Tasks in the discipline "Book Science"
Questions for offset
9. Book edition as a material and subject form of the book The content of the concept of "book edition".
10. Book publishing system. Correlation between the category "book" and the concept of "book edition".
11. Object area of bibliology. Component composition of the object of bibliological knowledge.
12. The system of the object of bibliological knowledge. The concept of the subject of disciplinary scientific knowledge.
13. General definition of the subject of bibliology.
14. The ratio of subjects of general bibliology, book publishing, bookselling, library, bibliographic knowledge .
15. The system of the subject of bibliology. The concept of the composition and structure of disciplinary scientific knowledge.
16. Composition of book science: general book science, book publishing, bookselling, library, bibliographic knowledge.
17. The system of book publishing book knowledge. The system of bookselling bibliological knowledge. The system of library book knowledge (library science).
18. System unity and interdisciplinary organization of bibliological knowledge.
19. Book science and related disciplines. The system of the book method.
20. Relationship between theory and method. Foundations of the theory of method. The theory of book science typological method.
21. System, structure, forms of book science typological method.
22. Cognitive capabilities of each of the subsystems of the book science typological method at each of the levels of book science knowledge.
24. System of criteria for typification of book publications. Types and types of book editions of works of literature, music, fine arts.
Subjects of examinations
2. Initial principles and provisions. General scientific concept of information. The book in the light of the content of the concepts "social information" - "semantic information.
3. The communication process "consciousness", its content and structure, patterns of changing forms of information in this process.
4. The concept of context, text, work as subsystems of the communication process "consciousness".
5. Publication and the process of mass communication. Forms of mass communication. General definition the essence of the book as an objective phenomenon of social reality.
6. Book in book business. The content of the fundamental bibliological category "book". Book business as a way of existence of a real, real book.
7. Book edition as a material and subject form of the book The content of the concept of "book edition".
8. System of book publishing in Denmark. Correlation between the category "book" and the concept of "book edition". Dialectical definition of the book.
9. "Electronic book" "Electronic edition, "Electronic book edition".
10. Modern idea of disciplinary scientific knowledge as a system. The concept of the object area of disciplinary scientific knowledge.
11. Object area of bibliology. Component composition of the object of bibliological knowledge. The system of the object of bibliological knowledge. The concept of the subject of disciplinary scientific knowledge.
12. General definition of the subject of bibliology. The ratio of subjects of general book science, book publishing, bookselling, library, bibliographic knowledge .
13. The system of the subject of bibliology. The concept of the composition and structure of disciplinary scientific knowledge. The composition of bibliology: general bibliology, book publishing, bookselling, library, bibliographic knowledge.
14. The system of book publishing knowledge. The system of bookselling bibliological knowledge. The system of library book knowledge (library science).
15. System unity and interdisciplinary organization of bibliological knowledge. Bibliology and related disciplines. The system of the book method.
16. General concept of the method of scientific knowledge. Relationship between theory and method. Foundations of the theory of method. The theory of book science typological method.
17. System, structure, forms of book science typological method. Cognitive possibilities of each of the subsystems of the book science typological method at each of the levels of book science knowledge. Categorial-conceptual system of book science.
18. System of criteria for typification of book publications. Types and types of book editions of works of literature, music, fine arts.
Bibliography
1. "Reading Russia". Magazine. No. 1, 2008
2. A. Arkhangelsky. Fax about fiction. "Izvestia", November 26, 2008
3. A. Narinskaya. Less than freedom. Magazine "Expert", No. 1-2, 2007.
4. . Book publishing system of modern Russia. M., 2007.
5. V. Voronko, A. Kostinsky. A year of disappointments. Stephen King and e-book publishing. Materials of the site "Radio Liberty".
6. G. Yuzefovich. Light path. Magazine "Weekly magazine". 12.2008.
7. I. Starodubrovskaya, V. Mau. Great revolutions. M., 2009.
8. Book review. Weekly newspaper. 1994–2002 Pro tab materials over the years.
9. Book business. Magazine. Materials of IMC "Alvis". .
10. Monitoring of public opinion. VTsIOM issues, 1997–2007
11. Print Russian Federation. Statistical collections. M. .
12. Seal of the USSR. Statistical collections. M., 2001-2008.
13. Printer and publisher. Magazine. No. 11, 2009
14. Publishing houses of Russia. Directory. Issue 3. - M .: IMC "Alvis", 2009.
15. Book trade. Directory. Issue 3. - M.: Alvis; Manuscript, 2009.
16. Russian book market: analysis, problems, prospects / Ed. . - M.: Informpress, 2007.
Questions for the exam
1. Modern approaches to the study of the essence of the book and book business.
2. Initial principles and provisions. General scientific concept of information.
3. The book in the light of the content of the concepts "social information" - "semantic information.
4. The communication process "consciousness", its content and structure, patterns of changing forms of information in this process.
5. The concept of context, text, work as subsystems of the communication process "consciousness".
6. Publication and the process of mass communication. Forms of mass communication.
7. General definition of the essence of the book as an objective phenomenon of social reality.
8. Book in book business.
10. Book edition as a material and subject form of the book The content of the concept of "book edition".
11. Book publishing system. Correlation between the category "book" and the concept of "book edition".
12. Dialectical definition of the book.
13. "Electronic book" "Electronic edition, "Electronic book edition".
14. Modern idea of disciplinary scientific knowledge as a system.
15. The concept of the object area of disciplinary scientific knowledge.
16. Objective area of bibliology. Component composition of the object of bibliological knowledge.
17. The system of the object of bibliological knowledge. The concept of the subject of disciplinary scientific knowledge.
18. General definition of the subject of bibliology.
19. The ratio of subjects of general book science, book publishing, bookselling, library, bibliographic knowledge .
20. The system of the subject of bibliology. The concept of the composition and structure of disciplinary scientific knowledge.
21. Composition of book science: general book science, book publishing, bookselling, library, bibliographic knowledge.
22. The system of book publishing knowledge. The system of bookselling bibliological knowledge. The system of library book knowledge (library science).
23. System unity and interdisciplinary organization of bibliological knowledge.
24. Book science and related disciplines. The system of the book method.
25. General concept of the method of scientific knowledge.
26. Relationship between theory and method. Foundations of the theory of method. The theory of book science typological method.
27. System, structure, forms of book science typological method.
28. Cognitive capabilities of each of the subsystems of the book science typological method at each of the levels of book science knowledge.
30. System of criteria for typification of book publications. Types and types of book editions of works of literature, music, fine arts.
31. Worldview and scientific foundations of general bibliology
32. From the history of the formation and development of generalized bibliological knowledge
33. Book. Book business. book edition
34. System of book knowledge
35. General principles of typology of book publications
36. Features of modern socio-economic book publishing. The system of publishing houses issuing a socio-economic book
37. Typology of the socio-economic book
38. Editions of literature on philosophical sciences, sociology, psychology, religion, theology
39. Editions of literature on history, politics and military affairs
40. Editions of economic and legal literature
41. The main directions of work with the socio-economic book in the book trade
42. The system of public education and pedagogy in the Russian Federation
43. The system of publication and distribution of educational and pedagogical books in the Russian Federation
44. Typology of educational and pedagogical books
45. Formation of the repertoire and assortment of educational and pedagogical books
46. Methods of working with educational and pedagogical book
Subject of control works.
1. The initial stages of the development of the science of the book in Russia
2. Russian bibliographic society ()
3. Book science activity
4. Russian Bibliological Society ()
5. Book science activities
6. Bibliological centers of the 20s-early 30s. and main directions of their activity
7. Theoretical concepts of the largest Soviet bibliologists
8. The development of individual bibliological disciplines in the late 20s and 30s.
9. Bibliological controversy of the early 30s.
10. The main directions of bibliological research in the 40-50s.
11. The concept of the complexity of the science of the book
12. Functional concept of book science
13. The book and the concept of information (social, semantic, semiotic, material-objective)
15. The book in the system of concepts "context", "text", "work"
16. Forms of the method of social communication (interpersonal, group, mass) and the book
17. "Publishing" and the process of mass communication
18. Book in book business. The content of the bibliological category "book"
The concept of "structure" in the broadest and most general sense of the word means the structure, arrangement, order, the totality of stable connections of an object that ensure its integrity and identity to itself, i.e. preservation of basic properties during various external and internal changes. Structure is an attribute, i.e. an essential property of all real existing facilities and phenomena. The fundamental position of modern natural science, for example, is the concept of the levels of organization of matter, reflecting the existence in nature of a hierarchy of systems, levels of organization of varying complexity. The study of the transition from one level of organization to another involves the identification of new types of relationships. The concept of "structure" is basic, basic in the general theory of systems, in the methodology of system research along with the concepts of "system", "component", "element", etc.
The structure characterizes the internal organization of an integral system, a specific way of interconnection of its components, differentiates the levels of organization of an integral system.
Such a system as scientific knowledge also has a structure. Structuring, identification, allocation of structural levels is a way of systematizing scientific knowledge within the boundaries of its integrity.
The very structure of knowledge is one of the components that reveal the content of scientific knowledge at the level of its structure, along with such components as the structure of the object, the structure of the subject, the structure of the method.
Modern science of science and special disciplinary methodological research connects the possibility of deploying, revealing the structure of scientific knowledge with the idea of the structure of the subject: “The formulation of those questions that are recognized in reflection as questions about the subject of research is nothing more than a discussion of the problems of the structure of science.”
In other words, "when the structure of science is considered... it is simply impossible to do without an idea about the subject of study of this science," the idea of the structure of the subject "allows us to express the structure of scientific knowledge."
The above statements definitely indicate the relationship between the structure of scientific knowledge and the structure of the subject, but do not indicate the relationship between these two components. This relation can be qualified in such a way that the structure of scientific knowledge is an even more complex form of its expression, a higher level of its systematization, an even more complexly organized model of knowledge in the processes of generalization of previous levels of development of scientific knowledge, their synthesis by means of scientific thinking. The structure of scientific knowledge in a "removed" form includes the subject, because it is impossible to unfold the structure of knowledge before the structure of the subject is unfolded. The structure of the subject, as it were, sets the program, the principle of structuring scientific knowledge.
In the structure of the subject of general bibliology and in the structures of subjects of individual areas of bibliology, problems are formulated, the study of which involves obtaining knowledge of a different nature and varying degrees of generalization and concreteness, theoretical and empirical. The study of some problems gives a methodological level of knowledge, others - theoretical, third - historical, fourth - methodical (ie practical for the system of scientific knowledge).
The continuity, necessity, similarity and difference between the theoretical and historical levels of bibliological research and knowledge are predetermined by the dialectic of the relationship between the logical (theoretical) and the historical, revealed in the Marxist-Leninist theory of knowledge. F. Engels characterized the unity of the historical and the logical as follows: “... the logical method of research ... in essence is nothing more than the same historical method, only freed from historical form and from interfering accidents. From where history begins, the course of thought must also begin from the same, and its further movement will be nothing more than a reflection of the historical process in an abstract and theoretically consistent form; reflection corrected, but corrected according to the laws which the actual historical process, and each moment can be considered at that point in its development, where the process reaches its full maturity, its classical form” (13, 497).
Historical patterns of "books in motion", i.e. “books in the book business”, the historical forms of existence, movement, development of the book in the historically changing forms of book business must be studied and reproduced in knowledge objectively and adequately, not just as empirical data, but as theoretically understood, i.e. conscious from the standpoint of the theory of bibliology.
In the structure of the subject of general bibliology, all problems presuppose a general book science methodological level of knowledge, and knowledge of a book at this level reveals the essence and the most general patterns of the book and the science about it, substantiates the most general method, i.e. the theoretical method of obtaining objective, consistent knowledge about the book, correlating it with other complex phenomena, and bibliology - with related scientific disciplines.
The problems of intra-book science are actually the theoretical level of general book science. Here it develops its scientific foundations, constructs its object, subject, structure, composition, substantiates, in accordance with the most general forms of the book and the modes of their existence, the object, subject, structure, composition of book science disciplines.
At the historical level, general bibliology explores the most general historical patterns and forms of the book's existence in book business, as well as the historical patterns and forms of the formation and development of scientific book knowledge itself.
Methodical level in scientific knowledge- this is the "practice of science", although in content it is also theoretical knowledge, expressed by generalized models of the methods of cognitive research and subject-sensitive book science activity. In other words, this level of general book science knowledge, or a section in the structure of general book science, is “a theory of general book science methods and the rationale for their transition into a system of special book science methods of cognition of the corresponding form of the book and ways of its existence, as well as methods of special book science activity in the corresponding field. book business.
Thus, general bibliology explores the book in its subject at the methodological, strictly theoretical, historical and methodological (practical) levels. Accordingly, in the structure of general book science, several general book science disciplines can be distinguished: methodology of book science, theory of books and (or) book science, theory of book science, theory of methods of book science, history of books and (or) book business, history of book science.
The structure of general bibliology, as it were, sets the program for structuring individual areas of specialized bibliology knowledge. In each of them, the levels of methodology, theory, history and methodology are distinguished.
The structure of scientific knowledge should show the levels of its organization and the relationship between the levels (Table 1).
2.1.7. The system of book knowledge. –8h
The modern idea of disciplinary scientific knowledge as a system. The concept of the object area of disciplinary knowledge. Object area of bibliology. The concept of the object of disciplinary scientific knowledge. General definition of the object of bibliological knowledge. The component composition of the object of book science knowledge: the object of general book science, the object of book publishing (editor-publishing) knowledge, bookselling knowledge; object of library knowledge; object of bibliographic knowledge. The ratio of objects of general book science, book publishing, bookselling, library, bibliographic knowledge. The structure of the object of bibliological knowledge. The system of the object of bibliological knowledge, reflecting the systematic nature of the book as an objective phenomenon of social reality. The concept of the subject of disciplinary scientific knowledge. Correlation between the object and the subject of disciplinary scientific knowledge. General definition of the subject of bibliology. The component composition of the subject of bibliological knowledge: the subject of general bibliology, the subject of book publishing knowledge, the subject of bookselling knowledge, the subject of library knowledge, the subject of bibliographic knowledge. Correlation of subjects of general bibliology, book publishing, bookselling, library, bibliographic knowledge. The structure of the subject of bibliology. The system of the subject of bibliology, reflecting the integrity of scientific knowledge about the book as an object of bibliology. The concept of the composition and structure of disciplinary scientific knowledge. Composition (subsystems) of bibliology: general bibliology, book publishing, bookselling, library, bibliographic knowledge. The structure of book science (structural-level organization of book science knowledge): methodology, history, theory, methodology of book science knowledge and practical book science activity. Intradisciplinary structural-level organization of book science knowledge.
The system of book publishing bibliological knowledge:
General editing - Theory of publishing knowledge - History of publishing knowledge. History of book publishing. - Methods of scientific book science knowledge in the subject of book publishing knowledge and book publishing book science activity.
The system of bookselling bibliological knowledge (bibliopolistics): General bibliopolistics - Theory of bibliopolistics. History of Bibliopoly. History of book trade - Methodology of bibliopolistics and book trade book science activities.
The system of library book science knowledge (library management): General library science - Theory of library science. - History of library science. History of librarianship.
Methods of library science and library book science activities.
System of bibliographic bibliographic knowledge (bibliographic science):
General bibliography _- Theory of bibliography - History of bibliography. History of biblio-graphic business. -Methodology of bibliographic science and bibliographic bibliographic activity. System unity and interdisciplinary organization of book knowledge.
Bibliology and related disciplines. Signs by which this scientific discipline qualifies as related in relation to bibliology. The content and forms of interaction at the levels of general book science, special book science, particular disciplinary and book science knowledge.
2.1.8. The system of the method of book knowledge. – 4h.
The general concept of the method of scientific knowledge. Relationship between theory and method. Foundations of the theory of method. The theory of book science typological method. System, structure, forms of book science typological method. Cognitive capabilities of each of the subsystems of the book science typological method at each of the levels of book science knowledge (general book science, special book science, particular disciplinary). Categorial-conceptual system of book science. Subsystems of categories and concepts of general book science, special book science and private disciplinary book science levels.
2.1.9. General principles of the typology of book publications. – 6h.
Book typology as a theoretical substantiation of the typification method, i.e. systematization, grouping, classification of book science phenomena and processes on the basis of essential (typological) book science features. Typology of book publications as a substantiation of the essential criteria and signs of systematization of book publications. Forms of reflection of the typological (essential) features of a work (works) of literature, music, fine arts in the process and results of organizing this (these) works into a book edition by means of book publishing. Logical model of the book edition. The system of criteria for typification of book publications. Types and types of book editions of works of literature, music, fine arts. Species and type-forming features of book editions of works of literature, music, fine arts. Modern classifications of book publications in force in various areas book business. Criteria for publishing, book trade, library, bibliographic classification of book publications.
2.1.10. Perspective directions of development and topical problems of general bibliology. – 2h.
Generalization of the studied material. Forms of reflection of the studied special bibliological disciplines in the course "General bookkeeping". Generalization of the methods of integration of special book science and private disciplinary knowledge of books in the methodology of book science.
The main trends, directions and prospects for the development of bibliology at the present stage. Actual problems and unresolved issues of bibliology.
2.2. Seminars, their content and volume in hours
2.2.1. Worldview and scientific foundations of general bibliology. – 1 hour
Preparation for classes and deep mastering of the topic is based on the material learned in the process of working out introductory lectures. These lectures give a general idea of what science is, substantiate the status of general bibliology as a methodological section in the system of scientific knowledge about the book and a relatively independent bibliological discipline, reveal the system of basic science categories, by means of which the content and structure of any scientific disciplines: object area, object, subject, composition, structure, method, categorical and conceptual apparatus, intradisciplinary and interdisciplinary organization. In the same section of the lecture course, the fundamental problems of general bibliology are formulated, which characterize its subject, some of these problems are of a worldview and scientific nature. Part - actually methodological and general theoretical character. Worldview foundations of general bibliology. A general idea of a worldview as a system of views on the objective world and a person's place in it: on a person's attitude to the surrounding reality, to his own kind and to himself. Types of worldview: ordinary (everyday), philosophical, religious. Worldview problems in the fundamental problems of any science. Worldview problems of general book science: - identifying the relationship between the ideal and the material in the book; the ratio of the content of the category "book" and the concept of "book publication"; - justification of the social nature of the book as a way of reflection and means of formation individual, group and social consciousness;
Consistent meaningful interpretation of the driving contradiction of the book (contradiction between individual, group and social consciousness) and the book itself as a way to remove this contradiction;
Identification and definition of the system and forms of manifestation of the essential features of the book: informational, communicative, semiotic;
Consistent disclosure of the essence of the book as a way of purposefully organizing the text of the author's work, existing in the form of a written document, into a book edition by means of book business and redistributing the book edition (a group of publications, the book publishing repertoire as a whole) by the same means.
Scientific problems of general bibliology. Modern interpretation of science as one of the forms of social-practical (ideal-transformative) cognitive activity; one of the forms of spiritual production, i.e. production of individual, group and social consciousness; a way of producing new knowledge about nature, society and thinking; social communication system. Functions of science in society. Fundamental and applied sciences. Fundamental problems in applied sciences. Disciplinary organization of scientific knowledge. Signs of scientific discipline. Scientific problems of general bibliology: - substantiation of bibliology as a system of scientific knowledge about the essence, logical and historical forms of the book, about the processes and patterns of its existence, movement, development and functioning; as a method of obtaining new knowledge about the book; way of organizing the results of book cognition either into theoretical elements of book science knowledge (categories, concepts, definitions, judgments, concepts, concepts, theories), or into theoretically conscious methods, rules, techniques, procedures for practical (object-transforming) activity in one or another another area of book business; meaningful interpretation of the system of scientific categories. by means of which the content and structure of any disciplinary knowledge can be represented, namely: the object area of book science, the object of book science, the subject of book science, the composition and structure of book science, the system of the book science method, intradisciplinary and interdisciplinary organization, forms and mechanisms of interaction -Viya with related disciplines, categorical-conceptual apparatus. References 1. Altukhov V.L. On the nature of the cognitive movement into the depths of the object//Problems of Philosophy. 1982. N11. pp. 30-43. 2. Andreev I.D. Theoretical thinking: Essence and basic principles. Moscow: Knowledge, 1982. 64 p. 3. Andreev I.D. Theory as a form of organization of scientific knowledge M.: Nauka. 1979. 303 p. 4. Analysis of the system of scientific knowledge. Saratov, 1976. 182 p. 5. Belovitskaya A.A. General bibliography. M.: Book, 1987.6. Belovitskaya A.A. General bibliology in the system of book science // Contemporary Issues bibliology, book trade and book propaganda. 1983. Issue. 2. S. 32-44.7. Belovitskaya A.A. Worldview foundations of book science: l.//Eighth scientific. conf. by prob. Bibliology: Proceedings. report M., 1996. pp. 7-10.8. Gorsky D.P. On the criteria of truth (On the dialectics of theoretical knowledge and social practice // Questions of Philosophy 1988 N2. P.28-40.9. Glinsky B.A. and others. Modeling as a method of scientific research. M .: Izd- Moscow University, 1965. 197 p.10 Gryaznov B.S., Dynin B.S., Nikitin E.P. Theory and its object, M.: Nauka, 1973. 248 p.11 Spiritual production : Socio-philosophical aspects of spiritual activity. Moscow: Nauka. 1981.12. Ilyin VV The concept of science: content and boundaries (On the problem of epistemological integrity of science) // Questions of Philosophy 1983. N3, pp. 40-49.
13. Ilyin V.V., Kalinkin A.T. The nature of science. M.: Higher school. 1985.230s.
14. Kazyutinsky V.V. Philosophical Foundations of Science//Questions of Philosophy. 1983. N3. pp. 139-145.
15. Karpovich V.N. Consistency of theoretical knowledge: Logical aspect. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1984. 125 p.
16. Brief Philosophical Encyclopedia M.: A/O "Progress Publishing Group". 1994. 575 p.
17. Kosareva L.M. The subject of science. M.: Science. 1977. 158 p.
18. Mirsky E.M. Interdisciplinary research and disciplinary organization of science. M.: Nauka, 1980. 303 p.
19. Merkulov I.P. Theory as a method of scientific knowledge // Questions of Philosophy. 1985. N3. pp. 39-49.
20. Scientific theories: structure and development. M., INION, 1978.
21. Podkorytov A.G. Historicism as a method of scientific knowledge. L .: Publishing house Leningrad. university 1967.- 189 p.
22. Rachkov P.A. Science of Science. M., 1974.
23. Encyclopedia "Book". M., Great Russian Encyclopedia. M., 1999.- 799 p.
24. Stepin B.C. On the problem of the structure and genesis of scientific theory//Philosophy. Methodology. The science. M., 1972.- S. 158-185.
25. Uledov A.K. Structure of public consciousness. M., 1968.
28. Urmantsev Yu.A. On the forms of comprehension of being // Questions of Philosophy. 1993. N4. pp.89-105.
29. Philosophical encyclopedic dictionary M.: Sov. encyclopedia, 1983.
Bibliographic descriptions used, cited or recommended sources can be concentrated in one place in the book (at the end of the edition, at the end of chapters, sections, etc.), forming a book list of references. These lists, which are directly related to the text of the book (as well as off-text links), do not have an independent meaning, unlike in-book lists, which are independent reference manuals.
At the same time, book bibliographic lists also differ from the list of off-text references, namely:
2) have an ordered arrangement of records alphabetically, chronologically, or some other systematic feature, while off-text references are arranged in the sequence of their first mention in the text;
3) in each entry of the book list, only one work is indicated, and in the text references there may be several entries under the same number.
Very high requirements are imposed on the book bibliographic list, first of all, on its content, structure and accuracy of the bibliographic description. When compiling lists, it should be borne in mind that each science has its own traditions in the design of the bibliographic apparatus, and even the instructions of the VAK (All-Russian Attestation Commission) recommend that the authors of dissertations adhere to the traditions that exist in specific areas of knowledge.
Preface (afterword)
Foreword The introduction to the book helps the reader to better understand and evaluate its content, provides the necessary information about the author, but does not provide a critical analysis of the book.
The preface is often given the title "From the author", "From the editor", "From the compiler", etc. Sometimes the text of the preface is placed at the end of the publication, especially when there have been changes in the team of authors or it has become clear that the reader will understand this text better after reading with a book. Naturally, in this case we will be dealing with an afterword, which is no different from the preface. It is as different from the conclusion as the preface is from the introduction.
Very close to the preface is the introductory article, which usually precedes the publication of the works of a prominent scientist, public figure, writer. The purpose of the introductory article is to outline the range of issues related to the composition of the publication, to clarify textual principles, to provide information about the author's worldview, to acquaint him with his biography, and to tell about the evolution of creativity. Place the introductory article immediately before the text of the work.
Comments and notes
Comments and notes, accompanying the main text, serve, in fact, the same goals as the preface - they complement this text, increase the information content of the work, remove the "time difference", introducing the reader to the past era. The purely reference functions of this element of the apparatus necessitate clarification of individual expressions and terms, interpretation of text fragments, etc. Editorial notes include explanations and clarifications related to individual parts of the book, including clarifications about disagreement with the author. The commentary is usually equipped with collected works or individual literary monuments, including scientifically prepared memoirs.
Table of contents is a sequential list of headings of a separately published work, content - a list of titles of works (stories, poems, articles, abstracts, etc.) included in a particular publication. This is an obligatory element of the apparatus of each edition. The exceptions are editions of small volume, as well as dictionary editions with a very large number of sections.
Auxiliary Pointers
Auxiliary Pointers- a tool not only for making inquiries, but also for facilitating work in any field of knowledge; they allow you to quickly find information on a particular issue, form an opinion about the achievements of social thought, about the level of scientific and technical developments. The role of auxiliary pointers is especially great in finding information about new ideas that arise at the intersection of sciences. The index acts as an extended search image of the document.
Auxiliary pointer is sorted alphabetically or in some other way. Auxiliary index - a guide through the text of the publication, providing a quick search for the necessary information. It consists of headings, links to the pages of the publication, as well as links "see" and "see also", linking related concepts.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LINK- short bibliography. description (bibliographic record) of the source of the quotation or borrowing, the publication or work under consideration (criticized, recommended, evaluated), necessary for their identification and search.
When repeating references to one edition (work), primary and secondary references are distinguished, drawn up in different ways.
For B. s. characterized by brevity: it, as a rule, consists only of obligatory elements; for a one-volume book, this is the author, osn. the title, serial number of the edition, place and year of publication, and instead of the length, very often the number or numbers of the pages on which the quoted or discussed place is printed. For example:
Tyapkin B.G. Apparatus for printing. M., 1977. S. 85.
GOST 7.1-84 establishes for B. with. obligatory heading for bibliogr. recordings of works of one, two, three ind. authors and the admissibility of the following deviations: a) entries under the title of publications (works) of a group of authors of four or more people, when necessary; b) replacement of a dot and a dash between the description areas by a dot; c) descriptions that do not meet the standard in translated and stereotyped publications; d) omission of the title of the work in the analytical description (only the surname of the author or authors, provided that the page number or page numbers on which the work is printed are indicated).
Ticket number 18
- E-book, electronic edition, electronic book edition - definition and content of the concept.
EBook- version of the book stored in electronic (digital) form. The term applies both to works presented in digital form and to the devices used to read them. The term "electronic book" is not fixed in the standards.
In its most general form, an e-book is defined as a collection of data(text, sound, static and moving image) in computer memory, intended for human perception with the help of appropriate software and hardware.
Now there is still a mixture of quite related, but different concepts. The same English word e-book denoted both the scanned text of a printed monograph (file) and a device for reproducing specially formatted texts. Recently, the wording has been clarified, and the device is more often called a reader, e-reader, e-reader, although sometimes it is retained in the brand names e-book (electronic book).
Conventionally, e-books (readers) can be divided into two groups:
LCD models
Models with electronic ink system (E-ink).
Formats used for reading in e-books:
TXT, RTF, DOC, PDF, DjVu, Fb2, EPUB, MOBI, BBeB
Electronic editions- documents in which information is presented in electronic digital form and which have undergone editorial and publishing processing, have output information, are replicated and distributed on machine-readable media.
(Federal Law of the Russian Federation of December 29, 1994 No. 77-FZ "On the legal deposit of documents" as amended on July 11, 2011, art. 5).
Electronic edition- an electronic document (a group of electronic documents) that has undergone editorial and publishing processing, is intended for distribution in an unchanged form, and has output information. (according to GOST R 7.0.83–2013).
Elements electronic publications:
- Text.
- Illustrative material (images)
- Soundtrack (audio files)
- Animation and video.
Electronic document: A document in digital form, the use of which requires computer facilities or other specialized devices for reproducing text, sound, and images.
These are electronic analogues of a printed publication, mainly reproducing the corresponding printed publications (text layout, illustrations, links, etc.)
Electronic book edition (EKI) - this is a digital representation of a printed publication that has undergone editorial and publishing processing, intended for distribution in unchanged form and having output information.
- Book monuments in library collections: selection criteria and definition
Books (handwritten and printed) and other types of publications, as well as book collections with outstanding spiritual, aesthetic, printing or documenting properties, representing a socially significant scientific, historical, cultural value and protected by special legislation, are called book monuments (GOST 7.87-2003) . The term "book monument" is synonymous with the terms "rare book", "valuable book". It allows you to more accurately define the concept, put the book on a par with other types of historical and cultural monuments.
In accordance with GOST 7.87-2003 “Book monuments. General Requirements” when identifying book monuments, chronological, socially holistic and quantitative criteria are used.
The chronological criterion should be understood as the "age" of the book, determined by the length of the time interval between the date of the book's creation and the present time. To establish the upper date of the chronological criterion in the process of identifying a book monument, one should take into account the peculiarities of the history of the development of various fields of knowledge, as well as the specifics and history of book publishing in each specific industry and locality. This principle is the simplest and most obvious. It defines the chronological limit, up to which all publications published in a certain territory can be classified as book monuments. For example, book monuments include all publications up to 1830 inclusive, regardless of the place of printing.
The social value criterion should be understood as the distinctive properties of a spiritual and material nature, the signs of which, as a rule, are:
The phasing that characterizes the book as a document that adequately reflects the most important turning points in social development, as well as being their direct belonging and an integral part;
Uniqueness that distinguishes the book as the only one of its kind, with individual features that are of historical, cultural and scientific significance;
Priority that characterizes the book as the first edition of the classics of science and literature in time or the first published edition (edition-book monument), which is of fundamental importance for the development of science and technology, including printing technology and book design, history and culture, social -political development (religion, philosophy, morality, etc.);
Memorial, correlating the book with the life and work of outstanding personalities, figures of the state, science and culture, with the work of scientific and creative teams, as well as with important historical events and memorial places
Collectability, indicating that the book belongs to a collection that has the properties of an important historical and cultural object.
Signs of a quantitative criterion are the low prevalence (small circulation, limited access) and the rarity of the book, determined by the relatively small number of surviving copies. Quantitative criterion, as a rule, does not apply on its own, but increases the value of the book.
Ticket number 19
- Book science as a science: object, subject, component composition.
Book science is a systematic science of the essence, methods, forms and patterns of existence, movement and development of a book as an objective phenomenon of social reality.
As an object of bibliology put forward:
Book, interaction with the reader;
Book and book business;
The system "work - book - reader";
The system "book - book business - reader".
The subject of bibliology is the study and justification of the essence, methods, forms and patterns of existence, movement, development and functioning of the book as an objective phenomenon of social reality, as well as the systemic multi-level scientific knowledge about the book - its object, subject, structure, interdisciplinary, intradisciplinary organization, method book science knowledge, systems of book science categories and concepts.
Books can be divided into the following main sections:
Theory of the book and book business
History of the book and book business
Sociology of books and book business.
- The development of book science in Russia until 1917
The founder of the Austrian bibliography, Michael Denis (1729-1800), is considered the first theoretician of book science. He owns the first bibliographic monograph.
The French bibliographer and librarian Etienne Gabriel Pegno (1767-1849) uses the term "bibliology" to denote the theory of bibliography, which, in his opinion, has a universal character.
The works of Pegno and Denis served as the basis for the appearance of the book "Introduction to Book Science" (1756), in the cat. The main point was the identification of the concepts of "bibliology" and "bibliology".
A special study of the book in Russia began in the middle of the 18th century. It was prepared and stimulated by the beginning of civil book printing, publishing and bibliographic activities of the Academy of Sciences (formed in 1725).
Andrei Ivanovich Bogdanov (1696-1766) should be considered the first professional Russian book critic. The main work of A.I. Bogdanov "Brief information and historical research on the beginning and production of all alphabetic words in general ..." (1755) contains material on the history of national education, the history of book publishing, a list and description of printing houses. In the bibliographic list, printed books are systematized not alphabetically by the names of authors or titles, but by printing houses, i.e. on a bookish basis. The terms "bibliography" and "bibliology" in the works of A.I. Bogdanov have not met yet.
Theoretical bibliographic constructions first appear in the works of the largest Russian bibliologists and bibliographers V.S. Sopikov (1765-1818) and V.G. Anastasevich (1775-1845). In the "Forewarning" to the "Experience of Russian Bibliography ..." V.S. Sopikov was the first to point out the public, propaganda, educational purpose of bibliography and interpreted its content and tasks so broadly that the term "bibliography" denoted those branches of knowledge, the totality of which in modern terminology can be defined by the word "bibliology".
Reflecting the objective process of differentiation of scientific knowledge, V.S. Sopikov named those of them that, in his opinion, should be within the scope of the bibliographer's interests: the history of books, information about useful and rare books. V.S. Sopikov reveals the content of the concepts "bibliography", "bibliomaniac", "bibliographer", librarian". In fact, this was the first attempt to create a system of science about the book, although, of course, V.S. Sopikov was not there, just as the word “book science” itself does not occur in him.
It was introduced into the terminological bibliology by A.G. Anastasevich. The article "On the need to promote Russian book science" (1820) contains various discussions of book studies. He clearly marks the difference between practical and theoretical bibliography, he tries to divide book editions according to the circle of bibliologists.
In the twentieth century the concepts of "bibliography" and "bibliography" begin to diverge.
G.N. Gennadi (1826-1880): “Bibliography, like any science, in its practical application must be in accordance with the needs of society; then she will receive the vitality of science even within the walls and behind the counter of a bookstore, which itself will feel the benefit of this living contact with theory. His contemporary M.L. Mikhailov believed that "... bibliography is not the art of compiling catalogs, as some people think, but a science that occupies an honorable place among human knowledge."
In the second half of the XIX century. the scale of book publishing, bookselling, librarianship and bibliography is growing, and the process of differentiation of these branches of book business is underway. The activities of the bibliographic commissions of the St. Petersburg, Moscow and Kyiv literacy committees to develop recommendatory bibliography are expanding.
The first bibl. period. publications appear - the journals "Russian Bibliography" (1879-1882), "Bibliographer" (1884-1914), in the cat. Questions of systematization and differentiation of the concepts of bibliology and bibliography were discussed.
The first Russian book science organizations were the Russian Bibliographic Society and the Russian Bibliological Society.
Ticket number 20
- Composition of bibliology. general characteristics components of scientific disciplines.
- Description of the activities of the Scientific Center for Research on the History of Book Culture.
Ticket number 21
1. Book science and related disciplines. Content and forms of interaction.
From the status and content of general bibliology as a general theory of the book and the science about it, it necessarily follows that an important task of bibliology methodology is also the construction and substantiation of scientific knowledge itself as an integral system. The starting positions in this case are a systematic approach and a typological method, briefly described in the second chapter.
The construction of scientific knowledge about the book involves the substantiation of its components: object, subject, composition, structure, methods, conceptual apparatus in their unity and integrity, i.e. like systems.
This is a special way of reflection by the public consciousness of objective reality and its properties, i.e. the dialectical unity of the process of this reflection and the transient intermediate result (scientific knowledge), expressed by logical means of thinking - categories, concepts, definitions, judgments. Therefore, science is qualified both as one of the forms of social consciousness, and as a specific type of social and practical activity for the production of scientific knowledge, and as a social communication system, and as a system of scientific knowledge about the surrounding reality.
From these positions, in the latest science studies, objective features that characterize any science are recorded, interpreted and substantiated. Among them are “the unity of disciplinary knowledge and ways of acting with it, the general content special training researchers and forms of their identification, a single set of means of disciplinary communication and institutions that regulate the functioning of the discipline.
The dialectical unity and interaction of the listed components characterize the integrity of the system, which is called science and in which the knowledge brought into the system is one of the components, one of the subsystems.
The core of scientific knowledge is theory. According to modern concepts, a theory is a system of generalized reliable knowledge about a particular "fragment" of reality, which describes, explains and predicts the functioning of a certain set of its constituent objects.
In our case, this is, therefore, a system of generalized reliable scientific knowledge about the book.
The theory exists in the form of a conceptual system of categories, concepts, statements, formulated laws, regularities and hypotheses, with the help of which the studied fragment of reality is displayed as a whole.
General bibliology as a theory of the book and scientific knowledge about it should be a conceptual system of meaningfully interpreted categories, concepts, definitions, judgments, statements, formulated laws, regularities, hypotheses.
With their help, a holistic display of the book as an objective phenomenon of social reality is possible. further development and deepening book research with access to more high levels generalizing their results, forecasting the processes of development and functioning of the book and society, optimizing these processes, managing them, i.e. conscious use of the laws and patterns of their historical and logical development.
Consequently, the theory of book science substantiates the generalized methods of book science activity, both scientific, cognitive, research, and practical in various areas of book business.
The successive change of several modern theoretical concepts analyzed in the fourth chapter confirms one of the objective laws of scientific knowledge, formulated by V.I. Lenin: “The thought of a person infinitely deepens from the phenomenon to the essence, from the essence of the first, so to speak, order, to the essence of the second order, etc. without end" (29, 227).
And ever deeper knowledge of the essence of the object under study allows one to reach higher levels of theoretical generalization - from the level of first-order theory to the level of second-order theory, etc.
Therefore, generalization can be qualified as a method of theory development.
It is by this method that book science in its development today has come to the realization of the need to develop a methodological section in its structure - general book science, the main task which consists in the construction of generalized scientific knowledge about the book.
The formation of a theory as a system of generalized knowledge begins with the selection of a relatively integral, complete "fragment" of objective reality (nature, society or thinking), the phenomena of which, including the previous accumulated knowledge about them, are recognized by the "legitimate" objects of disciplinary study. Their totality is rightly called the empirical field of research, or the objective field of a given science. The very fact of such awareness reflects a certain level of empirical development of disciplinary knowledge. At this stage, separate observations, information of an external order are accumulated about the phenomena of a selected “fragment” of objective reality. Then the observed phenomena for the cognizing perception become "different in themselves", in it separate properties, aspects, signs are distinguished, fixed. This is the process of the movement of knowledge from the concrete to the abstract, corresponding to the empirical stage in the development of scientific knowledge. At the next stage, corresponding to the ascent from the abstract to the concrete, in the process of combining these disparate features, properties, characteristics and identifying the relationship between them by means of thinking, the formation of an integral theoretical object of this science takes place.
It is important to emphasize that this unification process is not a simple arithmetic summation of all recorded observations, but the identification, first of all, of the main, essential, defining properties, features and relationships.
Of all the definitions and interpretations of the term “object of science” found in the specialized literature, the following formulation most deeply reflects the essence of the matter: “The object of the theory is the essence of a certain class of things in its integrity.”
The theoretical object of science exists in a logical form, i.e. in the form of a system of categories, concepts, judgments.
The formation of an object of scientific knowledge is the process of reflecting objective reality in thinking and the result of this reflection, expressed by the means of thinking - categories, concepts, definitions, judgments.
Consequently, the object of scientific knowledge is objective reality, but not in its empirical, concrete-sensory givenness (real things, objects, phenomena), but in its theoretical givenness. In the process of constructing an object of scientific knowledge as a necessary stage in the construction of theories, idealization takes place, as if “averaging” of really existing things, objects, phenomena included in the empirical (or objective) field of a given science, because, abstracting from their concrete-sensory inexhaustibility, the researcher (scientific knowledge) identifies essential, defining properties, features, relationships.
The object of scientific knowledge is a generalized theoretical (ideal) model of really existing things, phenomena, their properties, relations and human activity directed at them. Therefore, one can neither oppose a "fragment" of reality to the object of scientific knowledge, nor identify them.
It is also impossible to identify a “fragment” of objective reality with an object of science, because the same “fragment” can be turned, transformed by thinking into objects of different sciences. A good example is language as an objective phenomenon of social reality. For a linguist, the object of scientific knowledge will be a generalized theoretical model of language as a sign system; for a psychologist - a generalized theoretical model of language as a means of thinking; for a sociologist - a generalized theoretical model of language as a means of communication. Each of these models of the same phenomenon will be represented by the corresponding systems of categories, concepts, definitions, judgments. And if we take such a phenomenon, such a phenomenon as a person, it is difficult even to enumerate the sciences, the theory of which constructs a generalized model of a person as its object.
The construction and substantiation of the object of scientific knowledge is included in the methodological problems of science, because it is a form in which this science faces the main question of philosophy about the relationship between matter and consciousness, the material and the ideal, and must solve it within its own boundaries and by its own means. V. I. Lenin spoke about it this way: “Human consciousness, science (“der Begriff”), reflects the essence, the substance of nature, but at the same time this consciousness is external in relation to nature (not immediately, not just coinciding with it )" (29, 170). The actually existing phenomenon of objective reality and the object of the theory are identical in content and different in the form of existence.
The dialectic of the correlation of really existing things and the object of scientific knowledge is expressed in one of the scientific works: the object of science is “an object of reality, built in knowledge, repeatedly defined with the help of concepts and “folded in the meanings and meanings of certain terms”
The real, concrete thing is unique, and the object of scientific knowledge is universal, because it reflects in an abstract form properties, features and relationships between them that characterize the essence of a whole class of things: “A theoretical object as an object exists only thanks to the cognitive activity of the researcher, and therefore it implicitly (in a latent form, implicitly, implicitly. - Auth.) contains everything that a researcher can learn about him (to know, perhaps potentially, but not necessarily relevant). It follows from this that non-universal theories simply do not exist, because there cannot be a theory that would not explore all of its objects. If a theory does not study all objects, then, due to their uniqueness, it therefore does not study any one object. If science cannot formulate statements that are universal and necessary, then, as is well known, it is considered empirical. This is the result of the fact that she has not yet built her object world.
The objective or empirical area of book science practical (editorial publishing, bookselling, bibliographic, library) theoretical (general book science, special book science and private disciplinary) activity is made up of all the phenomena of the book and all the phenomena of the book business both in their immediate givenness and in the form of ready-made knowledge. or its elements, accumulated by book science and other sciences (technical, technological, economic disciplines of the printing cycle, social and philological), as well as all types of book science activities.
From the totality of all the phenomena of the object area in the process of their reflection by means of thinking, an object of book science knowledge is constructed.
The selection of the object area and its correlation in theory with the object of bibliological knowledge allows us to quite definitely answer the still unresolved question that has arisen among many book theorists. The plenary report at the Second All-Union Scientific Conference on the Problems of Bibliology says: “It is debatable whether or not to include polygraphy in the book business or to see in it only a complex technical means for the implementation of specific publishing functions.
The object area of book science does not include printing as such, as real mechanical, technological processes, but elements of ready-made knowledge about these processes, which are forms of the mode of existence, movement, development, and change of book publishing forms.
Similarly, ready-made bibliological knowledge (or its elements) can be included in the object area of various sciences, the theory of which constructs its object from the phenomena of its object area.
The theory of bibliology does not deal with specific book editions, but with the essence and forms of manifestation of a certain class of phenomena, which we generally denote by the concept, or rather, the bibliographic category, “book”, with the content of this category, which is holistically embodied, updated by a system of features, properties , relations between them, i.e. their relationship, interdependence.
However, the starting point for the construction of an object is the repeatedly and historically long observed specific "book" editions, empirically fixing their signs, including external ones. The absolutization of these latter at the previous stages of the development of the science of the book led to the recognition as the object of book science "works of writing or printing", i.e. only parts of that integral objective phenomenon of social reality, which is denoted by the category "book".
At the same time, this fact in the history of the development of bibliological knowledge confirms the pattern of historical variability of the object of scientific knowledge. The deeper science cognizes the surrounding reality, the more detailed the object of theoretical knowledge, its features, connections, relationships is realized, the more accurately scientific knowledge reflects the essence, methods and forms of existence of phenomena of reality, the more closely theory is associated with practice.
The object of the theory of bibliology is the mental model of the book, i.e. model built in book knowledge. This model is a reflection of the essence of the book, forms and modes of existence, movement, development, functioning, i.e. reflection of the book in the process of movement and the process of movement itself, its forms and transient intermediate results both in themselves and in the processes of further reflection.
And since the way (that is, the process and the transient intermediate result) of the existence of a book is the book business, the object of book science must be clarified. This is the theoretical model of the book in book business.
In other words, the object of the theory of book science as a system of scientific knowledge and a way of obtaining new knowledge is a generalized theoretical model of a book in book business, represented by a system of book science categories, concepts, definitions, and judgments.
They display in theory the essence of the book as an objective phenomenon of social reality and book business as a way of existence of the book, as well as the forms of the book, the forms and processes of book business, signs, properties, their characteristics and the relationship between them.
Given in a system, these categories, concepts, definitions, judgments will give a holistic theoretical image of the book as a complex, multi-level, multi-component phenomenon.
At the level of a specially scientific definition of the object, book science can be qualified as the science of the book in book business. The object definition does not exhaust, but still gives an idea of the specifics of book science and its difference from other sciences. Book science studies the book in its entirety, the book in book business, the book as a systematically ordered set of its components.
Separate properties, aspects, features, functions of a book can be an integral part of the object of other scientific disciplines, such as, for example, literary criticism, linguistics, art criticism, textual criticism, paleography, sociology, economics, psychology, pedagogy, theory of mass communications, computer science, etc.
And only book science has the book in its entirety as the object of its study. This circumstance distinguishes bibliology from other scientific disciplines, in the object of which the book, by any of its components, elements, properties, features, can be included as its integral part.
But the object difference alone does not exhaust the specifics of the science of the book. In addition, the generalized object definition of book science does not reveal the content of book science knowledge in an expanded form.
The method of deploying the content of knowledge, and, consequently, of systematizing it at the level of an object, is the deployment of the composition and structure of the object, the disclosure of the systematic and multi-level mental model of the book as an object of theoretical bibliological knowledge.
The theoretical expression of the composition and structure of an object predetermines the possibility of constructing other parameters of the theory of bibliology. Disclosure of the composition of the object gives an idea of the constituent parts of scientific knowledge. Revealing the method of connection of the constituent parts of the object will give an idea of the method of connection of the constituent parts of knowledge, i.e. about its subject and structure.
That is why the fifth chapter of this study guide is devoted to the study of the essence of the book as an objective phenomenon of social reality, the most general way of existence of the book - book business, the forms of the book and the forms of book business, the book as one of the forms of existence, movement, development of social information in society, the mode of existence, movement and development of semiotic information in communication process "consciousness" as one of its natural phases. The main regularities of the process are the continuity of the content and form of information with the process of their movement; transition, organization of one form of information and the process of its movement into another, relatively more complex form of information and the form of the process of its movement due to the awareness of social and practical activities and the activity of public consciousness; systemically conditioned unity of the communication process "consciousness" as a whole and the relative independence of its phases, subsystems.
Substantiation, study of pre-book forms of the communication process “consciousness”, the essence and fundamental laws of which determine (predetermine, condition) the essence and fundamental laws of the book, has been undertaken with necessity to reveal the essence of the book.
The integrity of the book is realized by the dialectical unity of its essence, the forms of manifestation of this essence, the mode of existence, movement, development of the book and the forms of this method (i.e., book publishing, bookselling, library, bibliographic business), the unity of mutual transitions of all forms of the book in all forms of book business. The integrity of the book, its consistency, predetermines the integrity and consistency of the object of bibliological knowledge.
Since the integrity of the book, as such, is realized in the book business - the mode of its existence, then the most common components of this integrity there will be such subsystems as "book in book publishing", "book in bookselling", "book in bibliographic business", "book in librarianship".
The reflection of these components, their unity and interconnection in theoretical bibliological knowledge expresses the composition and structure of the object of general bibliology.
In relation to the "work" - the closest pre-book subsystem of the communication process "consciousness" - the object of general bibliology can be defined as a generalized theoretical model of the method of organizing the work of individual consciousness into a work of public consciousness, updated by the means of book business.
In the system of book science knowledge, general book science at the level of its object explores, studies and reflects in the system of the most general book science categories, concepts, definitions, the essence of the book as an objective phenomenon of social reality, as a method updated by the means of book business (i.e. a process and a transient intermediate result) organization of a literary, musical, pictorial work into a book publication and the method (i.e., a process and a transient intermediate result) of reflection, distribution and reproduction of the form of existence of this work removed by a book publication in the public mind by means of bookselling, bibliographic, library science, as well as the essence of scientific book knowledge.
In specific studies of general book studies, the integrity of an object as a unity of a process and a transient intermediate result can be speculatively dissected. It is possible to study the most general forms of a book and the forms of knowledge about it, abstracting, speculatively abstracting from the processes of their movement; it is possible to study the most general processes of movement, abstracting from the most general forms of the book and knowledge about them.
The objective dialectical unity, the continuity of the book and the process of its movement, the forms of the book and the forms of the process of their movement predetermine the unity of the composition and structure of the object, as well as the integrity of general book knowledge at the level of its object.
Being a component, an integral part of the “book in book business” system, each of the most general components of this system named above (“book in book publishing”, “book in book trade”, “book in bibliographic business”, “book in library business ”) unfolds through the unity and interaction of subsequent internal forms books, forms of processes of their movement, i.e. change of book forms in the processes of book publishing, bookselling, library, bibliographic business.
The reflection in knowledge of this unity and interaction by a system of concepts, definitions, judgments explicates (expands, represents) the composition and structure of the object of general book science, special book science and particular disciplinary knowledge.
Since each of the above subsystems of "books in book business" is a systemic formation - integral and relatively independent within the boundaries of the corresponding form of book business, then its reflection in knowledge at the level of the object has integrity, unity of composition and structure, as well as relative independence within the boundaries integrity of the object of bibliological knowledge.
The structure of the object of special book science knowledge includes: a generalized theoretical model of a book in book publishing (editing and publishing) processes and a model of book publishing, book science activities; a generalized theoretical model of a book in book sales processes and a model of book sales activities in book science; a generalized theoretical model of a book in library processes and a model of library activities; a generalized theoretical model of bibliographic information as a form of reflection of a book in bibliographic processes and a model of bibliographic bibliographic activity.
It is impossible not to notice that the structure of the object of special book science knowledge naturally includes a model of the corresponding variety of book science practical activity - book publishing, bookselling, library, bibliographic, because at the level of book forms and forms of the way of its existence in the object area of particular disciplinary knowledge, a real, real book functions as book publishing and forms of its existence. Practical book science activity is aimed at its creation, bibliography, distribution, distribution and redistribution by means of book trade and librarianship.
The ability to speculatively dissect the unity of the forms of the book, the forms of the processes of their existence, movement, development and forms of practical book science activity and to single out the most general forms of the book in the book business, in specific areas of it, makes it possible to construct, i.e. to express by a system of concepts the objects of individual areas of bibliological knowledge.
The integrity of the form of a book in book publishing is realized by a system of subforms, the reflection of which by book publishing concepts is part of the object of book publishing knowledge. The integrity of the book publishing process is revealed in the system of its subforms, and expressed by the corresponding book publishing concepts, it is the second component of the object of book publishing knowledge.
The integrity of the book-publishing (editor-publishing) specific form of book science practical activity is realized by the necessary set of its varieties within the boundaries of this form of book business and is the third component of the object of special disciplinary knowledge.
Integrity with respect to the independent form of a book in book publishing is realized by the unity of its subforms: prospectus, publisher's original, typesetting, layout, verification (or verification), signature proofreading, blank sheets, signal copy, copy, circulation. And the integrity of the editorial and publishing process is the unity of its subforms, such as publishing thematic planning, editorial work with the prospectus (plan) of the work, editorial evaluation of the manuscript of the author's work, editorial work on the manuscript of the author's work, preparation of the publishing original, the processes of designing external artistic and printing design of the future book edition, the processes of typing the text of the publishing original, typographic and publishing work on proofreading (layout, proofreading, signature proofreading), blank sheets, signal copies, the process of making a print run of a book edition.
The end result of the consistent development of book sub-forms in the editorial and publishing processes - the book edition is a real, real book in the book publishing business, and these sub-forms themselves are intermediate transient results of the process of organizing a literary, musical, pictorial work into a book edition, stages, levels of "removal" of content and forms of this work by means of editorial and publishing activities. Their reflection in the system of book publishing concepts is an explication of the composition and structure of the object of book publishing knowledge.
According to a similar principle, the composition and structure of the object of all other areas of book science unfolds. In them, the object as integrity is constructed taking into account the fact that
The integrity of each of these forms of the book in the corresponding process of book business is determined by the dialectical unity of its subforms in the specific processes of bookselling, library, bibliographic business and their interconnections, mutual transitions,
The reflection of this integrity and interconnections by a system of particular disciplinary concepts, definitions, and judgments forms the object of bookselling, library, and bibliographic knowledge.
In principle, the object of each field of bibliological knowledge is “a book in book business”, however, not in its entirety, but in one of the forms (and a system of subforms) of manifestation of this integrity.
The composition and structure of the object of scientific book knowledge as a whole reflect, therefore, the sequence of phases of the "book in the process of movement", the constituent parts and internal levels of this objective phenomenon of social reality.
The theoretical model of the book in the process of movement, including in book business, is an object of general, book science, which, in knowledge of the object, correlates the book with other subsystems of the “consciousness” communication process and, consequently, its object with objects of other scientific disciplines:
The theoretical model of a book in book business, a book as such, a book at the level of its forms and processes of movement, i.e. forms of book business, is an object of special-scientific book science knowledge.
The theoretical model of specific forms of a book in specific processes of a particular area of book business is an object of private disciplinary book science, publishing, bookselling, bibliographic, library knowledge.
At the level of the object of book science as a science about the book in the process of movement, the object of general book science is a reflection of the universal in book science: the object of special book science is a reflection of the special in book science; the object of particular disciplinary bibliological knowledge is a reflection of the individual in bibliographic knowledge.
Thus, the levels of organization of the object of bibliological scientific knowledge correspond to the levels of reflection of the book as universal, special, individual.
Construction and substantiation of the composition and structure of the object of bibliology, i.e. generalized theoretical model of the book as an objective phenomenon of social reality is only one of the components of the system of book science knowledge.
The object gives only a partial idea of the content and specifics of bibliology, of its difference from other sciences. Having constructed the object, we answered the question of what book science studies.
Deepening the understanding of the content of a scientific discipline, its specificity, its objective necessity in the system of modern scientific knowledge is generally associated with the identification of the subject of research as a component of the system of scientific knowledge.
Designing a subject is another level of content deployment and a way to systematize scientific knowledge.
The content of the scientific category "subject", as well as the category "object", is discussed in modern specialized literature.
In some works, the concepts of "object" and "subject" of scientific knowledge are used as synonyms; in some - one instead of the other. In the latest scientific and private disciplinary methodological research, there has been a formation of a differentiated idea of the object and subject of science. However, there are no clear and unambiguous definitions, but there is an interpretation and interpretation of the understanding of the subject of research in relation to such components of scientific knowledge as the object, methods and means of cognition, the tasks of science, the subject of cognition, scientific-cognitive and material-objective activity, skills and abilities from relevant branch of science.
The Philosophical Encyclopedia, for example, interprets the subject of research as follows: “The subject of research is usually understood as that side of the object that is considered in this study.” But this is rather a designation of the object of a particular private study. The knowledge brought into the system considers the object in its entirety.
Sometimes the subject is interpreted as an aspect, a slice in which the object is considered. This is how the subject of book science was defined in the functional concept: "The subject of book science is precisely the social, ideological, superstructural aspects of all areas of book science." But after all, social aspects should be considered and studied by sociology, and ideological - by ideology, and superstructural - by historical materialism, other social disciplines, which have theoretical models of all superstructural phenomena of society as their object. Book science should study the book science aspects of the book. But what are they? With this definition, bibliology loses its subject matter. And the possibility of studying the book in these aspects once again confirms the idea expressed above that one and the same phenomenon of reality can be organized by theoretical knowledge into objects of different sciences that study them “in their subjects” and differ in this way.
There is a point of view that a subject is a dialectically substantiated system of knowledge, skills and abilities from the relevant science. However, this is such an expansion of one of the components of the system of scientific knowledge that it becomes unnecessary, because in fact it is equal to the entire system of knowledge. With this approach, it can be argued that the subject of book science is a system of book science knowledge, book science skills, and book science skills. But that means saying nothing about science.
The question of the subject of scientific knowledge is included in the most important problematic not only of special scientific methodology, but also in the problematic of dialectical logic as a science of the laws and forms of movement and development of theoretical thinking. In one of philosophical works the definition of the subject of science is formulated as follows: "Each science has its own subject - a system of laws to which this or that object of reality is subject."
However, the laws by which reality develops exist objectively, i.e. whether or not they are known to the researcher. Therefore, it would be legitimate to clarify the proposed formulation in the sense that the subject of scientific knowledge is the identification, theoretical justification and formulation of these laws.
In addition, in the above quotation, the subject is defined in relation to objective reality, to the objective or empirical field of science directly. But scientific knowledge is a system to which such components of it interact as an object, subject, methods and means, a conceptual apparatus. In some scientific works, an attempt is made to define the subject of scientific knowledge in relation to these subsystems. One of these interpretations of the subject is given by the Soviet science expert E.G. Yudin in the article "How to understand the object and subject of scientific knowledge".
He believes that the concept of “subject of research” includes the object of research given to the researcher through the empirical field of science, the task of research, cognitive means, both technical and logical (i.e. philosophical categories and concepts, concepts of this science), and that scientific the reality of an object is created by the integrity of all components.
The relation of the subject to the object of scientific knowledge E.G. Yudin defines through the difference between the object and subject of research as the difference between a simple description of the external side of scientific knowledge and the identification of its structure, its mechanisms and logic of development. For the complete definiteness of this relationship, there is clearly not enough indication of the essence of similarity or identity.
Many subsequent special scientific and private disciplinary methodological works on the interpretation of the subject, in fact, relied on the concept briefly outlined in this article.
The desire to define the subject more concisely and briefly was expressed in the thesis: the subject of science is a set of problems and tasks solved by science. This sign of the subject of scientific knowledge connects it both with other sciences and with the practice of that sphere of human activity, within the boundaries of which the object area of this discipline is located. Indeed, the tasks of studying this object are set either by related disciplines that cannot solve them within their own boundaries and with their own methods and means, or practice, because practice is an object-sensory activity aimed at transforming reality. Connections that have not yet been revealed and not known in the phenomena of reality are recognized in practice as unsolved problems that it cannot solve with its already known means.
Reflected by the means of scientific theoretical thinking (and theory is a purposefully conscious reflection of practice), these tasks turn into formulated problems that science must solve. In other words, practice sets tasks in relation to that “fragment” of objective reality, which in theory is transformed and organized into an object by means of scientific thinking. In relation to the object of science, the tasks of practice are transformed into scientific problems by means of the same scientific thinking. Systematized in accordance with the composition and structure of the object, this problematic explicates the subject of scientific knowledge.
Since these problems are formed by a given science in relation to a given object, the subject, on the one hand, does not go beyond the limits of the object, corresponds to it. This explains the dialectical unity of the object and the subject within the boundaries of one and the same scientific discipline, which distinguishes this scientific discipline from another.
On the other hand, the emergence of more and more new practical problems, and consequently, scientific problems, makes the subject mobile, historically changeable, as if expanding and deepening, i.e. developing and inexhaustible. This feature, as shown above, characterizes both the object of scientific knowledge and science as a whole as a dynamic, developing system, as a specific reflection of inexhaustible objective reality.
Thus, we can say that each science, constructing its own object, correlates it in scientific thinking with a relatively integral "fragment" of reality, explores this fragment through the idea of the integrity, essence, composition and structure of the object, reveals, reveals the regular connections of its components and elements. But "these patterns do not lie on the surface of the phenomenon and are found in the process of development of the subject."
Each science cognizes its object "in its subject" and, accordingly, "its own" means. Change of object - change of science; changing the subject, i.e. statement, formulation of other problems corresponding to the composition and structure of the changed object - and we are dealing with a different science. The correspondence of a given object to a given subject characterizes science as given.
Now we are talking about the two most important components of scientific knowledge - the object and the subject. Their relationship in the system of scientific knowledge lies in the fact that the subject is a more complex form of theoretical knowledge than the object. Constructing an object compared to constructing an object is an even more complicated way, i.e. the process and transient intermediate result of cognition, penetration into the essence, patterns of development and change of forms of the objective phenomenon of reality studied by science, but through the idea of the integrity, composition, structure of the object. At the same time, the process is itself theoretical, cognitive activity, reflection of the object by means of thinking, i.e. revealing, revealing with the help of scientific thinking the objective, regular and essential connections of the object as a reflection in the theory of objective, regular and essential connections of the phenomenon of reality. And the result is a theoretical model, a generalized construction of the subject of scientific knowledge, expressed by judgments, conclusions, organized in the form of a formulation of the problems of this science.
If the object answers the question of what this science studies, then the substantiation and development of the subject should answer the question of how, why, for what purpose, for what purpose it is necessary to study the object, and through it the most objective reality.
The subject of science determines the content of knowledge about the object, and in unity with the "removed" scientific knowledge and its form reflected in the subject of science - the content of knowledge about the essence, patterns of movement, development, change of forms of the "fragment" of objective reality that constitutes the empirical field of this science.
Consequently, the object of scientific knowledge in a "removed" form is included in the subject. Without defining and expanding the composition and structure of the object, it is impossible to define and construct the subject of scientific knowledge.
An object is a real, real object taken by means of scientific thinking, it is a theoretical model of a method for revealing the essence, patterns of forms of an object's development.
The subject of bibliology, corresponding to the system object and including it in itself in a “removed form”, is a system.
Systematization of the subject of bibliology in accordance with the levels of organization of the object, with its structure leads to the identification of the structure of the subject, i.e. to revealing the interrelations and interdependence of problems corresponding to the constituent parts and structural levels of the object, i.e. forms and ways of existence of the book in the processes of book business.
The subject of bibliology is also systemic because its integrity is realized by the dialectical unity and interconnectedness of the subject of general bibliology and the subject of specific areas of bibliographic knowledge - the subject of book publishing knowledge, the subject of bookselling knowledge, the subject of library knowledge, the subject of bibliographic knowledge.
Concretizing the scientific understanding of the subject of scientific knowledge, the subject of bibliology in its most generalized form should be defined as follows: it is a generalized theoretical model of the method for revealing the essence, regularities of the forms of development of a book as an objective phenomenon of social reality.
The way to deploy the content of bibliological knowledge, and, consequently, to systematize it at the level of the subject, is to expand the structure of the subject to the entire depth of the structure of the object. In other words, the process of structuring the method of revealing the essence, patterns and forms of development and the book and knowledge about it. This makes it possible to reveal the structure of both general bibliology and each particular bibliological discipline, their content, the degree of generalization or specificity of knowledge about the book received by each of them.
Since the object of science includes the previous knowledge accumulated by this science, and the subject, respectively, includes a model of the method for revealing the essence and patterns of the emergence, existence, development of knowledge itself, this made it possible for us to expand the subject of general bibliology (i.e., the content of this section in structure of bibliology) already in the Introduction, and not to construct it in this chapter. The process of historical formation of the subject of general bibliology is traced in the second, third and fourth chapters.
Now it is necessary to define the subject of general bibliology.
A generalized theoretical model of the way to reveal the essence and the most general patterns of movement, development, change of forms of the book as an objective phenomenon of social reality and scientific knowledge about it.
This model is presented in the Introduction by the formulation of the most general theoretical problems of the book and the science of the book.
The definition and structure of the subject of general bibliology are the methodological base, they give the principle of determining the subjects and the structure of the largest components of bibliographic knowledge - publishing, bookselling, library, bibliographic.
In each of the named areas of bibliological knowledge, the essence, patterns of structure, development and change of forms of the corresponding component of the object of bibliology are studied, investigated.
A generalized theoretical model of the way to identify the essence, patterns of existence, movement, development, change of forms of the book publishing repertoire as the most general form of book movement in the book publishing business, in the editorial and publishing processes, the book publishing and editorial and publishing processes themselves, as well as book publishing and editorial and publishing knowledge about the book in book publishing.
The structure of the subject of book publishing knowledge can be represented by a system of the following problems:
substantiation of the status and content of book publishing as a form of book production in book business;
revealing the essence of the book publishing repertoire as the most general form of existence of a book in the book publishing business, logical and historical patterns of development, movement, change of forms of the book publishing repertoire in book publishing processes;
concretization of the content of the general book science principles of scientific knowledge of the book in relation to the forms of book existence in book publishing processes (objectivity, party spirit, nationality, reflection and development, consistency, unity of the theory of book publishing knowledge and the practice of book publishing);
study of the emergence and development of book publishing knowledge;
concretization of the object, subject, composition and structure of book publishing knowledge on the basis of general book knowledge and in systemic conditionality with the content of other components of book knowledge: bookselling, library, bibliographic;
concretization of the process of transformation of general book studies methods of research into a system of specially disciplinary book publishing and editorial publishing methods;
development of a methodology for book publishing activities to the full depth of the structure of book publishing processes and book forms in them;
concretization of the idea of the systematic nature of book publishing knowledge, substantiation of scientific book science disciplines of the book publishing cycle;
concretization of the general book typology of the book, development and substantiation on this basis of criteria for book publishing typology and classification schemes for book publications;
development of a system of meaningfully interpreted concepts, definitions within the boundaries of book publishing knowledge;
substantiation of the relative independence of book publishing knowledge and its place and specifics in the system of book knowledge as a whole.
(bibliopolistics as a book science discipline) - a generalized theoretical model of the way to identify the essence, patterns of movement, development, change of forms of the bookselling assortment as the most general form of the existence of a book in the bookselling business and its processes, as well as scientific knowledge about the book in the bookselling business.
The structure of the subject matter of bookselling knowledge (bibliopolistics as a book discipline) is expressed by the system of the following problems:
substantiation of the status and content of the book trade as a form of book distribution in book business;
revealing the essence of the bookselling assortment as the most general form of existence of a book in the bookselling business;
identification of logical and historical patterns of development, movement, change of forms of the bookselling assortment in bookselling processes;
concretization of the general book science principles of scientific knowledge of the book in relation to the forms of existence of the book and the book-selling activity itself in the bookselling business (objectivity, partisanship, reflection and development, the unity of the theory of bibliopoly and the practice of bookselling);
study of the emergence and development of bookselling knowledge;
concretization of the object, subject, composition and structure of bookselling knowledge (bibliopolistics) on the basis of general book science knowledge and in systemic conditionality with the content of other components of book science knowledge: book publishing, library, bibliographic;
concretization of the process of transformation of general book science methods of scientific knowledge into a system of particular disciplinary methods of bibliopoly;
development of a methodology for book-selling activities to the full depth of book-selling processes and forms of assortment of book publications in them;
concretization of the idea of the systematic nature of bookselling knowledge, substantiation of scientific book science disciplines of the bookselling cycle;
concretization of the general book typology of the book, development and substantiation on this basis of the criteria of book trade typology and classification schemes for the range of book publications;
development of a system of meaningfully interpreted concepts, definitions within the boundaries of bookselling knowledge;
substantiation of the relative independence of bookselling knowledge (bibliopolistics) and its place and specifics in the system of book knowledge as a whole.
(library science as a book science discipline) is a generalized theoretical model of the way to identify the essence, patterns of movement, development, change of forms of movement of the library fund as the most general form of the existence of a book in librarianship and its processes, as well as scientific knowledge about the book in librarianship.
The structure of the subject of library knowledge (library science as a book science discipline) is expressed by the system of the following problems:
substantiation of the status and content of librarianship as a form of book distribution in book business;
identification and study of the essence of the library fund as the most general form of existence of a book in librarianship;
identification and study of logical and historical patterns of development, movement, change of forms of the library fund in library processes;
concretization of general book science principles of scientific knowledge of the book in relation to the forms of its existence in librarianship and librarianship itself (objectivity, partisanship, reflection and development, the unity of the theory of library science and the practice of librarianship);
study of the emergence and development of library knowledge;
concretization of the object, subject, composition and structure of library knowledge (library science) on the basis of general book knowledge and in system conditionality with the content of other components of book knowledge: book publishing, bookselling, bibliographic;
concretization of the process of transformation of general book science methods of scientific knowledge of the book into a system of private disciplinary methods of library science;
development of a methodology for library activities to the full depth of library processes and forms of the library fund of book publications in them;
concretization of the idea of the systematic nature of library knowledge, substantiation of scientific book science disciplines of the library science cycle;
concretization of the general book typology of the book, development and substantiation on this basis of criteria for library typology and classification schemes for the library fund;
development of a system of meaningfully interpreted concepts, definitions within the boundaries of library knowledge;
substantiation of the relative independence of library knowledge (library science) and its place and specifics in the system of book knowledge as a whole.
(bibliographic science) - a generalized theoretical model of the way to reveal the essence, patterns of movement, development, change of forms of reflection of a book publication as an object of bibliographic activity, in its processes and results, and scientific knowledge about a book in bibliographic business.
The structure of the subject of bibliographic knowledge is developed by the system of the following problems:
substantiation of the status and content of the bibliographic business as a form of book reproduction in the book business;
revealing the essence of a book publication as an object of bibliographic activity and bibliographic information as its result; identification of historical and logical patterns of development, changes in the forms of reflection of a book publication in bibliographic activity, as well as patterns of bibliographic activity itself;
concretization of the general book science principles of scientific knowledge of the book in the bibliographic business and the bibliographic activity itself (objectivity, partisanship, reflection and development, unity of the theory of bibliographic science and the practice of bibliographic business);
concretization of the object, subject, composition and structure of bibliographic knowledge (bibliographic science) on the basis of general knowledge of bibliology and in systemic conditionality with the content of other components of bibliographic knowledge: publishing, bookselling, library;
concretization of the process of transformation of general book science methods of scientific knowledge of the book into a system of particular disciplinary bibliographic methods;
development of a methodology for bibliographic activity to the full depth of bibliographic processes and forms of reflecting a book in them;
concretization of the idea of the systematic nature of bibliographic knowledge (bibliographic science), substantiation of scientific bibliographic disciplines of the bibliographic cycle;
concretization of the general book typology of the book, development and substantiation on this basis of criteria for bibliographic typology and classification schemes for book publications;
development of a system of meaningfully interpreted concepts, definitions within the boundaries of bibliographic knowledge (bibliographic science);
substantiation of the relative independence of bibliographic knowledge and its place and specifics in the system of bibliographic knowledge as a whole.
The concept of "structure" in the broadest and most general sense of the word means the structure, arrangement, order, the totality of stable connections of an object that ensure its integrity and identity to itself, i.e. preservation of basic properties during various external and internal changes. Structure is an attribute, i.e. an integral property of all real-life objects and phenomena. The fundamental position of modern natural science, for example, is the concept of the levels of organization of matter, reflecting the existence in nature of a hierarchy of systems, levels of organization of varying complexity. The study of the transition from one level of organization to another involves the identification of new types of relationships. The concept of "structure" is basic, basic in the general theory of systems, in the methodology of system research along with the concepts of "system", "component", "element", etc.
The structure characterizes the internal organization of an integral system, a specific way of interconnection of its components, differentiates the levels of organization of an integral system.
Such a system as scientific knowledge also has a structure. Structuring, identification, allocation of structural levels is a way of systematizing scientific knowledge within the boundaries of its integrity.
The very structure of knowledge is one of the components that reveal the content of scientific knowledge at the level of its structure, along with such components as the structure of the object, the structure of the subject, the structure of the method.
Modern science of science and special disciplinary methodological research connects the possibility of deploying, revealing the structure of scientific knowledge with the idea of the structure of the subject: “The formulation of those questions that are recognized in reflection as questions about the subject of research is nothing more than a discussion of the problems of the structure of science.”
In other words, "when the structure of science is considered... it is simply impossible to do without an idea about the subject of study of this science," the idea of the structure of the subject "allows us to express the structure of scientific knowledge."
The above statements definitely indicate the relationship between the structure of scientific knowledge and the structure of the subject, but do not indicate the relationship between these two components. This relation can be qualified in such a way that the structure of scientific knowledge is an even more complex form of its expression, a higher level of its systematization, an even more complexly organized model of knowledge in the processes of generalization of previous levels of development of scientific knowledge, their synthesis by means of scientific thinking. The structure of scientific knowledge in a "removed" form includes the subject, because it is impossible to unfold the structure of knowledge before the structure of the subject is unfolded. The structure of the subject, as it were, sets the program, the principle of structuring scientific knowledge.
In the structure of the subject of general bibliology and in the structures of subjects of individual areas of bibliology, problems are formulated, the study of which involves obtaining knowledge of a different nature and varying degrees of generalization and concreteness, theoretical and empirical. The study of some problems gives a methodological level of knowledge, others - theoretical, third - historical, fourth - methodical (ie practical for the system of scientific knowledge).
The continuity, necessity, similarity and difference between the theoretical and historical levels of bibliological research and knowledge are predetermined by the dialectic of the relationship between the logical (theoretical) and the historical, revealed in the Marxist-Leninist theory of knowledge. F. Engels characterized the unity of the historical and the logical as follows: “... the logical method of research ... in essence is nothing more than the same historical method, only freed from historical form and from interfering accidents. From where history begins, the course of thought must also begin from the same, and its further movement will be nothing more than a reflection of the historical process in an abstract and theoretically consistent form; a corrected reflection, but corrected according to the laws that the actual historical process itself gives, and each moment can be considered at that point in its development where the process reaches full maturity, its classical form” (13, 497).
Historical patterns of "books in motion", i.e. “books in the book business”, the historical forms of existence, movement, development of the book in the historically changing forms of book business must be studied and reproduced in knowledge objectively and adequately, not just as empirical data, but as theoretically understood, i.e. conscious from the standpoint of the theory of bibliology.
In the structure of the subject of general bibliology, all problems presuppose a general book science methodological level of knowledge, and knowledge of a book at this level reveals the essence and the most general patterns of the book and the science about it, substantiates the most general method, i.e. the theoretical method of obtaining objective, consistent knowledge about the book, correlating it with other complex phenomena, and bibliology - with related scientific disciplines.
The problems of intra-book science are actually the theoretical level of general book science. Here it develops its scientific foundations, constructs its object, subject, structure, composition, substantiates, in accordance with the most general forms of the book and the modes of their existence, the object, subject, structure, composition of book science disciplines.
At the historical level, general bibliology explores the most general historical patterns and forms of the book's existence in book business, as well as the historical patterns and forms of the formation and development of scientific book knowledge itself.
The methodological level in scientific knowledge is the “practice of science”, although in content it is also theoretical knowledge, expressed by generalized models of the methods of cognitive research and subject-sensitive book science activities. In other words, this level of general book science knowledge, or a section in the structure of general book science, is “a theory of general book science methods and the rationale for their transition into a system of special book science methods of cognition of the corresponding form of the book and ways of its existence, as well as methods of special book science activity in the corresponding field. book business.
Thus, general bibliology explores the book in its subject at the methodological, strictly theoretical, historical and methodological (practical) levels. Accordingly, in the structure of general book science, several general book science disciplines can be distinguished: methodology of book science, theory of books and (or) book science, theory of book science, theory of methods of book science, history of books and (or) book business, history of book science.
The structure of general bibliology, as it were, sets the program for structuring individual areas of specialized bibliology knowledge. In each of them, the levels of methodology, theory, history and methodology are distinguished.
The structure of scientific knowledge should show the levels of its organization and the relationship between the levels (Table 1).
|
Levels (horizontal) and Forms (vertical) of the typological method |
Universal |
special |
single |
|
General book typological method |
Special book typological method |
Private-disciplinary book science method |
|
|
Historical-typological method |
General book history and typological method |
Loading...