Nowadays, the issue of family ties is quite acute, and establishing paternity by DNA is a popular procedure that makes it possible to reveal the whole truth regarding the birth of a child.
Unfortunately, many may doubt that this method really works, and making a DNA test is not so difficult. In fact, specialists in clinical settings are able to determine the connection between people not only by a blood test, but also by a nail or, for example, a hair. Let's clarify the main issues regarding this process and note how it goes.
We immediately mention that the essence this method It is based on the presence of a unique set of information at the gene level in any person. Such information allows it to develop, starting from the process of fertilization and ending with an adult organism, it is located on a DNA strand, or rather, on 46 human chromosomes. We also note that almost all cells of the body contain such information, so they even make it possible to recreate the main features of personality.
It is worth clarifying the moment associated with the appearance of such information. The fact is that it passes to the fetus from the germ cells that were used for conception. As you could understand, the child receives half of the genetic information from the mother, and the other half from the father, so it is worth understanding that the combination of chromosomes occurs in a random order, that is, different genes can be active.
It is important to understand that judging a wife's infidelity due to a significantly different appearance the child is not allowed, but if suspicions still arise, then best solution There will be a special paternity test.
What is required for a DNA paternity test?
Experts argue that in order to accurately establish a family relationship between two people (in our case, between a father and a child), it is imperative to obtain genetic material from both one and the other.
As for the test under ideal conditions, this option involves the additional participation of the mother in the test in order to eliminate inaccuracies, the chance of which is still small. A mother in such a study is needed in order to isolate from the child those genes that he received from her, then it will be much easier to work with the results of the father.
Note that the phrase "biological material" covers the following genetic materials:
- blood;
- saliva;
- part of the nail;
- hair;
- discharge in the nose.
Despite this, experts most often resort to another option, we are talking about taking cells from the mucous membrane located on the inner surface of the cheeks (for this, it is enough just to run a cotton swab over the place in question). The fact is that such a procedure will definitely not cause any discomfort even for a baby, and it can also be carried out not in laboratory conditions, which is highly not recommended.
We will mention the popularity of paternity tests, carried out partially at home, but we strongly do not recommend resorting to their use. Under this name lies the procedure for taking genetic material directly at home, of course, there can be no talk of blood, because at home you can only take a nail, hair or the contents of the nose.
After taking such samples at home, they are sent to the laboratory, where specialists examine the samples received, but this option should not be taken seriously, since it will not be possible to establish paternity or disprove it (the study will definitely not have any legal force).
Note! If the alleged father refuses to do such a test of biological material, then in some situations you will have the right to force him to do this by applying to the judicial authorities!
How is this genetic analysis done?
In order to start doing this, you must sign a special agreement on the provision of personal biological materials for analysis. In some situations, the signing of other statements is also required, this is especially important when resolving the issue through the court.
After signing the contracts and handing over the biological materials, specialists in the laboratory will begin to isolate DNA from the biological material and carry out the polymerase chain reaction. It will help to test a huge number of genes, regardless of the size of the sample. After that, experts will begin comparing samples using special instruments that can capture even tiny differences.
Let us mention that such establishment of paternity is most often carried out using 16, 20, 24 genetic markers, which are the standard in all laboratories around the world. The conclusion of laboratory assistants must be confirmed by the head, who is able to guarantee the accuracy and correctness of all analyzes.
It remains to analyze only the options for conducting such DNA tests: the standard type of study involves the participation of only the child, as well as his alleged father, this is quite enough to compare biological material. Some seek to include the mother of the child in the study as well, but this is not necessary at all (a trio, namely the name of the study involving the mother, the alleged father, and the child himself, will only help to maximize the reliability of the test).
Thank you
The site provides reference information for informational purposes only. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases should be carried out under the supervision of a specialist. All drugs have contraindications. Expert advice is required!
Establishing paternity involves a series of procedures that are aimed at determining the relationship between a child and a man, presumably being his biological father.Medicine operates with several basic methods for determining paternity. They differ in the technique and degree of complexity, in the materials used in the process, and of course, in the reliability of the results obtained. As a rule, studies related to the establishment of paternity are carried out by geneticists. In doing so, they use the following methods:
- by date of conception and gestational age;
- according to external signs;
- by DNA analysis.
Determination of paternity by date of conception and gestational age
By date of conception
Often, if during one menstrual cycle a woman had sexual intercourse with several men, it becomes necessary to establish paternity. In such situations, for the purpose of a preliminary and very inaccurate determination of paternity, you can try to calculate the specific date on which the maximum chance of conception occurred. Accordingly, a man who had sexual intercourse with a woman shortly after or before this date has a high probability of being the father of the child.It is known that if a woman has a regular menstrual cycle, then the maximum probability of conception occurs in the middle of the menstrual cycle, approximately 14-15 days from the start of the next menstruation. But as practical observations show, the moment of maximum probability of conception in many women is quite difficult to accurately determine.
Establishing paternity by comparing the possible date of conception and the date of sexual intercourse may be incorrect for another reason. The fact is that spermatozoa can retain their activity and ability to fertilize in the female body for 3-5 days after intercourse. And this means that conception could occur a few days after sexual intercourse. In this case, the father of the child may be a man who had sexual intercourse with a woman a few days before the optimal date for conception. A similar situation is possible even if a woman had sex directly on the date of conception with another man.
By gestational age
Establishing paternity is also possible by determining the gestational age, which can be approximately measured according to the indications of an ultrasound examination. However, even the most advanced ultrasound equipment is not able to set the date of conception with high accuracy, and indicate a specific date.Thus, establishing paternity based on determining the possible date of conception or measuring the gestational age is an extremely approximate and unreliable method. It can only have a complementary value. In addition, this technique becomes practically useless if a woman has had sexual intercourse with various partners for a short period of time.
Determination of paternity by external signs
Various elements of a person's appearance, such as the color of hair, eyes or skin, similarities in facial features, etc., can only serve as an indirect, and very unreliable reason for refuting or confirming paternity. This is explained by the fact that, although external signs are set genetically, they can vary widely and have different degrees of manifestation in each case. In addition, the inconsistency of the method of establishing paternity based on the external similarity of a man and a child is confirmed by the fact of the existence of twins. This is the name of people who do not have any family ties, but at the same time are very similar to each other in their appearance.
Determination of paternity by blood type
There are over 20 different blood group systems in the human population. Only two of them are most commonly used:1. AB0 system. Most often, it is this system that is meant when they talk about "blood type".
2. Rh factor. Differences in the Rh factor of the blood.
Both of these systems of dividing blood into groups are genetically determined and, therefore, open up some possibilities for determining paternity. The very principle of establishing paternity by the Rh factor and blood group is based on the fact that the parameters of the child's blood depend on the set of genes that the mother and father will pass on to him.
AB0 system
In this system, 4 blood groups are distinguished:- I or 0 (zero);
- II - A;
- III-B;
- IV-AB.
Determining paternity based on a blood type cannot be considered an accurate method, although it has greater reliability than those described above. This technique is considered rather indicative, and is used as a screening preliminary study before conducting a DNA test. A blood test provides irrefutable evidence only in rare cases. For example, if the child has I blood type, and the father has IV.
Rh factor
According to the system of Rh factors, only two groups are distinguished - Rh-negative (Rh-) and Rh-positive (Rh +). Accordingly, their difference lies in the presence or absence of specific antibodies (Rhesus factor) in human blood.The establishment of paternity by the Rh factor is less reliable than on the basis of the AB0 system. Even Rh-positive parents can have a child with Rh-negative blood. However, with Rh-negative parents, the child will also always have a negative Rh factor. Therefore, the only case when it can be unequivocally stated that a man is not the biological father of a child occurs in a situation where both parents have a negative Rh factor, and the child is positive.
Determination of paternity by blood type serves as a preliminary method for assessing the presence of consanguinity between a child and a man. The peculiarity of this method lies in the fact that a negative result will be 99% accurate, and a positive one is practically not significant. In addition, this analysis can be carried out only after the birth of a child, when it becomes possible to examine his blood type.
Determination of paternity by DNA
Sometimes in life situations arise when it is necessary to establish the degree of relationship of people with a sufficient degree of certainty. This includes cases that are related to family reunification, solving various legal problems, researching the compatibility of fabrics, etc. Just a few decades ago, such a task was solved with great difficulty and extremely doubtful reliability of the results. But after biologists learned to decipher the DNA code, genetic research methods were created that made it possible to answer with high accuracy the question of whether there is a biological relationship between two people. Including similar technologies are used in determining paternity. Each person carries a completely unique genetic information. It is encoded in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These giant molecules are present in any cell of the human body that has a nucleus. DNA molecules are organized into complex structures called chromosomes.
Each of the chromosomes is contained in each of the somatic cells in two copies. The Greek word "soma" means "body", so the cells that make up the human body are called somatic. The only exception - non-somatic cells - are sex cells: spermatozoa in men and eggs in women. They differ from somatic ones in that in them all chromosomes are not contained in pairs, but only in the singular.
Why did nature provide for such a difference? As you know, at conception, the spermatozoon merges with the egg and the union of their chromosome set, that is, the genetic material that they contain. The child receives one chromosome from each pair from the father (the sperm chromosome), and the second from the mother (the egg chromosome). In this way, the child receives a complete chromosome set, and inherits the gene material of his parents - therefore, he often looks like them. But on the other hand, combinations of male and female chromosomes can be formed in billions of different options - this is what determines the individuality of each person.
DNA analysis to determine paternity
This method is based precisely on this duality of the child's DNA: on the one hand, it is unique in its own way, on the other hand, it arose as a result of a combination of parts of maternal and paternal DNA. Modern technologies of molecular genetic research allow doctors to identify maternal and paternal DNA components in any person. In addition, it is possible to trace the transmission of certain DNA fragments in mother-child or father-child pairs. Indeed, in the case of confirmation of relationship, DNA fragments in the compared pairs coincide almost completely.Legal significance
A DNA paternity test is considered so reliable that its results even have official legal force. According to the Order of the Ministry of Health, to prove the fact of paternity, it is enough to conduct a study with an accuracy of 99.90%. Modern technology allows you to achieve even greater accuracy, but most often this is simply not necessary. A correctly calculated probability of paternity, equal to 99.90%, is quite sufficient to use the wording adopted in the scientific world and legal practice: "paternity is practically proven." The exclusion of the fact of paternity in order to recognize it as legally significant requires obtaining at least three discrepancies between the studied DNA fragments of the child and his alleged father.
It should be remembered that without material taken from the mother of the child, it is more difficult to achieve the level of necessary reliability of the study than in the case of testing all family members. That is why, if a DNA examination is performed to challenge or determine paternity in judicial order, judges often insist on the simultaneous collection of materials from the child, his alleged father and biological mother. This is necessary so that the conclusion issued by the forensic expert does not raise any doubts.
Determination of paternity using the study of DNA molecules is an opportunity to obtain a completely reliable and scientifically substantiated result. This opinion can become an important argument in solving many legal problems, for example, in divorce proceedings and the recovery of alimony, the determination of heirs and the distribution of inheritance, immigration and many other issues.
How is the conclusion of a DNA analysis to determine paternity formulated?
After conducting a DNA analysis to establish paternity, a conclusion is issued containing one of the following conclusions:1. The result is positive– the man is NOT EXCLUDED as the biological father of this child (the probability of paternity is 99.9%).
2. The result is negative– the man is EXCLUDED as the biological father of this child (the probability of paternity is 100% excluded).
Theoretically, it is possible for another person to exist in the world with a genetic set that is absolutely identical to the genetic passport of the person being tested. For example, this situation is observed in identical twins, whose gene material matches each other by 100%. This probability is associated with a small deviation from a completely reliable positive result in a DNA paternity test. But, in the vast majority of cases, the establishment of paternity with a probability of 99.9% will mean its proof. And a negative result with the correct sampling of the material and the correct conduct of the study is always unambiguously true.
What biological materials can be used in DNA analysis to determine paternity?
DNA molecules can be isolated from many different sources. Previously, only blood taken from a vein was used to determine paternity by DNA. However, such blood samples should only be taken by a qualified healthcare professional, and in a hospital or at least a polyclinic setting. For many clients, and especially for children, this method is not always acceptable. To date, the range of materials for DNA research has expanded tremendously. Now it is possible to perform DNA analysis not only on blood from a vein, but also on hair, saliva, nails, etc.buccal epithelium
At the moment, the most preferred, easy and common method of taking a reference sample for research is the use of a buccal (buccal) swab. At the same time, epithelial cells of the oral mucosa are used for genetic analysis, which are taken on the inside of the cheek with a cotton swab. This is a non-invasive (that is, does not injure the tissues of the body) and absolutely painless method, in which the collection of material takes about a minute. In addition, it does not require the presence of medical professionals, and can be performed by the patient at a time when it is convenient for him, without even leaving home. Also, the use of buccal epithelium reduces the likelihood of contamination of the material for analysis. DNA paternity test based on non-standard samples
If taking the buccal epithelium is not possible or difficult, then other methods can be used. As a source of DNA when performing private and anonymous studies, in addition to the standard sample of buccal epithelium, almost any object containing human DNA can be used:- blood samples;
- saliva;
- teeth;
- nails;
- sperm;
- samples from tissue biopsy storage;
- rooted hair and other suitable biological tissues.
- toothbrushes;
- razor blades;
- cigarette butts;
- handkerchiefs;
- napkins;
- clothes, etc.
Moreover, despite the use of the most modern methods genetic expertise, it is impossible in some cases to isolate DNA from such non-standard samples due to its complete absence.
DNA analysis to determine paternity
A control tissue sample is carefully analyzed to create a DNA profile of the person. Subsequently, this DNA profile is compared with another sample in order to determine the genetic similarity.polymerase chain reaction
To create a human DNA profile, it is not enough to simply isolate deoxyribonucleic acid from the provided material. The study will be successful only if there are enough DNA molecules, that is, a fairly large number. For this purpose, a process called the polymerase chain reaction is used. This reaction multiplies or amplifies the DNA sample that has been isolated from the starting material. The result is several billion absolutely exact copies of the same DNA obtained from a person. Geneticists are already working with this number of DNA molecules.loci research
The locus of DNA is its strictly defined part, which is subjected to research and comparison. 99.9% of the sequences found in human DNA are the same in composition, but, nevertheless, the DNA of different people carry a sufficient number of individual differences. There are parts of the DNA molecule that are unique to each person. This fact is what makes us different.The accuracy of DNA analysis is primarily affected by the number of genetic loci studied. The more sites that define our uniqueness are explored, the higher the likelihood of refutation or confirmation of paternity. Currently, it is customary to analyze from 16 to 40 different loci on each DNA sample. This provides over 99.99% confidence in establishing biological paternity, and 100% success in excluding it. In addition, often the analysis is carried out by two independent research teams, and the data obtained are subsequently verified. This procedure avoids errors associated with accidental contamination of the material, or inaccuracies when working with it.
Determination of paternity during pregnancy
Establishing paternity for early dates pregnancy traditionally refers to prenatal diagnosis. To determine paternity during pregnancy, it is first necessary to take biological material from the fetus. This procedure is strongly recommended to be carried out only in a specialized medical institution, since it may be associated with possible risks of complications. In the situation when paternity must be determined before the birth of the child, DNA testing is used based on the biological materials of the fetus, which are obtained as follows:
- Biopsy of chorionic villi. Material sampling is carried out at a period of 9 to 12 weeks of pregnancy. In order to obtain biological material, a specialist, under the control of an ultrasound machine, inserts a needle through the anterior wall of the abdomen or vagina, reaching the fetal membrane. The chance of abortion during this procedure is about 2%.
- Amniocentesis. The procedure for obtaining amniotic fluid (amniotic fluid) for subsequent genetic testing. Amniocentesis is most often performed between 14 and 20 weeks of pregnancy. The procedure for the selection of amniotic fluid is carried out by a specialist gynecologist. He, under the control of an ultrasound machine, inserts a thin and long needle through the tissues of the anterior abdominal wall, penetrates the wall of the uterus, and collects the amount of amniotic fluid necessary for the study. The chance of developing complications or spontaneous abortion during amniocentesis is about 1%.
- Cordocentesis. In the process of cordocentesis, fetal blood is taken directly from the vessels of the umbilical cord. This procedure is carried out at a gestational age exceeding 18-20 weeks. The chance of complications when using this method is less than 1%.
Non-Invasive Prenatal Paternity Testing
According to American scientists, they have developed a non-invasive way to determine paternity during pregnancy. Genetic testing is performed using a special technique in which a small amount of DNA is analyzed. This test can be used already in the first trimester, most often after the 10th week of pregnancy. Analysis at an earlier date does not guarantee that a sufficient amount of fetal DNA is obtained from the mother's blood plasma. Testing is carried out by examining a number of venous blood samples taken from the expectant mother and the alleged father.The prenatal non-invasive paternity test uses free-circulating fetal DNA testing. Some of it during pregnancy is in the blood of the expectant mother. Modern technologies used in genetics make it possible to isolate it and compare it with the DNA of the mother and a possible biological father.
A new non-invasive paternity test could replace the methods of fetal DNA profiling listed above, which are unsafe for mother and child health. According to scientists, it has the same high accuracy, but it is more preferable, because during its implementation there is no threat of complications and early termination of pregnancy.
Conclusion
The minimum period for establishing biological relationship and conducting research to determine paternity is 3 days. However, in most cases, for qualitative analysis it will take from ten days to two weeks from the moment the biological materials arrive at the laboratory.Today, DNA testing can be carried out almost anywhere. There are even portable laboratories. And equipment for genetic identification of a person is produced by dozens of enterprises in many countries of the world. That is why the previously complex and exotic procedure is now becoming a common research method that anyone can use.
Before use, you should consult with a specialist.According to statistics, the percentage of men who doubt paternity is quite high. Studies have shown that at least 10% of children born in marriage are not genetically related to the official father indicated on the birth certificate. The paternity test has long been a familiar analysis. It can be carried out not only after the baby is born, but also during pregnancy, starting at 9 weeks.
Deoxyribonucleic acid is a long, coiled molecule. It is contained in every cell of the body and performs the most important function - the storage of genetic information about the individual. It is the chromosomes, of which there are 23 pairs in DNA, that determine characteristics, nationality, etc. When a cell divides, it is the DNA that ensures its exact copying. This ability of deoxyribonucleic acid formed the basis of cloning.
Before you do a DNA paternity test, you need to clarify that identical twins can have an identical DNA chain. If we talk about parent and child, then the chromosome set always consists of maternal and paternal genes. In other words, the analysis takes into account only the proportion of the presence of the father's gene in the child's DNA.
A DNA paternity test is ordered in the following cases:
- In case of doubt father. If the father has doubts about the genetic relationship with the child, he can take the test on his own. All that is required is the DNA of him and the child. However, mothers often resist testing. Also, this can lead to psychological trauma for an already grown child.
- Judicially. If a father refuses alimony during a divorce, claiming that this is not his child, the judge obliges him to take a DNA paternity test at his own expense. If the plaintiff refuses the procedure, he is forced to pay alimony.
- At adoption. A father who found out about the existence of his child some time later, but in the absence of the mother or her death, can facilitate the adoption procedure by passing a paternity test.
A feature of this test is its high accuracy. It is not necessary to take the test several times. It is enough to contact a proven laboratory and pay for the analysis. There are also home paternity tests. But their essence is only to collect material at home and send it to the laboratory in an envelope. It is impossible to establish paternity without resorting to the services of a laboratory, since this is a rather complicated procedure.
Who is involved and what is taken for analysis?
A paternity test is a complex process of reading information from a DNA strand. Since it will not be completely identical between the father and the child, separate fragments of the chain (from 10 to 30 sections) are taken and carefully compared. The more sites examined, the higher the reliability of the test.
This analysis has several features:
- The test only requires DNA from the father and the child. To conduct the test, a DNA sample of the alleged father and child is sufficient. Usually, mothers do not doubt their relationship with the child for obvious reasons, but if there are such doubts, you can also take a test to establish motherhood. If there are several alleged fathers, it is necessary to collect genetic material from all.
- It is possible to have a test before the baby is born. Some time ago, such a procedure was difficult. It was necessary to wait for the birth of a child or to carry out a complex and traumatic procedure for puncturing the fetal bladder to collect amniotic fluid. Now there is no such need. Scientists have developed a method by which it is possible to isolate the DNA of a child directly from the mother's blood.
- The participation of the mother is not necessary, but desirable. The participation of the mother in the DNA test is required not to establish relationship, but to determine part of her genes transferred to the child. This will help to avoid coincidences in the event that part of the genetic material in the father and mother is similar.
For analysis, you can donate blood, saliva, but more often laboratories work with buccal epithelium. This is a smear from the mucous membrane of the inside of the cheek. To do this, it is enough to hold a cotton swab behind the cheek. It is easy and painless for a small child. The accuracy of the analysis does not depend on the material.
You can also use blood, saliva, hair, nail particles.
It is worth remembering that only a test conducted with the indication of the personal data of both subjects will have legal force. Home tests usually serve to satisfy the father's curiosity, but the result of the analysis is not suitable for presentation in court.
Preparation and interpretation of results
When donating blood for DNA, standard preparation is required: refrain from drinking alcohol, fatty foods a day before the test. Blood is taken on an empty stomach to avoid premature clotting. The time of day does not play a role in such an analysis.
If a smear is taken from the inside of the cheek, preparation is not required. When conducting a home test, you need to take a sterile cotton swab, which will be in the kit, and run it several times along the inside of the cheek. The stick is placed in a bag and sent to the laboratory in an envelope.The doctor or laboratory assistant is engaged in decoding.
The result comes in the form of a sheet of paper with the specified percentage of matches.
When decrypting, the following points should be considered:
- The maximum percentage of matches is 99.9%. This does not mean that the probability is lower, just the laboratories adhere to the principle of objectivity. There is always the possibility that the child's father has a twin brother. Despite the fact that such cases are very rare, doctors take this probability into account when interpreting. With this percentage (about 100%), the error is excluded.
- Reliability depends not so much on the quality of the collected material, but on the professionalism of laboratory assistants and the number of studied loci (sections of the DNA chain). If the laboratory guarantees the analysis of about 30-33 loci, there can be no doubt about the reliability of such a test.
- If the father of the child is the subject, then the result will indicate "the biological paternity of patient 1 (father's name) in relation to patient 2 (child's name) is not excluded", and then the percentage of matches is indicated. If the child being investigated is not the father of the child, the result will be written that the similarity of the genetic material was not found. The error is excluded in this case.
Very often, the result is still called into question, especially if it does not match the expectation. However, modern laboratory research methods are accurate enough to avoid such errors. The father can always retake the test if he wishes, but this is usually not necessary.
More information about the analysis can be found in the video:
The DNA paternity test primarily has a social and psychological aspect. This is not just an analysis that reports on the state of health; the further life of the family and the individual child depends on the result.
The main advantages of this analysis include:
- High reliability. As mentioned above, the test is quite reliable and does not require repeating an expensive procedure. As a rule, the result is unambiguous - either a 99.9% match, or no match.
- legal aspect. With the help of a paternity test, a woman can collect child support from the father of the child. Also, the child will have equal legal rights with other children of the father. This is very important in case of property disputes.
- Informativeness. The test is used not only by fathers, but also by children who are looking for their father or simply want to establish his identity.
Disadvantages of analysis:
- Fairly high price. Not everyone can afford to conduct such an analysis, let alone duplicate it.
- You also need to wait about a week for the result. Such a test is not carried out immediately. This is a complex and painstaking procedure, so the researcher will have to be patient.
- Among the shortcomings and the psychological aspect of the procedure. If the child is already an adult, this can cause him psychological trauma. There are also frequent cases depression in men with a negative result.
However, mothers who resort to such tests should also be aware of the negative aspect of the legal aspect. For example, alimony may be less than the single mother's allowance. The father will have equal rights to the child and his financial resources. He can also apply for cohabitation with the child.
Family planning milestone in a person's life, however, more often pregnancy is a surprise for unprepared parents-to-be. And if a woman is absolutely sure that she will become a mother, then for men the situation can be blurred. In such a situation, a paternity test helps. A simple procedure allows you to accurately determine whether a man is the father of a child.
Research types
DNA analysis for paternity is carried out in specially equipped laboratories. What is needed in order to pass the analysis? For the study, you must contact the appropriate medical institution and come to take the sample with the child. Where to do the analysis if there is no laboratory in the city of residence of a person that provides DNA testing services? In this case, you should find a suitable laboratory in one of the neighboring cities where you can take a sample for analysis. To conduct the test, you will need to visit the laboratory and take samples.
If travel arrangements are difficult, many laboratories offer in-home DNA sampling services. To do this, contact the laboratory and conclude an agreement. On the day the analysis is done, a health worker will come to the house, collect biosamples and give information on how long to wait for the results.
The response from the laboratory to establish paternity can be picked up in person or ordered by mail.
To establish family ties, modern laboratories offer 3 types of tests: autosomal (atDNA), mitochondrial (mtDNA) and Y-chromosome (Y-DNA). The latter can only be passed by men, the study includes the study of the father's line. According to the results of Y-DNA, the father, grandfather and even great-grandfather of the child can be determined. mtDNA analysis is used to study the maternal line.
What is the test for?
You can do a test to determine family ties of your own free will. In some cases, the determination of paternity or motherhood is appointed by the court. In this case, by decision of the court, with proven paternity, the amount of alimony is assigned. You can do a DNA blood test at a commercial medical center, the service is paid by the customer. The price of the study may vary depending on the region and type of analysis.
Many men want to be sure that they are raising their child. Such a desire is natural, and the establishment of paternity is possible with the help of a completely painless DNA analysis. Statistically, the male half of the population is more likely to be infertile, and women decide to commit adultery because of the desire to start a full-fledged family.
Genetic analysis can be carried out in pre-trial proceedings or in the case of mutual consent of the man and woman. A man has the right to refuse the study, without his consent it is prohibited to conduct tests. Paternity studies are also being conducted after the death of the alleged father. In this case, the DNA material of the child's grandparents is compared.
Collection of biological material
Paternity can be established even before the baby is born. The test is possible from 14 to 20 weeks of pregnancy. How to do DNA analysis? The presence of the alleged father and future mother will be required for laboratory analysis. Testing is done with a sample of amniotic fluid and a blood sample from the umbilical cord. During the analysis, there is a high probability that mother's cells will also get into the test sample of fetal cells.
Therefore, no matter how many parameters are checked, a DNA sample of the future mother's material is needed.
In most cases, men prefer to undergo tests, not sure of the woman's honesty regarding the circumstances of the pregnancy. The laboratory will conduct the study using two biological samples, continued by the father and the child. Since children inherit sets of DNA from both parents, the mother's genetic material is also best examined to rule out interference.
Research results
A DNA test, even an urgent one, is not a quick laboratory test. It takes time to get the most reliable information. The analysis made is recognized by the court as sufficient evidence to establish alimony. Comparison of DNA material is deciphered as follows. If the related indicator is positive, then the laboratory bank indicates that biological paternity cannot be excluded, and also indicates the percentage.
Proven paternity and an ironclad reason for paying child support is the result of DNA tests for kinship of 99.75-99.99%. The result may show different, but if the analysis showed 70%, this is a formal indication of paternity. 100% is never specified. In 0.00002% of cases, such accuracy plays a role, for example, if the potential fathers of the child are twin brothers. At the same time, a negative result is given exactly. The lack of genetic similarity means that the man who gave the DNA sample cannot be the father of the child.
Data from some biological studies claim that about 10% of children born in marriage are not relatives of their officially recognized fathers. Passing a DNA paternity test allows you to get comprehensive information about the genetic relationship. Now more and more men are ordering paternity tests. This procedure facilitates many legal issues, including those related to the payment of alimony.
In contact with
Most often, genetic tests are performed to establish paternity. However, there are other situations when these analyzes are indispensable. How to donate DNA and why these tests are needed, we will talk in this article.
When is it necessary to undergo a genetic test?
- Establishing paternity. This is the most common reason for undergoing an expensive analysis. This is important not only for men who are charged with the responsibility of raising someone else's child, but also for women who have had careless intimate relationships with different partners in a short period of time.
- If there are severe health disorders in the family, then future parents want to warn their child against diseases by identifying the percentage of predisposition. DNA analysis methods are selected by a specialist individually.
- Establishing relationship. Orphans want to find their parents, and genetic tests can provide a list of alleged relatives around the world.
- The definition of ethnicity. With the help of DNA analysis, you can find out belonging to a particular people.
- desire to find famous ancestors. Nowadays it has become fashionable to seek out rich and famous relatives among Russian tsars and foreign emperors.
In any case, the database is most extensively represented by Jews, Swedes, Irish, Germans and less by Slavic peoples.
How to donate DNA? Types of samples
The detectives show that in order to determine paternity in medical clinics, DNA analysis requires saliva, hair and nails of the alleged father and child. IN real life You can conduct a genetic test in medical institutions and at home. For analysis, blood from a vein, semen, saliva, skin cells (burrs) or hair roots are suitable. Some experts use muscle tissue, toothbrushes, cigarette butts, chewing gum, hair on a comb, a razor, semen, and blood on clothes in these studies.
Blood from a finger or from a vein is taken on an empty stomach. Collection of saliva in a test tube also occurs before brushing your teeth. If you want to do a DNA test in secret from any person, then take the above samples with medical gloves or with clean tweezers, a sheet of paper.
Multiple DNA samples are needed from one person to get an accurate result. Send them in a paper envelope. Please note that when wet, toothbrushes, chewing gum, a razor and other items cannot be placed in an envelope. Wait for them to dry on their own.
Collection of saliva at home. Modern technologies
How to do a DNA test at home? Find medical institution and order delivery of special test tubes. Next, collect the necessary material in separate containers and send them by mail, courier or self-delivery to the clinic. Saliva can be collected as follows:
- in medical gloves, take a clean sheet of paper and fold it four times;
- unfold the paper and take a cotton swab;
- stick with a stick on the mucous surface of the tongue and cheeks;
- then run it along the folds of the sheet;
- put a stick in the folds and fold the paper;
- On the sheet, do not forget to write the last name on top.
Please note that do not take samples with your hands, without gloves and improvised materials, and do not put them in plastic packages, only in prepared test tubes or paper envelopes.
To determine various urological, gynecological infections and viruses, it is better to use a PCR detector, which will quickly and accurately determine the results.
Can pregnant women have a genetic test?
How to take DNA analysis for pregnant women? Previously, they did a puncture of the fetal bladder in order to take the material, but then there was a threat to the life of the child. Now paternity can be determined from the 9th week of pregnancy without risk to the health of the fetus and mother. This procedure is called prenatal non-invasive DNA paternity testing.
For this test, blood is taken from a woman and the alleged father from a vein (from a mother - 20 ml, from a man - 10 ml). If you need to check for paternity of several men, then the blood of all participants is donated at the same time.
It has been established that the composition of the placenta is similar to the DNA of the child. Therefore, when the cells of the placenta die and enter the mother's bloodstream, using complex bioinformatic algorithms, the fetal DNA is extracted and a relationship with the father is established.
If it is necessary to identify the presence of any diseases, then a few drops of blood from a finger are enough. A DNA test can detect more than 25 serious diseases (heart and immune diseases, cancer, obesity, diabetes, migraine, etc.).
Types of genetic tests and their cost
DNA testing is an expensive procedure. The more people involved in a genetic test, the more expensive the tests will cost you. If you want to do a test without people, then how to donate DNA in this case? Ask the centers if they do by item (comb with hair, handkerchief with mucus, toothbrushes, etc.), remember that not all clinics provide a full range of services.
There are the following types of tests:
- Establishing paternity will cost an average of 8-15 thousand rubles.
- Establishing the relationship of both parents and the child (children) costs in the region of 9-11 thousand rubles.
- A sibling DNA test reveals the presence of siblings. This procedure will cost an average of 13-24 thousand rubles. If you need to establish the relationship between the alleged relatives, then such a test can cost 16-27 thousand rubles.
- Avancular test reveals the relationship between uncles and aunts and will cost 13-17 thousand rubles.
- Establishing the relationship of grandparents will cost 13-19 thousand rubles.
- DNA testing is identical and will cost 9-18 thousand rubles.
- A mitochondrial test on the maternal side will cost 23-36 thousand rubles.
Where to do DNA analysis?
You can conduct a test in any clinic that deals with genetic research.
Please note that not all DNA tests are carried out in Russia, many laboratories use the services of foreign clinics. Therefore, their cost can be very expensive, but reliable. The fact is that when ordering tests abroad on your own, many letters are returned to the client due to the postal policy.
DNA analysis time can be from 4 to 10 days. Rush orders are much more expensive. When choosing a foreign center, look carefully, as DNA tests are done not only for people, but also for animals.
Loading...