electrical wiring in a private house should be made:
Of course, the rules are quite strict and the installation of wiring, for example, in the country, looks unreasonably time-consuming and costly. However, safety is paramount.
RCD installation
Mounting the differential relay or residual current devices are another step in achieving the safety of a wooden house.
The wiring of the electrical network can be done antique: open wiring is installed on porcelain insulators, there is a gap between the wire and the tree - the wires do not touch the walls and ceilings. This is perhaps the only relatively safe and compliant method of laying open wiring in combustible structures.
The electrification of a private house must be carried out immediately, and not in parts, and carried out before the installation of ceilings, floors and doors.
Electrification work begins from bringing the cable to the house from the central power line or an external switchboard, in accordance with the scheme, they carry out wiring in rooms, mount an internal switchboard for distribution, prepare holes for sockets and switches. After the finishing work is completed, all appliances are installed.
Watch the video below: do-it-yourself wiring in a country house.
Wherever the wires are laid, the color of the cables matters. According to clause 2.1.31 of the rules for electrical installations, electrical wiring should enable quick identification of conductors by color:
In the video you can see the separation of colors.
Laying wiring in a house or apartment is quite easy for an experienced master. But for those who do not understand electrics, you need to take the help of a specialist. Of course, you will have to spend money, but this way you can avoid mistakes that can lead to a fire.
Installation or replacement of electrical wiring is an extremely important matter that requires special attention. Once laid, the cable will have to serve the tenant for decades. Uninterrupted operation and safety directly depend on the quality of the work performed. And a well-designed wiring diagram is one of the most important and paramount tasks of all electrical installation procedures.
Before you start designing a wiring diagram in a private or apartment building, office or other room, it will be useful to think carefully. The main problem that most people face is a poor understanding of the placement of sockets, switches and other points.
One has only to describe a possible common situation, and it becomes clear why it is so important to pay special attention to the smallest details already at the design stage. Suppose the wiring is laid, everything is connected and the redecoration of the premises is made. It's time to install and arrange furniture. But it turns out that one outlet is hidden behind the closet, the other behind the sofa.
But where various equipment is located, on the contrary, there are no sockets. And what to do in this case? Pull extension cords? But this will not only spoil the appearance of the new home, but also create a lot of inconvenience. Everything will feel especially good when you have to hook on the wires stretched throughout the house a couple of times. But it is quite possible to avoid such situations if, at the stage of creating a project, the location of furniture, appliances and some other nuances are taken into account.
Schema creation
When everything is calculated, then you can proceed to the compilation of the scheme itself. And here you will need colored pencils, pens or markers, a sheet of paper and a ruler.
Of course, if you already have experience in creating such schemes, then it is quite possible to get by with just a pen and a piece of paper, but for less experienced people it is still better to use several colors, so that in the process it would be easier to understand what is where.
It is best to start with the power part, that is, with sockets, switches and mounting boxes. But first you need to draw a typical plan of the apartment or house itself. It is not necessary to strictly observe the dimensions and scale - the main thing is that all rooms are displayed. Next, furniture and appliances are drawn. Moreover, it is better to highlight electrical consumers in some other color. For example, red. After all, in these places or somewhere nearby there should be an outlet.
At doorways, as a rule, switches are installed - they also need to be drawn on the diagram. The main thing is not to confuse the side of the wall, and place such details where necessary. Don't forget about conventions. There are icons accepted and used in a professional environment, which are used in electrical wiring diagrams. It would be better if they are on the drawing. But on a separate piece of paper, for yourself, you can draw such designations with an explanation.
The next step is to draw up the final version of the scheme. And here you will need another sheet, where again you need to draw a building plan, but without furniture. But sockets and switches are required. In order not to miss anything, and to correctly draw up a wiring diagram in the apartment, it should display:
- Single and double switches.
- Sockets.
- Breakout boxes.
- Power shield.
Lighting
The next step in drawing up the diagram will be the designation of the location of all lighting points, that is, chandeliers, lanterns, sconces, lamps and others. In the drawing, they will also be indicated by a special symbol: a circle with lines crossed diagonally. If the wires are simply changed in the room and the location of the fixtures is known, then, having made measurements, you can put on the diagram the location of their location and the distance from the wall with the junction box.
The process looks a little more complicated if the wiring is being laid for the first time and the location of the lighting fixtures is not known. It is accepted that the main lamp or chandelier is located in the center of the room. It remains only to correctly calculate where it is:
- Measure the distance from wall to wall in width and divide by two.
- Measure the distance from wall to wall along the length and also divide by two.
- The crosshairs of these values \u200b\u200band will indicate the center of the room.
Pay attention to the decoration of the walls for economic reasons. If the plaster is applied in a thin layer, then vertical strobes will have to be made. And it's hard work and hard work. If the plaster lays down in a thick layer, then you can apply and fix the cable directly to the wall, then it will hide in it. Drywall is even easier. Here the cable is placed in a corrugated non-combustible tube and placed behind the plasterboard.
Attention is paid to the decoration of ceilings for the same reasons. If you plan to simply align it, then you will have to lead the cable to the lamps in the slab. To do this, you will need to make additional holes in the ceiling sheet and pull the line to the exit to the lamp. And this is more difficult than it might seem when planning. Another thing is if the ceilings are suspended or suspended. In this case, it is enough to place the cable in a special corrugated non-combustible tube, and then just fix it on the ceiling.
Bearing walls, as a rule, are always concrete, which complicates the work with them. Yes, and it is simply forbidden to violate their integrity, therefore it is preferable to conduct all wiring through partitions. Floor slabs in the process of electrical installation often have to be overcome. And this must be taken into account when drawing up the wiring diagram of the wiring of the room.
First, here it is worth additionally considering the length of the cable to bypass. And secondly, if you run the wiring through the window or door overlap, then it will not only be more technically difficult, but also fraught with trouble in the future. After all, the wiring above the window opening is easy to damage if you need to hang a cornice.
Thus, knowing the amount of cable and having an idea about the electrical work to be done, you can save a lot both financially and physically, spending less effort.
Transfer to drawing
Now all measurements and calculations need to be transferred to the drawing. Given the known data, it will not be difficult to do this. And it would be nice to start combine two (power and lighting part) existing circuits into one.
Any room is chosen, and a junction box is placed near the exit. From it, they begin to pull the cable. In the diagram, all cables are indicated simply by straight lines. Therefore, taking into account how the cable will be run, a straight line is drawn on the diagram along the route of its passage.
The easiest way to start is with outlets. And it is on them to draw lines from the soldering box. If double, triple or more sockets are installed in the room, then leading one cable to them, and then throwing a cable is not very correct. It is better to feed a separate wire from the junction box to each of them. For convenience and economy, this can be installed directly above the sockets themselves.
Now you can draw a line on the lighting fixture, that is, the chandelier. From the same junction box draw a wire to the lamp. Here it is important to consider how the ceiling will be processed. After all, perhaps there is a chance to save the cable. Next, draw a line from the switch to the box. The main thing is not to confuse which way the door will open. It is necessary that the switch be available immediately, and not be behind the door or closet.
All the wires in the wiring diagram are connected in one place, which is indicated as a small circle - the junction box. For convenience, it can be highlighted in other colors. Other rooms are drawn in the same way.
The power cabinet is usually installed either at the entrance to the apartment, or in the tambour room. From the shield, one wire is output to each room to power the sockets and one wire to power the lighting. In the diagram, it is preferable to designate the cable for sockets in one color, and for lighting in the second.
Here it is also worth considering some other nuances. So, if an electric stove is used, it is better for it to select a separate group and stretch its cable. Separate outlets can also be made for a washing machine and other energy-intensive appliances.
If the wiring changes in a wooden house, then you will have to take into account that the walls will be made of wood, so the cable must additionally be placed in a corrugated metal or plastic non-combustible tube. Otherwise, it all depends on the covering of the walls, the ceiling and the layout of the country house.
What should be the wiring diagram in a private house under construction? How to distribute wires in all rooms? I will tell you what wiring sections are needed for modern electrical appliances, and how to provide protection against electric shock and short circuits. And as a bonus, I will clearly explain how to connect a voltage regulator and a generator to a home shield.
Mandatory elements
Let's start with the main thing - with protective elements. The electrical panel in your home should include:
| Image | Element |
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General switch or machine at the input, breaking the phase and neutral wires. |
 |
Residual current device(RCD), triggered by current leakage through damaged insulation, when a person or pet touches the terminals or wires. Its sensitivity should allow it to respond to a leakage current of 30 mA. |
 |
Automata for individual groups of consumers (sockets in a separate room, lighting, boiler, electric stoves, etc.). The circuit breaker is placed on the phase wire and operates when the rated current is exceeded. Its task is to prevent overheating and ignition of the wiring. |
The tripping current of the machine must be minimally higher than the calculated peak load on the wiring section. For example, for a circuit with a peak power consumption of 5 kW, it is worth choosing a 25 ampere machine (which at a voltage of 220 volts corresponds to a power of 25x220 = 5500 W).
Grounding is bred with a separate terminal block for all sockets and metal cases of electrical appliances. The ground wire must not be interrupted by switches and connectors. The source of the earth can be the body of the shield (if there is earth at the input) or electrodes buried in the ground.
Accessories
Often connected to the shield:
- Voltage regulator, providing stable parameters of the current supplying household appliances with their serious deviations from the nominal value at the input.
It makes sense to put the stabilizer only on certain groups of consumers who are most sensitive to nutrition (this includes televisions, computers, audio equipment, refrigerators, etc.). Powerful heating devices (boilers and electric stoves) operate in a wide voltage range and, when it falls, only proportionally reduce the power consumption.
- Generator, allowing with minimal time to switch to autonomous power when the light is turned off.
What will be the wiring diagram in each of these cases?
Stabilizer
The stabilizer is connected to the break of the phase wire. Zero remains common with the counter and consumers. The body of the stabilizer is connected to a common ground.
Generator
The actual power switching is provided by a reversing switch with three operating positions:
- The consumer is powered by input;
- The consumer is disconnected from both current sources;
- The consumer is powered by the generator.
A signal lamp (LS-47) is needed to indicate the mains voltage. It will allow you to notice the moment the light is turned on without the help of measuring instruments (multimeter or indicator screwdriver).
Normative documents
How to wire the wiring in the house, taking into account all the requirements of regulatory documentation? The source of information for us will be SNiP 31-02 (design of engineering systems for cottages) and the manual of the Ministry of Construction of Russia, which supplements its requirements, issued in 1997 and again regulates the construction of engineering systems for single-family houses.
For the convenience of the reader, I will put together the relevant and most important points of both documents.
- Installation of electrical wiring in a private house must be performed with a ground loop. The earth must be separate: you cannot use the neutral wire as it;
- Power limit determined by the owner of the house. The minimum values \u200b\u200bare 5.5 kW in a house without electric heating installations and electric stoves and 8 kW if they are available. If the total area of the house exceeds 60 square meters, the minimum input power increases by one percent for each square meter of area over 60;
The local authority may limit the maximum power depending on the state of the local power grid and the substation's capacity.
- Open wiring can be carried out directly on walls and other building structures, as well as in boxes and skirting boards with cable channels. At the same time, open wires without protective tubes or boxes are mounted on building structures at a height of at least 2 meters;
- Hidden wiring mounted at any height in ceilings and walls. We allow its installation in structures made of combustible materials;
- For wiring only copper wires can be used. With the same cross section as aluminum, they provide almost twice the lower resistivity, which means less heating at high currents;
- Wires and cables in protective sheaths can be passed through walls without bushings and pipes. The output of the input cable without a protective sheath through external walls is carried out in a plastic tube;
The tube is mounted with a slope towards the street to prevent leakage through the wire into the house.
- Electrical wiring in the house should not experience mechanical stress in places of branches and connections. All wire connections are insulated, and the thickness of the insulation should not be less than the thickness of the insulation of the solid wire;
- At the points of attachment hidden wiring to sockets, junction boxes, switches and lamps, the wire must have at least a 5-centimeter margin. The stock will be useful when replacing fittings or repairing wiring;
- If the wiring passes from a dry room to a damp(shower, bathroom, etc.), all connections are mounted from the side of the dry room. There should be no junction boxes in the bathroom;
- Recommended Mounting Height sockets - 80-100 cm, switches - 1.5 meters from the floor level;
In my opinion, it is much more convenient to adhere to European standards: 90 cm for switches and 25 cm for sockets. Low-lying sockets will allow you to get rid of the wires of household appliances that hang untidy on the walls, and switches will be accessible even to a child who has recently begun to walk.
- In a country house made of timber or logs, in a frame house and on a wooden in the attic, do-it-yourself wiring is done in a metal pipe (steel, copper or corrugated stainless). Even if a short circuit occurs, it will not cause a fire: before the pipe has time to warm up to a dangerous temperature, the machine will turn off the power to the circuit;
- switches set per phase. Zero does not open;
- When wiring one group line to several sockets, the earth branches off to each of them(either in the junction box or in the outlet housing). It is impossible to connect the earth to several sockets in series;
- In damp rooms, metal enclosures lamps and other electrical appliances must be grounded. If the luminaire is hung on a metal hook, it must be isolated from the body (for example, with a plastic shell) so that during a breakdown on the metal parts of the luminaire, a phase is not obtained on all the reinforcement of the reinforced concrete structures of the house;
However: a device with a two-pin plug, belonging to the zero electrical safety class, can be connected to a socket without grounding, only to zero and phase. In this case, the wiring must be carried out with an RCD on the corresponding line: it will turn off the power in case of leaks that accompany the electric shock of a person or animal.
- If the sockets in the apartment or house are installed at a height accessible to children, they must be protected with covers or plugs;
- Concealed wiring should not be placed on chimneys and heating shields with an operating temperature above 35 degrees: vinyl wiring insulation has limited heat resistance and softens when heated;
- Wires must not cross. The reason is the same: at peak currents at the intersection, the insulation may overheat;
- switches are placed at the entrance to the room, from the side of the door handle.
A number of document requirements separately stipulate electrical installation in rooms with high humidity:
- Wiring should, if possible, be routed to adjacent, dry rooms. Luminaires are placed on the wall closest to the input;
- For lighting with incandescent lamps, luminaires with housings made of dielectric materials (plastic, ceramics, etc.) should be used.
What should be the cross section of the wires? SNiP 31-02 specifies only the lower limits:
- Copper group lines - not less than 1 mm2;
- Aluminum group lines - not less than 2.5 mm2;
- Copper risers and circuits to which the meter is connected - not less than 2.5 mm2;
- The same risers and chains, but aluminum - at least 4 square millimeters.
First - examples of the wiring diagram of the cottage.
Now - a few practical tips on how to make electrical wiring in the house.
wires
I advise you to connect to the meter and input with a single-wire copper wire VVG with a cross section of at least 4 square millimeters per core with an input power of up to 10 kW and 6 mm2 with an input power of 10 - 15 kW.
The rest of the areas use:
- For wiring sockets - VVG 3x2.5 mm2;
- For lighting wiring - VVG 3x1.5 mm2.
It is better not to use stranded wire: its price is slightly higher than that of a single-wire one, while it provides a smaller area of \u200b\u200belectrical contact on the terminal blocks.
In the general case, the cross-section of hidden wiring is calculated as 1 square millimeter of copper per 8 amperes of peak current, open - 1 mm 2 per 10 A.
Connections
Do-it-yourself electrics are most easily mounted on brass blocks: they securely connect the ends of the wires and, unlike sleeves and welding, leave the connection detachable. If necessary, you can connect an additional socket to the distribution box at any time.
Wiring
In my opinion, it is most convenient to lay the wiring in a plinth with a cable channel. Why? Here are the arguments:
- Wiring in this case is practically not associated with dirty work. In the worst case, you will have to drill a series of holes for the dowel screws that secure the baseboard;
- The wiring remains available for repair, and it is not necessary to open the walls to replace its section;
- If you need to connect an additional outlet, it will not require much effort: you just need to strip the wire and install three blocks on it (zero, ground and phase), making a branch.
Conclusion
Now you know what the wiring diagram can be and how to mount it correctly. As always, additional materials will be offered to your attention by the video in this article. I look forward to your comments and additions to it. Good luck, comrades!
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