There are perennials and annuals, and certain grasses are selected depending on the type of lawn. It is worth saying that, like all living things, herbs can get sick. Now the Russian market offers herbs adapted to our climate.
A mixture of lawn grass seeds. You should carefully consider the choice of herbal mixture. Certain requirements are usually imposed on lawn grasses: they must be durable, resistant to trampling, to adverse climatic conditions, tolerate frequent mowing well and grow evenly after mowing, form a powerful turf with an even surface, have an intense green color, grow back in early spring and be green until late autumn.
Lawn grass types. Almost all lawn grasses are meadow plants, and they are found in natural grasslands, some quite frequently. The best lawn plants are meadow bluegrass, red fescue, shoot-forming bent grass (Agrostis stolonifera) and giant bent grass (Agrostis gigantea). Perennial herbs are those herbaceous plants whose above-ground part usually dies off for the winter, and in the spring grows again from the rhizome. For lawns, grasses are mostly used and legumes are used much less.
The most long-term are those types of lawn grasses that develop slowly from seed germination to flowering. Such lawn grasses include red fescue, meadow bluegrass, common bentgrass, etc. More rapidly developing grasses are less long-lived. These include multiflorous ryegrass, perennial ryegrass, wheatgrass, rootless couch grass, common comb grass, etc.
Grasses can be divided into two main groups, these are upland and grassroots cereals. Horse grasses are distinguished by well-leafy stems 0.4-1 m high or more. The largest number of leaves they have is concentrated in the upper part. Top grasses provide more fodder during haymaking, so they can be used as hay plants. In lawn business, top grasses are used for ordinary, special and meadow-type lawns. Top grasses include meadow timothy, awnless bonfire, high ryegrass, cocksfoot, etc. (Lawn grass species)
Grasses rarely exceed a height of 40 cm. The bulk of the leaves are concentrated in the lower tier. Grass-roots cereals give the greatest productivity at pasture use. For parterre lawns, only grassroots grasses are used. Grasses include meadow bluegrass, red fescue, bent grass, perennial ryegrass, etc.
Some cereals occupy, as it were, an intermediate position between upper and lower cereals - these are semi-upper cereals. In herbage, they form the middle tier. These include meadow fescue, meadow foxtail, etc. Of the legumes, grasses can be attributed to the riding type: red and pink clover, sainfoin, alfalfa, vetch, sweet clover - white and yellow. Their leaves are in the upper part of the stem and, when mowing, fall into the mowed mass, so the upland legumes are usually used for haymaking. The grassroots type of legumes may include white clover and yellow alfalfa.
Grassroots and some semi-upper, loose-shrub and rhizomatous species are also suitable for creating ordinary landscape gardening lawns: meadow fescue, perennial ryegrass, common comb grass, rootless couch grass, meadow foxtail, wheatgrass, etc. For creating parterre lawns, long-term, grassroots , rhizome, rhizomatous-loose bush and loose bush sod grasses.
The most valuable grassroots, rhizomatous-loose shrub species of grasses: red fescue, meadow bluegrass and common bentgrass. The composition of the mixtures usually includes the following types of herbs: red fescue, sheep, reed, bent grass thin or shoot-bearing, meadow bluegrass, perennial ryegrass. They are unpretentious, have a low growth rate, high winter hardiness and drought resistance, actively resist pathogens, pests and weeds.
Annual herbs in the first year of life go through a full cycle of development: from seed to seed. After the seeds ripen, all aboveground and underground organs of these plants die off. These include species such as annual ryegrass, annual bluegrass, etc. Biennial grasses in the first growing season form only vegetative organs - roots, stems, leaves, and fruiting shoots on which flowers, fruits, seeds develop, appear only in the second year. . After the seeds ripen, biennial plants: multiflorous ryegrass, hop alfalfa, etc. completely die off. Perennial grasses, unlike annuals and biennials, do not die off after the seeds ripen, but continue to grow and bear fruit for many years. Fruit-bearing shoots of perennial grasses die off in the year of development, but buds form at their base, from which new shoots grow in the same or next year. The root system of plants also develops over many years due to the vegetative renewal of roots and rhizomes.
Light-loving herbs are located in the upper tier. They are called horsemen. They form large (100 cm or more high), rough stems and leaves, little bush. This group includes the team hedgehog, narrow-eared wheatgrass, awnless bonfire, meadow foxtail, creeping wheatgrass, blue alfalfa, vikoleaf sainfoin. Semi-top grasses occupy an intermediate position between grassroots and top ones. In complex grass mixtures, they grow in the second tier. Together with rather high generative shoots (70-100 cm), they form a lot of shortened vegetative shoots, giving a bush of medium density. Grassroots grasses in the herbage occupy the lower tier. They have thin shoots 50-70 cm high with narrow leaves. After mowing, they strongly bush, forming a dense mass of squat, shortened stems and leaves. The lower grasses include meadow bluegrass, red fescue, common and white bent grass, common comb, white clover, horned locust, etc.
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Chapter 10. FORAGE GRASSES
Perennial fodder grasses in agricultural production are used for feeding animals in the form of pasture fodder, hay, haylage, grass meal, green fodder. Perennial grasses are used as protective crops to prevent wind and water erosion and reduce nutrient leaching. Cultivation of grasses eliminates the need for annual energy consumption for tillage, seeds, and sowing. The disadvantages of perennial legumes include increased demands on soil pH, availability of molybdenum, boron, potassium, and phosphorus.
According to the species composition, perennial grasses are divided into 4 groups: legumes, cereals
vye, or bluegrass, sedge and forbs. In culture, two families of perennial grasses are most widely used - Legumes and Cereals (Bluegrass). Of these, in the Republic of Belarus the most common are:
1) from legumes - meadow clover (red), creeping clover (white), hybrid clover (pink), alfalfa (blue, common), pelushka (Fig. 27);
Rice. 27. From left to right: alfalfa, creeping clover, hybrid clover
2) from cereal grasses - hedgehog, canary grass (canary) reed, awnless bonfire, meadow foxtail, meadow bluegrass, meadow fescue, red fescue, perennial ryegrass, meadow timothy (Fig. 28).
Leguminous perennial grasses have different appearance stems: erect (meadow and hybrid clover, alfalfa), creeping along the ground (creeping clover). The leaves are compound (mostly trifoliate), with stipules; the flowers are zygomorphic, with a double perianth, usually collected in racemes or heads. The corolla consists of five petals characteristic of the legume family. The fruit is a bean. The root system of legumes is taproot.
Rice. 28. From left to right: team hedgehog, awnless bonfire, meadow bluegrass
Legumes are able to assimilate atmospheric nitrogen with the help of nodule bacteria, feed on this nitrogen and enrich the soil with it. These grasses accumulate up to 120-150 kg/ha of nitrogen in their roots. In addition, they have valuable fodder qualities and are well eaten by herbivores.
A distinctive feature of perennial cereal grasses is their longevity and the ability to form new above-ground shoots. The stems of cereals are hollow or with a completed core, swollen at the nodes. The leaves are linear, lanceolate, the flowers are bisexual, sometimes unisexual, collected in spikelets that form complex inflorescences: spike, panicle, plume, brush, etc. Seeds - grains.
By the nature of shoot formation(tillering) cereal grasses are divided into: rhizome, loose bush, rhizome-loose bush and dense bush.
At rhizomatous cereals(Awnless bonfire, reed-like dwarf, white bent grass, red fescue, meadow bluegrass) rhizomes are located horizontally in the soil at a depth of 5–20 cm. Vertical shoots develop from their nodes, forming stems and leaves. A whole colony of vegetative shoots is formed around the mother plant. At loose bushy cereals herbs (meadow timothy, meadow fescue, cocksfoot, perennial and high ryegrass, marsh bluegrass) the tillering node is located at a depth of up to 5 cm. Daughter shoots emerge from it at an acute angle, forming a loose bush on the soil surface. New shoots of the 2nd - 3rd - 4th order develop annually in the bush. These grasses are characterized by rapid development, are able to produce sufficiently high seed yields, which contributes to their wide distribution. TO rhizomatous-loose bush cereal grasses, forming a dense network of loose bushes connected to each other by short rhizomes, include meadow foxtail, marsh bluegrass, and red fescue. Dense bush cereals differ in that the tillering node is located above the soil surface, new shoots grow straight up, closely adjacent to the parent, and form a dense bush. This group includes pike (soddy meadow), white-bearded, feather grass, etc.
Depending on the plant height cereals are divided into: 1) riding(meadow timothy, awnless bonfire, reed dwarf grass, meadow fescue, meadow foxtail, hedgehog) - they are dominated by generative and elongated vegetative stems with the main mass of leaves in the upper part; 2) grassroots(meadow bluegrass, red fescue, perennial ryegrass, white bent grass, marsh bluegrass) - these cereals have few generative stems, but a lot of vegetative, mostly shortened ones; 3) semi-top cereals - cereals that form many vegetative short shoots and few generative ones (meadow fescue, meadow foxtail, etc.). They occupy, as it were, an intermediate position between high and low grasses.
Perennial grasses are subdivided by maturity on: 1) precocious(meadow foxtail, meadow bluegrass, cocksfoot, red fescue); 2) mid-season(reed-like double spring, meadow fescue, awnless bonfire, common beckmania, perennial ryegrass), 3) late-ripening(meadow timothy, white bent grass and marsh bluegrass).
Herb mixes. When choosing perennial grasses, their types are selected based on their purpose, the duration of grassing (short-term, medium-term, long-term) and the method of use (haymaking, pasture, hay-pasture).
When perennial grasses are placed in field crop rotations, for their one-year use, legume species are sown in their pure form, for a two-year one - both in pure form and in a mixture with cereal grasses. This applies mainly to red clover. Usually early and mid-early varieties of clover ( Slutsk early ripe local, Tsudouny, Maro, Long-term) it is recommended to use in field crop rotations one year, medium and late-ripening ( Vitebchanin, Minsk late-ripening local, Krasavzh) two years. In a mixture with clover, in most cases, meadow timothy is used. Clover hybrid and creeping, with the exception of seed plots, are sown only in a mixture. Using a mixture of herbs different types has an advantage over sowing grass of the same species. A mixture of grasses gives a greater yield, has better fodder qualities, and more reliably protects soils from erosion.
When compiling the grass mixture, the main attention is paid to the combination of legumes and cereal grasses, which differ in height (top and bottom), tillering and longevity. The longer the duration of grassing, the more durable grasses must be included in grass mixtures. Rhizome grasses are the most durable, they live over 10-15 years, reaching full development usually 3-4 years after sowing. Loose shrub grasses are characterized by average longevity (5 - 7 years), they reach their maximum development at 2 - 3 years of age. Of the legumes, when sown in grass mixtures, short-term (2-4 years) include red clover and hybrid clover, medium long-term (4-6 years) - alfalfa, sainfoin, horned Lyadvin. Creeping clover and yellow alfalfa have been growing for more than 6 years. More rhizomatous herbs need to be added to long-term mixtures than to medium-term mixtures, and it is not advisable to include them in short-term mixtures. The ratio of upland and downstream herbs determines the method of use. For haymaking, top and grasslands are taken in the ratio (of the total seeding rate) - 90 - 95% and 5 - 10%, for hay and pasture - 50 - 60% and 40 - 50%, for pasture - 25 - 30% and 70–75%, respectively.
When forming hay stands for the purpose of using a conveyor system for harvesting them, grassing is carried out with three types of grass mixtures with different terms of the onset of mowing maturity: early, medium, late. For laying cultivated pastures, first of all, upland and lowland meadows with soddy-podzolic and soddy-gley loamy soils are used. Suitable for them are also sandy loamy soils with a shallow standing groundwater or underlain by a moraine at a depth of 50–70 cm and drained peat-bog soils. Arable soils near livestock farms can also be used.
1) Classification of perennial grasses and their importance in fodder production
By precocity, perennial grasses are divided into four groups. Super early, early, middle and late.
Superearly: the so-called ephemeroids have a short growing season. They finish the growing season (flowering and fruiting) in April - May. These include meadow bluegrass, desert sedge, etc.
Early: plants bloom in late spring, bear fruit in early summer. These include: in the forest zone. Meadow bluegrass, meadow foxtail, high ryegrass, Siberian hair, red fescue, etc. in the steppe zone - fescue, thin-legged slender, feather grass wood.
Medium: perennial herbs bloom early and bear fruit in mid-summer. These include: in the forest zone. Meadow fescue meadow timothy grass, red clover, awnless bonfire, team hedgehog, etc. Plants of the steppe - wheatgrass, awnless bonfire, rootless couch grass, rump, sainfoin sowing, direct bonfire.
Late (late-ripening): grasses bloom in the middle, and bear fruit in late summer. In the forest zone, late grasses include white bentgrass, creeping bluegrass marsh, in the steppe - creeping couch grass, hairy feather grass.
The difference in the development of plants makes it possible to establish the order of the use of herbs during grazing and haymaking. Great importance takes into account the precocity of plants in the selection of species for grass mixtures.
According to the development of shoots: when a shoot from a seed or bud comes to the surface, it has several shortened internodes.
Such shortened shoots remain throughout the growing season of the first year. Only the next year sometimes the date after 2-3 years start to grow up. Shortened shoots consisting of leaf sheaths at the base of which are the rudiments of the future stem are called vegetative. Elongated shoots, consisting of a stem with leaves, and inflorescences are called generative (or flower-bearing). Each shoot of perennial grasses that appears in the process of tillering must go through all phases of development. Winter grasses go through the initial phases of development at low temperatures in autumn and winter. These include meadow fescue, and red, cocksfoot, perennial ryegrass.
Perennial grasses with shoots of spring type come to the initial phases of development under conditions of flight temperatures for this reason. Already in the year of sowing, they give fruit-bearing generative shoots and seeds: meadow timothy grass, high ryegrass, multi-cut ryegrass wheatgrass rootless, Siberian hairy.
There are also grasses of the semi-winter type - passing the initial phases of development in spring temperatures (awnless bonfire, meadow foxtail, white bentgrass, wheatgrass).
In legume grasses, some features are observed in the development of shoots: their shoots usually develop from buds located on the root collars, form a kind of loose bush (red clover, horned lollipop). Or they spread along the ground, rooting in the nodes and giving vertical generative shoots from the buds (white clover). In some legumes, shoots develop in the soil and then rise above it and become creeping rhizomatous plants (machine peas).
In others, the buds are located not only at the root neck but also on the roots: shoots (root offspring) come from these buds, which then come to the soil surface, forming an above-ground shoot (yellow alfalfa).
The main stem of legumes is shortened and resembles a root neck; shoots of legumes can change greatly. Modified shoots include rhizomes, bulb tubers. Rhizomes - characterized by a brownish or dark color and differ from the root in the absence of a cap. Adventitious roots grow from the rhizome node. On the rhizomes, buds are formed from which shoots develop in spring. Nutrients accumulate in the rhizomes, due to which perennial plants easily overwinter and reproduce well vegetatively.
Tubers: - strongly thickened underground shoots, usually growing at the ends of underground stems and serving as a place for deposition of reserve nutrients (tuberous rank).
Bulbs: - a modified shortened flat stem, from which adventitious roots go down, and thick fleshy leaves go up. Reserve nutrients are deposited in them (bulbous plants of the lily family).
Key - serve as organs of protection from animals (steel smelly), and in some plants the leaves (on the wiki) in contact with a hard spore, spirally wrap around it.
The great importance of perennial grasses is due to a number of reasons. They are able to provide food for animals from early spring to late autumn. Green mass and hay of perennial grasses are characterized by high fodder qualities. The nutritional value of 1 kg of clover hay is 0.52 feed units. The green mass of red clover contains on average 77.1% water, 3.8% crude protein, 0.8% fat, 6.5% fiber, 10.1 nitrogen-free extractives, 1.7% ash.
100 green mass contains 19.8 feed units and 2.7 kg of digestible protein. 1 kg of dry matter of clover haylage contains 0.93 units. 142 g of digestible protein. Clover is a culture of great potential. With proper agricultural technology, it can provide 80 - 100 centners of dry weight, 60 - 80 centners of q.u., 1200 - 1600 kg of crude protein from one hectare. With optimal provision of conditions for its development and growth, its yield can be increased by 1.5 times or more. Clover is able to feed from early spring to late autumn. Its intensive growth begins at an average daily air temperature of +50C, i.e. about 2 weeks after the snow melts, and ends in late autumn. This allows it to be used in the green conveyor for the production of grass meal, pellets, briquettes, silage, hay, silage, and also as pasture crops. According to long-term data of the crop rotation department of BelNIIZK, the total cost of cultivating a hectare of clover is 2.2 times less than cereals, and the collection of fodder units is 1.4 and digestible protein is 1.8 times higher. Feeds prepared from perennial legumes and grasses are high in protein, vitamins, calcium, phosphorus and other nutrients, which allows them to be used to balance diets. According to I.S. Popov, clover hay during early harvesting is much superior to cereals not only in protein content, but also in many amino acids. So, 1 kg of cereal hay contains on average 6 g of lysine, 1 g of tryptophan, 5 g of arginine, and clover hay contains 9, 3, 8 g, respectively.
Clover does not have a negative effect on animal health, which is observed when feeding with cereals, due to the possible accumulation of non-protein nitrogen, nitrates and other compounds in plants, especially when high doses of nitrogen fertilizers are applied.
) Sweet clover and its feeding value
Among legumes, white sweet clover, a highly productive crop well adapted to soil conditions in almost all regions of Russia, can play an important role in the forage production of the republic.
According to E.V. Deineko, 1981, sweet clover of the first year of life surpasses legume fodder grasses - alfalfa and clover in protein content by 5.64-2.8%, fat - by 2.13-0.69%, respectively. In the experiments of the Institute of Animal Breeding of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the protein content in dry matter in the budding phase of the white sweet clover was 20.78%, fat - 2.16, fiber - 29.25, BEV - 36.71, calcium - 0.68, phosphorus -; 0.63%, carotene - 22.13 mg/kg. The provision of digestible protein for 1 feed unit of hay is 175 g. the reliability of the formation of full-fledged herbage in terms of density and development is increased.
At the same time, the presence of coumarin in plants, which gives plants a bitter taste and an unpleasant odor, and the rapid coarsening of plants, put the culture, in terms of nutrition, an order of magnitude lower than other perennial leguminous grasses. During the flowering period, the green mass of sweet clover contains 0.18-0.38%. By itself, coumarin favorably affects the digestion of animals, but in moldy hay it turns into toxic dicoumarin (C 12H 12O6). As A.M. Vilner,., the presence of coumarin in a daily diet of 25 g does not adversely affect the health of animals. In white sweet clover it contains 0.06%, i.e. when feeding 25-30 kg of green mass, it will be less than the specified amount. Certain agrotechnical measures can significantly reduce its content in the feed. These include drying the green mass for several hours before feeding. Hay with a moisture content of 17% contains practically no coumarin. The second method is the preparation of canned sweet clover feed mixed with other crops, for example, cereal grasses, corn.
Scientific and practical experience indicates that in this case, high quality feed with a minimum coumarin content is obtained. It is very important to comply with the terms of the use of herbage. Experiments carried out in the conditions of Belarus by N.K. Kapustin, E.F. Borisenko and R.Ya. Novitskaya, 1993, showed that the optimal time for harvesting sweet clover for silage is the phase of the beginning of budding - budding. At the same time, the authors indicate that the harvesting of sweet clover for silage should be completed before flowering begins. Sweet clover is characterized by stable and high seed productivity. The yield of seeds can be 7-10 q/ha or more, but the average yield is 5-7 q/ha. Seed germination lasts up to 10-12, and sometimes more years.
Botanical characteristic. Stems erect, ascending, branched, smooth, light green or yellow-green in color, up to 150 cm high in yellow sweet clover and up to 350 cm in white, well leafy. The bush consists of several stems, some of which are more developed than the others.
The root is taproot, with well-developed lateral branches and a large number of nodules, penetrating the soil to a depth of 100-120 cm in white sweet clover and 120-150 cm in yellow. The root neck lies almost directly under the soil surface. By the end of the first year of life, the weight of dry root mass per 1 ha can reach 4.5 tons.
In the study of its root system, it was found that sweet clover accumulates 121-184 c/ha of roots, and up to 68% of them are located in the soil layer of 0-10 cm, 17-23% in the layer of 10-20 cm. In the arable layer, it can leave up to 47 kg/ha of stubble and root mass in an air-dry state.
The leaves are trifoliate. Leaf lobules oblong-ovate, with serrated edges. The middle leaflet has a long petiole, and the lateral ones are almost sessile.
The inflorescence of the white sweet clover is an axillary raceme, of medium density, spindle-shaped, 10-20 cm long with 50-150 flowers; in yellow sweet clover, the brush has a spindle-shaped or elongated cylindrical shape, from 4 to 15 cm long, with 30-120 flowers.
The flowers of the white sweet clover are drooping, white in color, small (3-4 mm); yellow has a bright yellow color, also small.
The fruit is a bean, elliptical in shape, with a short sharp nose, 1-2-seeded, 2.5-5 mm long and 2-3 mm wide, reticulate-wrinkled in white sweet clover and transversely wrinkled. Mature beans are black-brown or straw-yellow in color.
The seeds of the white sweet clover are oval, about 2-2.5 mm long and 1.5 mm wide, yellow or yellowish-green in color, almost without a pattern, the weight of 1000 pieces is 1.9-2.3 g, 1 kg contains up to 507 thousand seeds; in yellow sweet clover - ovate-elliptical, small (1.5-2.5 mm long, 1.2-1.8 mm wide), greenish-yellow in color, with a pattern in the form of dark purple spots, weight 1000 seeds 1 ,6 g. Sweet clover beans have thin stalks, they hold weakly on the brush, they crumble very easily when ripe. Because of this, not only a large part of the seed crop is lost, but they clog the field for a long time. The seeds contain a large number of solid specimens (up to 83-87%). They remain viable for 15 years or more. Seeds that have lost their germination are devoid of the smell of coumarin. The seeds of the white sweet clover contain an average of 0.417% coumarin (on dry matter), the seeds of the yellow clover - 0.608%.
) Soil and climatic conditions of the forest-steppe zone. Plants of this zone and their use in fodder production
The forest-steppe zone is located south of the taiga and mixed forests, it stretches in a continuous strip from the new western border of Russia to Altai. Its southern border runs below Belgorod, through Samara, skirting the Urals, Omsk, Barnaul from the south, and to Krasnoyarsk in the north. To the south of Novosibirsk, the border of the forest-steppe reaches the foothills of the Altai; east of the Kuznetsk Alatau, due to the mountainous relief, the forest-steppe loses the character of a continuous strip and is found here in the form of isolated islands. The average forest cover in the zone is 25.2%; carbonate rocks are mainly distributed here - loess and loess-like loams, which are easily eroded. In the European part of the zone, the erosion type of relief is well expressed, with the greatest density and depth of dissection within the Central Russian and Volga Uplands. A large development of erosion processes sharply reduces the fertility of the land and the agricultural area due to the growth of ravines. In the lowlands (Oksko-Donskaya and Low Zavolzhye) the relief is more calm, of the valley-beam type. In Western Siberia, the ridge-hollow relief and large swampiness are most typical. The sum of air temperatures above + 10°C in the forest-steppe decreases from west to east and from south to north from 2800 to 1400°C.
The duration of the growing season with temperatures above + 10°C is 100-170 days, and frost-free - 105-165 days. The amount of precipitation decreases from west to east from 500-600 to 300-400 mm. Humidification is unstable, the coefficient of moisture varies from north to south from 1.15 to 0.66. The main types of soils for the forest-steppe zone are gray forest, leached and podzolized chernozems. There are favorable soil and climatic conditions for agriculture, so most of the territory has long been plowed up. Agricultural land in the forest-steppe occupies 57.1% of the total territory. In their structure, arable land makes up 69.7%, hayfields - 13.4% and pastures - 16.9%. The complex of agro-reclamation measures consists in moisture accumulation and erosion control. In the forest-steppe zone, agriculture is well developed and animal husbandry is somewhat worse. Grain, industrial, fodder, vegetable and fruit crops are widely cultivated here, varieties and hybrids of which are well adapted to local conditions.
According to the height of the shoots or the height of growth, lawn grasses are usually divided into upland, grassroots and semi-upper ones.
Horse grasses are distinguished by high shoot height (above 1 m), large and coarse stems and leaves, and low tillering. Of the cereal plants, this group includes the hedgehog team, awnless bonfire, creeping wheatgrass, wheatgrass; from legumes - blue and yellow hybrid alfalfa and sainfoin. These plants can be used to create meadow-type lawns, some of them for ordinary garden lawns, but all of them are completely unsuitable for creating highly decorative parterre lawns.
Grassroots grasses are distinguished by a small height of shoots (below 1 m), narrow, beautiful leaves with a thin structure. In grass mixtures, they occupy the lower tier, after mowing they strongly bush, form a large mass of squat vegetative shoots. The following grasses can be attributed to grassroots grasses: meadow bluegrass and annual, red fescue, white and common bent grass, comb; some low-growing leguminous grasses: white clover, plowed clover (seals), etc.
Semi-top plants occupy an intermediate position between the first and second. Along with rather high generative shoots (sometimes over 1 m), they form many shortened vegetative shoots, giving a bush of different density. After mowing, as a rule, most of them grow back quickly and bush well.
This group includes the following cereals: perennial ryegrass, meadow fescue, meadow timothy, meadow foxtail, soft wheatgrass and others; legumes - red and hybrid clover, hop alfalfa. The cereals of this group are valuable lawn grasses.
The root system of grassroots plants, as a rule, is located in the upper part of the arable horizon, while the root system of upland plants penetrates much deeper. For example, in alfalfa, sainfoin and others, under favorable conditions, the roots can reach a depth of 3-5 m, and sometimes more. However, the largest mass of roots and rhizomes is located in the upper arable layer of the soil, at a depth of 15-20 cm. The development of the aerial part of grasses (shoots and leaves) depends on how well the root system is developed.
When selecting perennial grasses for ornamental lawns, one should proceed from the method of development of the root system, the method of vegetative shoot formation (or tillering), the ability to grow back after mowing, leafiness and color, as well as durability.
Lawn grasses are divided into annuals, biennials and perennials. Annual grasses (annual ryegrass, annual bluegrass, Persian clover, hop alfalfa) go through all life stages in one growing season. After the seeds ripen, all aboveground and underground organs of these herbs die off.
In two-year-old grasses, in the first year of life, in addition to the roots, only vegetative organs are formed - stems and leaves, and fruit-bearing shoots, on which fruits - seeds ripen, appear only in the second year. After seed maturation, biennial herbaceous plants completely die off (for example, multiflorous ryegrass).
Perennial lawn grasses, unlike annuals and biennials, do not die off after seed maturation, but continue to grow and bear fruit for several years. Fruit-bearing shoots of perennial grasses die off in the same year, but buds form at the base of these shoots during their lifetime, from which new shoots develop in the same year or the next. Most lawn grasses are perennials.
Almost all grasses used to create ornamental lawns belong to two botanical families: grasses and legumes.
The stalk of cereal is a straw, divided by internal partitions (nodes) into separate internodes. Grass leaves develop on the nodes. In many cereals, the first node is formed in the soil at a shallow depth, in others it is close above the soil surface. The first node, which is called the tillering node, is vital to the continued existence cereal plant. In the axil of the leaf that emerged from the tillering node, there is a bud, which is the beginning of a new stem. Not only does a new stem develop from this bud, but one or more new roots also grow. Each stem has its own tillering node, in which a bud is also placed - the germ of a new stem that develops in the same sequence as the previous ones. So, the first generation of shoots is replaced by the next, the number of shoots increases more and more, and new roots are formed, while the roots of old shoots die off. This process of renewing the shoots of perennial grasses is called vegetative renewal, it is of decisive importance both for the life of the plants themselves and for the process of forming a lawn herbage. Lawn grasses, depending on the type of vegetative regeneration of shoots (tillering) and the development of the root system, are divided into: 1) rhizomatous, 2) loose bush, 3) dense bush, 4) tap root.
Grasses do not have a permanent tree trunk above the soil surface. Herbaceous plants are divided into annuals, biennials and perennials.
Most herbs stop growing at temperatures below +5 degrees Celsius.
The main indicator of this life form is the absence of perennial aerial parts capable of surviving an unfavorable season. This feature, of course, is most easily applicable to plants that exist in the conditions of the northern seasonal climate: summer-winter. In the southern deserts or the tropics, this feature is applicable, but with great reservations. So, in the tropics, where there is no winter, no dry seasons, grasses can have perennial aerial parts and reach very impressive sizes.
Therefore, to distinguish between herbaceousness, biologists try to use other signs: the absence of lignified above-ground parts, their juiciness, fleshiness (a lot of parenchyma), weak cambium work and lack of ability for secondary thickening, strongly parenchymatized (“diluted” with soft tissues) conducting system, etc. However, All these signs do not always work.
Thus, lignification to one degree or another is characteristic of many herbs; soft-stemmed, almost grassy forms are found among trees and shrubs. The matter is also complicated by the fact that there are many transitional, intermediate forms between herbaceous and woody plants.
Herbs form the root system and shoot (stem, leaves and flower part).
In perennial grasses, underground or creeping shoots on the ground exist for several or many years, and aboveground ones - for one year. Aboveground shoots do not lignify and die off completely, and new shoots grow from renewal buds, which are located on underground or tightly pressed shoots to the soil.
Annual herbaceous plants die off completely at the end of the growing season, or after flowering and fruiting, and then they grow again from seeds. Annuals completely pass their life cycle in one season, during which they grow from seeds, bloom and die after flowering and fruiting.
In spring annuals, the seeds germinate in the spring, and in the same summer the plants die off after fruiting. In winter annuals, the seeds germinate in autumn, the plants usually overwinter in the form of a shortened shoot with a rosette of basal leaves, and the next year they bloom, bear fruit and die.
Herbaceous biennials live for two years. In the first year, a shoot with a rosette of basal leaves and a taproot develops from the seeds; in the second year, a flowering shoot is formed. After flowering and fruiting, biennials die off.
Biennials differ from annuals in the presence of the remains of last year's leaves at the base of the stem, and from perennials in the absence of rhizomes, tubers and bulbs; they have no traces of dead last year's stems.
The stems of biennial and perennial herbaceous plants also die off at the end of the growing season, but part of the plant survives underground or close to the ground from season to season (for biennials, only until the next season when they produce a flower and then die off).
A new stem develops from living tissues left on the ground and underground, including roots, caudex (the thickened part of the stem at ground level) and Various types underground shoots such as bulbs, corms, stolons, rhizomes and tubers.
Examples of biennial herbaceous plants are carrots, parsnips and common ragwort. Herbaceous perennials include peony, hosta, mint, most ferns, and most grasses.
Unlike herbaceous plants, non-herbaceous perennials or woody plants have a stem above the ground that remains alive during the dormant season, and shoot growth in the next year comes from the above ground part. These include trees, shrubs and vines.
I think that the following herbs are of interest for sowing: , , , , . In this list in alphabetical order 25 herbs are listed. I think that gradually the list will be supplemented with new names of useful and productive herbs.
siderates are plants that are grown for use as organic fertilizer. The main green manures are legumes and cereals.
Green manure should be considered any annual plants grown to restore soil fertility. They improve the structure of the soil, loosen it and facilitate the access of moisture and air. In addition, green manures reduce soil acidity, increase the activity of beneficial microorganisms, enrich the soil with organic matter, shade the soil surface, and prevent its cracking under the influence of the Sun.
leguminous plants(beans, vetch, peas, clitoria trifoliate, clover, alfalfa, mouse peas, chickpeas, lentils, beans,) contain colonies of nitrogen-fixing bacteria on the roots, they significantly enrich the soil with nitrogen. Three crops of leguminous plants are equivalent in their impact on soil fertility to a full dose of manure. The roots of leguminous plants loosen the soil well and significantly improve its structure.
(oats, wheat, rye, barley) - fast-rising cold-resistant green manure. Winter cereals are recommended to be sown in the fall, and in the spring they mulch the soil before planting late vegetables.
Another valuable siderat -
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