In complex sentences with disjunctive relations, conjunctions are used or, either, then...that, not that...not that, either...either, or...either, or...or.
Compound sentences with disjunctive conjunctions convey meanings of alternation of events or mutual exclusion.
Unionsor, or transmit meaning of mutual exclusion.
For example: Let him move to the village, to the outbuilding, or I will move from here, but I cannot stay in the same house with him... (Ch.); I was lying around for two days, but I remembered about the horse - either the wolves ate it or it froze (Seraph.).
Unionthen...that , repeating, indicates a sequential change of events.
For example: Either the cart will pass with a creak, or the voice of some woman will be heard going to the market (Ch.).
In sentences with unionnot that... not that are transmitted divisive relationships with a hint of uncertainty and conjecture.
For example: ... Either he was jealous of Natalya, or he regretted her (T.).
In sentences with unioneither... or also consists a shade of conjecture, some uncertainty.
For example: Either the water is still cold, or Kadoshka [the hunting dog] is still young and stupid, but he stopped at the water and cannot go further (Prishv.).
Unionswhether... whether, whether... or are used in compound sentences, dividing, expressing a list of mutually exclusive events and phenomena.
For example: Did fate bring us together again in the Caucasus, or did she come here on purpose... (L.); Whether your thoughts are hovering anxiously and incoherently, or your heart is crying in your chest, diamond stars will soon pour out, wait! (Fet); Who responded to me in the thicket of the forest? Was it an old oak tree whispering to a pine tree, or a rowan tree creaking in the distance, or a goldfinch singing an ocarina, or a robin, a little friend, suddenly answering me at sunset? (Sick.).
Sentences with gradational conjunctions
In complex sentences, special gradation relations can be conveyed, i.e. strengthening, increasing, or, conversely, weakening the significance of the second component of the sentence compared to the first. Such meanings are characteristic of conjunctions not only...but also, not so much...as, not really...but, although and...but etc., conjunctions are always double, the first part of them is placed before the first part of the complex sentence, the second - before the second. The dismemberment of the conjunction, the location of its components in different parts of the sentence, closely connects these parts into a single whole.
For example:
Not only did the students run out to greet the van, but even the old nanny couldn’t sit still at school; It wasn't that he didn't want to listen to me, but he just didn't care about it all.
Sentences with gradational conjunctions convey relationships close to connecting, cf.: And the students ran out to meet the van, and even the old nanny could not sit in school.
Compound sentences with connecting relations
The second part of a compound sentence can be additional message or additional note, caused by the content of the first part. In this case, there are affiliation relations.
The joining value is passed using allied combinationsyes and, but also , coordinating conjunctionsand, yes, and, but, same combined with adverbsalso, moreover, moreover, because and others and particleshere, even .
For example: Until they inspect, approve and approve the price, months will pass, and it is still unknown whether they will approve (Tevek.); I took it into my head to turn under the shed where our horses were standing, to see if they had food, and besides, caution never hurts... (L.); He studied well, and there was even a rumor that he would knock down the teacher Dardanelov himself in both arithmetic and world history (Dost.).
Connection value can be conveyed only by coordinating conjunctions -a, but, and.
For example: You will already have habits, and habits always win over opinions and beliefs (M.G.); ...The children noisily sculpted a woman from melted snow, and a good woman came out (S.-C.).
UnionAnd often used in a connecting meaning with a demonstrative pronoun, which seems to contain the entire content of the first part of the sentence.
For example: The earth will be a beautiful garden, and this is the meaning of life... (M. G.).
For the attached part of a complex sentence with unionsand, a, but typical repetition of a single-root word (or its synonym), which was indicated in the first part of the complex sentence, with a demonstrative pronoun (lexical pickup).
For example: He treated me gently and attentively, but there was something in this attention that frightened me a little... (M. G.); Then they put out a bare rope, they get something dressed in a lead pipe, and in that pipe there are no less than seven hundred intertwined wires (Sol.).
In the process of communication, a person formalizes his thoughts into simple or complex syntactic structures. Not the least of them is the compound sentence.
The examples and theoretical information presented below will help you understand the construction and punctuation of syntaxes of this type.
Complex sentence. Concept.
A complex syntactic structure, consisting of two or more simple components of equal meaning, combined through coordinating conjunctions, is called a complex sentence, or complex sentence.
Let's look at examples: “The doctor told jokes, but the conversation still didn’t go well. The crowd flowed like a river in front of them, but finally it thinned out, and the last congratulators left” (According to Maupassant).
The first of the presented designs consists of two parts, the second – of three. They are connected by unions and, but .
It is impossible to ask a question from one predicative construction to another.
Take note! It is necessary to distinguish between complex sentences and non-union sentences expressing a sequence of actions or their comparison:
“Sparrows began to chirp under the windows, the darkness dissolved, and the morning sun illuminated the entire area. Night had long fallen - he still didn’t go to bed.”
Although their components are equal, there are no conjunctions between them that necessarily connect the parts of a complex sentence.
Unions within the SSP
Simple sentences, forming a complex compound, connect coordinating conjunctions of the following groups:
- and, and... and, too, yes (in the meaning of and), neither...nor, also, not only... but also, both... and - connecting;
- but, yes (in the meaning but), and, but, however, but then, however - adversative;
- or, or, not that... not that, that... that, or... or – dividing;
- that is, namely, explanatory.
Accordingly, complex sentences are also combined into three groups, namely:
- With connecting unions;
- explanatory;
- dividing;
- adversarial.
Let's take a closer look at each of these groups.
Designs with connecting unions
A complex sentence of this type can be gleaned from literature and colloquial speech: “ Kolomeichenko invites me to sit on the hay, and a long conversation begins about boibaks” (According to V. Orlov). “My friends hurried home, I also followed them.”
“The water in the stream gurgled merrily, and a bird unknown to me sang somewhere nearby.” “Not only the adults went out to harvest the harvest, but the children didn’t lag behind them.” “And Ivanov could not come to the meeting, and his partner fell ill.” “When you reap the harvest, you will spend the winter.”
“I can’t see the light of the sun, and there’s no room for my roots” (I. Krylov). “Mom received her nephew cordially, he also tried to show her every attention.”
The most common complex sentences contain constructions with the conjunction and. The semantic connection of the parts that form the SSP of a given type is not the same. They can express:
- Temporary relationships. At the same time, the phenomena they talk about occur either simultaneously or sequentially: “Somewhere in the distance, dull chords were heard, and a hoarse male voice was heard. This invisible wall suddenly moved apart, and sounds that had been suppressed for a long time poured out from behind it with terrifying force” (A. Kuprin).
- The relationship is cause-and-effect: “Grandfather always took care of his health, and therefore even old age did not deprive him of his vigor and clear mind. Indistinct talk and noise ran through the entire crowd, and after that the words were clearly heard: “Stolen.” ().
Designs with separating unions
Let's look at some examples of syntactic constructions of this type: “A bird will fly up, or an elk will trumpet in the distance. Either I don’t understand, or you don’t want to understand me”(). “It was either thunder roared or a gun hit. Either the clouds will set, then the sun will suddenly appear.”
Disjunctive SSPs with repeated or, less commonly, single conjunctions name phenomena that, in the speaker’s opinion, cannot occur at the same moment.
Either one of them excludes the other, or they follow in turn.
Take note! Compound sentences and simple ones complicated by homogeneous members with the conjunction or, as well as and, but are often confused. To avoid mistakes, you should look at the number of grammatical stems.
Compare:
“For a second a stone will appear in the bushes, or an animal will jump out of the grass, and the steppe will flash again.”
“Meanwhile, the devil was creeping slowly towards the month and was about to stretch out his hand to grab it, but suddenly he pulled it back, as if he had been burned, swung his leg and ran on the other side, and again jumped back and pulled his hand back” (N. Gogol).
Opposite BSC
Let's look at examples with the conjunction but, but, but, yes, which are most often found in modern language: “Angelica’s eyes were teary, but he didn’t notice anything” (According to V. Shishkov). He began to work, and lazy, homely thoughts wandered in his head for a long time” (A. Chekhov).
“The pie wasn’t baked, but the compote was a success. I wanted to call my parents, but the phone disappeared somewhere.” As we see, the phenomena discussed in the BSC data are opposed to each other.
SSPs with an adversative meaning can only contain particles that perform the function of conjunctions in them: “Separation did not help to forget, only the pain worsened. The back of my head ached badly, but my legs almost let go.”
Constructions with explanatory conjunctions
In this form, BSC is used only, namely, and that is. In colloquial speech similar designs are rare. The scope of their application is book styles: “The time was fortunate, that is, no one could enter.” “The weather is terrible, namely the rain is pouring incessantly.”
Features of punctuation marks
The BSC of any group usually contains a comma separating its components.
However, if in front of them there is a common secondary member, or subordinate clause, then it should not be inserted: “During a blizzard, the wolf does not leave the den and the lynx does not hunt.” “When the sun rose, everything around began to sparkle with colors and the water turned silver.”
The exception will be cases when we have a sentence with a repeating conjunction: “Loaded carts slowly crawled along the road, and light horsemen rushed by, and peasants walked slowly.”
Take note! If parts of the BSC are denominative, interrogative or impersonal constructions with predicates of similar meaning, then they are not separated by a comma:
"Tour of the city and lunch at a diner." “How much sand has flown under the bridge and what is the date now?” “You shouldn’t be late and you shouldn’t miss classes.”
It is also necessary to mention those cases when in the BSC a comma is replaced by a colon or a dash.
A dash is placed if:
- The second sentence is unexpectedly opposed to the first.
- The second predicative construction contains an immediate connection to the previous one.
A colon is placed between the components of the BSC if:
- They already have commas inside them.
- They have many members.
- They are not very closely related in meaning.
To illustrate a special type of complex sentence, consider examples from fiction:
“I didn’t have time to go out the door - and now, at least gouge out my eye!” (N. Gogol)
“I was ready to leave with every cart, to leave with every gentleman of respectable appearance who hired a cab; but not one, absolutely no one, invited me, as if they had forgotten me” ().
“He stopped, squatted down, but as soon as she approached him with hesitant steps, he jumped, like a devil jumping out of a box, and flew to the opposite end of the living room” (H. Maupassant).
Useful video
Let's sum it up
As you can see, sentences with coordinating conjunctions not only differ in typical diversity, but also do not have standard punctuation. We hope that the material presented in the article will be useful in solving theoretical and practical problems related to BSC.
Compound sentence - this is a complex sentence in which simple sentences are connected by coordinating conjunctions and, as a rule, are equal grammatically and in meaning.
Coordinating conjunctions that connect simple sentences are found between simple sentences and are not included in any of them.
By conjunctions and by meaning compound sentences are divided into six groups.
1. Compound sentences With connecting unions: and, yes(= i), nor- neither. They talk about a) the simultaneity of events and phenomena, or b) their succession, or c) the conditionality of one event by another. For example: a) Neither [ viburnum does not grow between them], nor [ grass Not turns green] (I. Turgenev)- Neither, nor; AND [ the wind was rushing fast through the weeds], and [sheaves sparks flew through the fogs]... (A. Blok)- And, and; [Only oriole gi shouting], Yes[cuckoos vying with each other count down someone has unlived years] (M. Sholokhov)-, yes;
b) [Two or three fell large drops rain], and [suddenly lightning flashed]. (I. Goncharov) - [], And ; [Door across the street in a brightly lit store slammed], and [from it showed Xia citizen]. (M. Bulgakov)- , And .
V) [Life is given once], and [ I want to live her cheerfully, meaningfully, beautifully] (A. Chekhov)(the second sentence expresses the result, consequence, conclusion from the content of the first) - , and ; [Tell you give her two words], and [ she is saved] (A. Chekhov)(in the first sentence the condition of the action (state) in the second is indicated) - , and ; [It was getting hot], and I hurried home] (M. Lermontov)(in the first sentence the reason for the action in the second is indicated) -, and; [Free seats there wasn't], and [im had to stand] (V. Rasputin)- , And .
2. Compound sentences with separators unions: or (or), either, whether- or then- this, not that- neither this nor that- or... They indicate alternation phenomena, on possibility (choice) one phenomena of two or several. For example: [The dog will bark brownie], il [ the breeze will rustle in sheets of darkening will fly by] (N. Yazykov [], il , il ; That [ Sun dim glitters], That [ cloud black hanging(N. Nekrasov)
This, that; Not that [ it was getting light], not that [ it was getting dark] (Yu. German)- Not that, not that (in sentences with conjunctions either- either or not- not that mutual exclusion is complicated by the meaning of conjecture or an indication of the difficulty in choosing the exact designation of the situation).
3. Compound sentences With adversative unions: ah, but, yes(= but), however, on the other hand, only. In them, one phenomenon is contrasted with another or is somehow different from it. For example: [Ranks people are given], A [people can be deceived] (A. Griboyedov)- , A ; [Beliefs are instilled theory], [ behavior same is being formed example] (A. Herzen)(union same combines two meanings: an adversative conjunction and an intensifying particle; therefore, it does not stand between simple sentences, but after the first word of the second sentence, highlighting this word) - , [same]; [They, Certainly, don't know me], yes \I them I know] (F. Dostoevsky)-, yes; [Fedya never didn't cry], but [ found it's wild at times stubbornness] (I. Turgenev)- , but ; [She didn't move], just [a little eyebrows moved] (V. Rasputin)- , only ; [Was it's already spring month March], however [at night the trees were cracking from the cold, like in December] (A. Chekhov)- , however . (The adversative conjunction “however” always stands at the beginning of a simple sentence; it can be replaced by the conjunction “but”; a comma is not placed after it. Homonymous to the conjunction introductory word“however” does not appear at the beginning (i.e., in the middle or at the end) of the sentence and is separated in writing by commas. Wed: We were all waiting for him, however (but) he did not come.- We were all waiting for him, but he didn’t come.)
4. Compound sentences With gradational-comparative conjunctions: not only... but also, not that... but (but), if not... then, not that... but (a), not so much... as. In such sentences there is a comparison or opposition of phenomena according to degree
significance: what is communicated in the second sentence is presented as in one way or another more significant, effective or convincing compared to what is said in the first (what is said in the second sentence has a greater degree of significance for the speaker). For example: [
Cmnot really cruel, but [he's too de yat splendid character] (L. Tolstoy)- not just that, but; Not only [ Sonya without paint couldn't stand it this look], but also [old Countess and Natasha blushed, noticing this look] (L. Tolstoy)- Not only, but also.
5. Compound sentences With connecting unions: and, too, also, moreover, moreover. The second sentence in them has the character of an additional or incidental remark, often unexpected, as if it had just come to mind. [He felt in front of her as a child], and [ she thought him for the child] (F. Dostoevsky)- , yes and ; [Poor Nadenka has nowhere else to go hear those words], and [no one pronounce them] (Ah, Chekhov)- , yes and ; [Face her it was pale], [slightly open lips Same turned pale] (I. Turgenev)- ., [too] (conjunctions Same And Also in meaning they are close to the union And, but they do not stand between simple sentences, but inside the second one).
6. Compound sentences with explanatory notes unions: that is, namely, They indicate the identity, equivalence of situations, while the second sentence explains and concretizes the thought expressed in the first. For example: [Also here lived in his native Lozishchi and to a certain Osip Lozinsky], that is [ lived, to tell the truth, it doesn’t matter] (V. Korolenko)- , that is ; [Men's room the servants were brought with us to a minimum], namely: [for the whole house no more than two lackeys were supposed to be sufficient] (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin)- , namely .
Syntactic analysis of complex sentences
Scheme for parsing a complex sentence
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2 Characterize the sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
3. Determine the number of simple sentences in a complex sentence and find their boundaries, highlight the grammatical foundations of each simple sentence included in a complex sentence.
4.Indicate what kind of coordinating conjunction connects simple sentences into complex ones, and determine the semantic relationships between them.
5 Compose graphic diagram compound sentence.
6. Explain punctuation marks.
Sample analysis of a complex sentence
[You are many years late], but [still I glad) (A. Akhmatova).
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, consists of two simple sentences connected by the coordinating adversative conjunction “but”, a relation of opposition (with a hint of concession); simple sentences within a compound sentence are separated in writing by a comma.
That \ fell as if fog], then [suddenly allowed oblique, large rain] (L. Tolstoy).
This, that.
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, consists of two simple sentences connected by a repeating coordinating disjunctive conjunction “this - that”, an alternation relationship; simple sentences within a compound sentence are separated in writing by a comma.
[Women flash by in tents], and [ mongrels yapping sha-lye], and [samovars roses scarlet are burning in taverns and houses] (O. Mandelstam).
And, and.
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, consists of three simple sentences connected by a repeating coordinating conjunction “and”, simultaneous phenomena are listed; simple sentences within a compound sentence are separated in writing by commas.
Compound sentences with adversative conjunctions (a, but, yes, same, but, however, etc.) express comparative and adversative relationships, that is, they indicate the opposition of events, their difference or inconsistency. All such sentences, regardless of whether their parts are homogeneous or heterogeneous, can only be two-term.
Based on structural features and basic grammatical meanings, all complex sentences with adversative conjunctions are divided into two groups: 1) comparative and 2) adversative sentences.
- In comparative sentences (with conjunctions a, zhe) phenomena that are different in some respect are compared, and these phenomena, despite all their dissimilarity, do not cancel each other, but seem to coexist. Hence the presence in predicative parts comparative sentences of typified lexical elements - compared words of one thematic group.
In all these examples, the comparison is carried out in one temporal and one modal plane. This is typical of the proposals in this group. However, in some cases, events belonging to different time and modal plans can also be compared. For example: Just recently, space flights were a dream, but today they are a reality (From newspapers); You sit here, and I’ll go to the watchman (Gaidar). Finally, species forms can also participate in the expression of comparative relationships. For example: The chaise was driving straight, but for some reason the mill began to move to the left (Chekhov).
The conjunction, associated in its origin with the intensifying particle, retains its excretory-intensifying meaning; the origin of this union also determines its position; it does not stand between the predicative parts, but after the first word of the second part, highlighting it. Such sentences are called comparative-selective. For example: His comrades treated him with hostility, but the soldiers truly loved him (Kuprin); From our battery, Solyony will go on a barge, while we will go with a combat unit (Chekhov).
- In adversative sentences (with conjunctions but, yes, however, but, and, etc.) they express various types adversative relations: adversative-restrictive, adversative-concessive, adversative-compensatory, etc. All these types of relations are based on the inconsistency of the events that are discussed in the predicative parts. The most common and stylistically neutral is the conjunction but. The union is of a colloquial nature, but the union is, however, bookish.
In such sentences, the plans of the unreal modality (1st part) and the real (2nd part) can be correlated, which is respectively expressed by the forms of the subjunctive mood or the so-called “invalid” mood (with the particle was), etc. For example: She would go too to the forest, but there is no one to leave the children with (Abramov); Languishing in boredom, Grigory was about to go into the house, but three mounted Cossacks from someone else’s hundred (Sholokhov) appeared along the street.
If real modality is expressed in the first and second parts, then a complex sentence often has the meaning of a restrictive clarification (a positive fact is clarified with the help of a more specific negative, or vice versa). For example: Darwin was not an embryologist, but he fully understood the importance of embryological research for solving evolutionary processes (Severtsov). Wed. with the union, however: I felt somehow terribly sad at that moment; however, something similar to laughter stirred in my soul (Dostoevsky).
Compound sentences with only a particle conjunction are similar in structure and meaning to the sentences considered. For example: I could show you Moscow, only today I’m busy (meaning restriction-obstacle); The whole house is asleep, only one window is lit (meaning limitation-clarification).
In adversative concessive sentences (with conjunctions but, however, yes), the adversative meaning is complicated by the concessive meaning (one phenomenon should have caused another, but did not). For example: I had my own room in the house, but I lived in the yard in a shack... (Chekhov). Wed. complex sentence with concessive clause subordinate clause: Although I had my own room in the house, I lived in the courtyard in a shack. The concessional meaning is formed mainly by the lexical composition of the parts, so its connotation is inherent in many types of both complex and complex sentences. Wed: I had my own room in the house, but I lived in the yard in a shack; I did not live in a house where I had my own room, but in a shack in the yard.
The distinctly adversative-concessive meaning is expressed with the help of the particles nevertheless, nevertheless, anyway, meanwhile, with all that, etc. In this case, the concessive-concessive meaning is equally manifested in sentences with the conjunction but, and in sentences with the conjunction A. Compare, for example: I always quarrel with them, but still I love them very much (Dostoevsky); Mother cried every minute, her health became worse day by day, she was apparently wasting away, and yet we worked with her from morning to night (Dostoevsky). Wed. also with the adverbs still (still), already (already): The snow is still white in the fields, and the waters are noisy in the spring (Tyutchev).
In adversative-compensatory sentences (with conjunctions, but, but, yes), a phenomenon is considered from different sides, with one side most often assessed as negative, and the second as positive. For example: The Cossacks dismounted in front of the river. The ford was shallow, but the current was very fast (Arsenyev); The guns in the arsenals rust, but the shakos sparkle (Simonov). Wed. a sentence with a complex union formation, but: He will have a lot of work, but in winter he will rest (Saltykov-Shchedrin).
More complex meanings are characterized by complex sentences with comparative-gradational conjunctions not only not... but...; not that... but (a)... etc. For example: By morning, not only did it not get warmer, but even frost fell; By morning, it wasn’t just that it got warmer, but the wind just died down. One of the compared events is presented in such sentences as refuting any judgment, assumption or as clarifying it. Wed. a sentence with a connecting-gradational conjunction not only but also...: By morning, not only did it get warmer, but the wind also died down.
Note. The groups and subgroups of complex sentences with connective and adversative conjunctions identified above do not exhaust the entire wealth of grammatical meanings expressed in sentences of various structures. IN special studies Among the sentences with coordinating conjunctions, sentences of connective incongruity also stand out (We often quarrel, and yet I love him), connective-restrictive (All the cadets fell into line, and only Ivanov, it seemed, did not hear the command), comparative-restrictive (All the cadets got into formation, but Ivanov hesitated), inconsistencies (It’s about spring, but the frost is getting stronger), offensively widespread (It’s easy to make fun of great people, but this doesn’t make you any taller), etc.
Most of these proposals, in comparison with those discussed above, represent more special cases, often transitional, in which the differences between individual groups of proposals are erased.
Methodological note. The school textbook gives only a general concept of grammatical meanings complex sentences with connecting and adversative conjunctions. The first lists phenomena that occur simultaneously or follow each other; secondly, one phenomenon is contrasted with another. It is impossible to give a complex structural-semantic classification of these sentences in school. However, individual observations on the correspondence between form and content can be made when working on the exercises in the textbook.
Complex are called complex sentences , in which simple sentences are equal in meaning and are connected by coordinating conjunctions. The parts of a complex sentence are independent of each other and form one semantic whole.
Depending on the type of coordinating conjunction that connects the parts of the sentence, all complex sentences (CCS) are divided into three main categories:
1) BSC with connecting unions(and; yes in the meaning and; neither..., nor; also; also; not only..., but also; both... and);
2) BSC with dividing unions (then..., then; not that..., not that; or; or; either... or);
3) BSC with adversative conjunctions (a, but, yes in the meaning but, however, on the other hand, but on the other hand, only, the same).
The semantic connection of simple sentences combined into a complex one is different. They can transmit:
Phenomena occurring simultaneously.
For example: And far in the south there was a battle, and in the north the earth shook from bomb attacks that were clearly approaching at night (in such sentences, changing the sequence of parts of the sentence does not change the meaning);
Phenomena that occur sequentially.
For example: Dunya sat down in the wagon next to the hussar, the servant jumped onto the handle, the coachman whistled, and the horses galloped(in this case, rearrangement of sentences is impossible).
1. BSC with connecting unions (and, yes /=and/, neither - nor, both - so and, not only - but also, too, also, yes and).
In complex sentences with connecting conjunctions the following can be expressed:
- temporary relationships.
For example: Morning came and our ship approached Astrakhan(compare: When morning came, our ship approached Astrakhan);
Unions and, yes can be either single or repeating:
For example: The transparent forest alone turns black, and the spruce turns green through the frost, and the river glitters under the ice.(A.S. Pushkin) - the described phenomena occur simultaneously, which is emphasized by the use of repeating conjunctions in each part.
I shouted and an echo answered me- the second phenomenon follows the first.
- action and its result.
For example: Pugachev gave a sign, and they immediately released me and left me.
- cause-and-effect relationships.
For example:
Several especially powerfully covered dugouts remained completely intact, and the cold, battle-weary people, collapsing from fatigue and the desire to sleep, with all their might stretched there to warm themselves;
I wasn't feeling well, so I didn't wait for dinner.- the second phenomenon is a consequence of the first, caused by it, as indicated by the specifier - adverb That's why.
I don’t see the light of the sun, I don’t have room for my roots(I. A. Krylov).
The narrator froze mid-sentence, I also heard a strange sound- unions Same And Also have the peculiarity that they do not appear at the beginning of the part.
Unions Same And Also introduce the meaning of simile into the sentence. For example: And now I lived with my grandmother, she also told me fairy tales before bed. Unions Same And Also always appear within the second part of a complex sentence. Union Same, as a rule, used in colloquial speech, conjunction Also- in the bookstore.
The conjunction also has a colloquial character Yes in meaning And .
For example: It was useless to hide the truth, and Serpilin did not consider himself entitled to do so.
2. BSC with adversative conjunctions (but, yes /=but/, however, but, but, but).
IN compound sentences with adversative conjunctions one phenomenon is opposed to another.
For example: The thunderstorm was there, behind them, above the forest, and here the sun was shining.
With the help of a conjunction, however, a reservation is conveyed to what was previously said. For example: She could hardly force herself to smile and hide her triumph, but she managed to quickly assume a completely indifferent and even stern look.
Sentences of this group always consist of two parts and, having a common adversative meaning, can express the following meanings:
She was about thirty, but she seemed like a very young girl- the second phenomenon is opposed to the first.
Some helped in the kitchen, while others set the tables- the second phenomenon is not opposed to the first, A compared with it (replacing the union A on But impossible).
Unions but , but then indicate compensation for what was mentioned in the first sentence.
For example: The elk left, but nearby there was a sound made by some living and, probably, weak creature; He has a lot of work ahead of him, but in winter he will rest.
Particles are used in the meaning of adversative conjunctions same , only .
For example: My head still hurt, but my consciousness was clear and distinct; The war did not cancel anything, only all feelings became sharper during the war.
Union same, like unions Same And Also, always does not appear at the beginning of the second part of the sentence, but directly after the word that is opposed to the word of the first part.
For example: All the trees have released sticky leaves, but the oak tree still stands without leaves.
3. BSC with dividing unions (or /il/, either, not that - not that, whether - either, that - that).
In complex sentences with disjunctive conjunctions, phenomena that cannot occur simultaneously are indicated: they either alternate, or one excludes the other.
For example: In the stuffy air, the blows of pickaxes on stone were heard, or the wheels of wheelbarrows sang mournfully; It was drizzling, then large flakes of snow were falling– union That- That indicates alternation of phenomena.
On Peresyp something was either burning or the moon was rising- union not so -not that indicates the mutual exclusion of phenomena.
Only sometimes a birch tree will flash or a spruce tree will stand in front of you like a gloomy shadow.- union or indicates the mutual exclusion of phenomena.
Either the gate is creaking, or the floorboards are cracking- union either - either indicates the mutual exclusion of phenomena.
Divisional unions or And or can be single or repeating.
With more detailed description types of BSC There are three more types of SSP: BSC with connecting, explanatory and gradational conjunctions.
Unions are connecting yes and, too, also, placed in our classification in the group of connecting conjunctions.
Conjunctions are explanatory that is, namely :
For example: He was expelled from the gymnasium, that is, the most unpleasant thing happened to him.
Graduation unions - not only... but also, not that... but .
For example: It wasn't that he didn't trust his partner, but he still had some doubts about him.
Complex sentence should be distinguished from a simple sentence with homogeneous members connected by coordinating conjunctions.
| Compound Sentences | Simple sentences with homogeneous sentence members |
| The hundred-year-old pines exchanged a whistling whisper among themselves, and dry frost poured with a soft rustle from the disturbed branches. | And suddenly another beetle fell away from the swarm dancing in the air and, leaving behind a large, bushy tail, rushed straight to the clearing.
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| The stars still sparkled sharply and coldly, but the sky in the east had already begun to brighten. | Obeying this powerful feeling, he jumped to his feet, but then, groaning, he sat down on the bear’s carcass.
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| The forest is noisy, your face is hot, and a prickly cold creeps from your back. | In good weather, the forest swirled with caps of pine peaks, and in bad weather, shrouded in gray fog, it resembled a darkened surface of water. |
For a change, a white cobblestone will flash among the weeds, or a gray stone woman will grow up for a moment, or a gopher will cross the road, and again weeds, hills, and rooks will run past your eyes. | I had to stand with my eyes closed, leaning my back against a tree trunk, or sit down on a snowdrift and rest, feeling the pulse beating in my veins. |
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