This numbering was created together with the Slavic alphabetic system to translate the sacred biblical books for the Slavs by the Greek monks brothers Cyril and Methodius in the 9th century. This form of writing numbers became widespread due to the fact that it was completely similar to the Greek notation of numbers. Until the 17th century, this form of recording numbers was official in the territory of modern Russia, the Republic of Belarus, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Hungary, Serbia and Croatia. Until now, Orthodox church books use this numbering.
Numbers were written from digits in the same way from left to right, from large to small. Numbers from 11 to 19 were written in two digits, with the unit coming before the ten:
We read literally “fourteen” - “four and ten”. As we hear, we write: not 10 + 4, but 4 + 10, - four and ten (or for example, 17 - seven-ten). Numbers from 21 and above were written in reverse, with the full tens sign written first.
The number notation used by the Slavs is additive, that is, it only uses addition:
= 800 + 60 + 3
In order not to confuse letters and numbers, titles were used - horizontal lines above the numbers, which we see in our drawing.
To indicate numbers greater than 900, special icons were used that were drawn around the letter. This is how the following large numbers were formed:
| Designation | Name | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Thousand | 1000 | |
| Dark | 10 000 | |
| Legion | 100 000 | |
| Leodre | 1 000 000 | |
| Crow | 10 000 000 | |
| Deck | 100 000 000 |
Slavic numbering lasted until the end XVII century until, with the reforms of Peter I, a positional decimal number system - Arabic numbers - came to Russia from Europe.
An interesting fact is that almost the same system was used by the Greeks. This is precisely what explains the fact that for the letter b there was no digital value. Although, there is nothing particularly surprising here: the Cyrillic numbering is completely copied from the Greek. The Goths also had similar numbers:
Year according to the old Russian calendar
Here, too, there is a special calculation algorithm: if the month is from January to August inclusive (according to the old style), then you need to add 5508 to the year ( New Year comes on the first of September according to the old style). After the first of September, you need to add one more, that is, 5509. Here it is enough to remember three numbers: 5508, 5509 and September 1.
At the beginning of the 18th century it was sometimes used mixed system number records consisting of both Cyrillic and Arabic numerals. For example, on some copper kopecks the date 17K1 (1721) is minted, etc.
Convert Cyrillic numbers online
Press all the symbols sequentially in the order they are located on your exhibit:
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The main prerequisite for all mathematical knowledge is numbering, which had different forms among different ancient peoples. Apparently, all nations initially marked numbers with notches on sticks, which the Russians called tags. This method of recording debt obligations or taxes was used by the illiterate population different countries. The stick had cuts corresponding to the amount of debt or tax. The stick was split in half: one half was left with the debtor or payer, the other was kept with the lender or in the treasury. When paying, both halves checked the folding.
With the advent of writing, numbers appeared to record numbers. At first these numbers resembled notches on sticks, then special signs appeared for some numbers, such as 5 and 10.
At that time, almost all numberings were not positional, but similar to Roman numbering. However, several centuries before the new era, a new way of writing numbers was invented, in which the letters of the ordinary alphabet served as numbers.
In one of the Russian manuscripts of the 17th century we read the following: “...know this that there is a hundred and that there is a thousand, and that there is darkness, and that there is a legion, and that there is a leodr...”, “... a hundred is ten ten, and a thousand is ten hundred, and darkness is ten thousand, and a legion is ten ten, and a leoder is ten legions...”
While in countries Western Europe used Roman numbering ancient Russia, which, like other Slavic countries, was in close cultural contact with Byzantium, alphabetical numbering similar to Greek became widespread.
In Old Russian numbering, numbers from 1 to 9, then tens and hundreds were depicted in successive letters of the Slavic alphabet (namely, the so-called Cyrillic alphabet, introduced in the 9th century).
From this general rule there were some exceptions: 2 was designated not by the second letter “buki”, but by the third “vedi”, since the letter 3 (ancient beta, Byzantine vita) was rendered in Old Russian with the sound “v”. "Phyta", standing at the end of the Slavic alphabet, denoted the Greek 0 (ancient theta, Byzantine fita), the number 9, and 90 was denoted by the letter "worm" (the Greeks used the letter "copia" for this purpose, which was not in the living Greek alphabet ). No individual letters were used. To indicate that the sign is not a letter, but a number, a special sign “~”, called a title, was placed above it. Here, for example, is how the first nine numbers were written:
Tens of thousands were called “darkness”, they were designated by circling the unit signs, for example, the numbers 10,000, 20,000, 50,000 were respectively written as follows:
This is where the name “Darkness to the People” came from, i.e. a lot of people. Hundreds of thousands were called “legions”; they were designated by circling the signs of units with circles of dots. For example, the numbers 100,000 and 200,000 respectively had the designation
The millions were called "leodres". They were designated by circling the unit signs with circles of rays or commas. Thus, the numbers 106 and 2,106 were designated respectively
Hundreds of millions were called "decks". The “deck” had a special designation: square brackets were placed above and below the letter.
Numbers from 11 to 19 were designated as follows:
The remaining numbers were written in letters from left to right, for example, the numbers 544 and 1135 had the designations respectively
When writing larger numbers than thousands in practical activities (counting, trading, etc.), instead of “circles”, the sign “≠” was often placed in front of the letters denoting tens and hundreds, for example, writing
means the numbers 500,044 and 540,004, respectively.
In the above system, the designation of numbers did not go further than thousands of millions. This account was called a “small account.” In some manuscripts, the authors also considered the “great count,” which reached the number 1050. It was further said: “And more than this cannot be comprehended by the human mind.” Modern mathematics uses Indian numbering. In Rus', Indian numbers became known at the beginning of the 17th century.
This numbering was created together with the Slavic alphabetic system to translate the sacred biblical books for the Slavs by the Greek monks brothers Cyril and Methodius in the 9th century. This form of writing numbers became widespread due to the fact that it was completely similar to the Greek notation of numbers. Until the 17th century, this form of recording numbers was official in the territory of modern Russia, the Republic of Belarus, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Hungary, Serbia and Croatia. Until now, Orthodox church books use this numbering.
Numbers were written from digits in the same way from left to right, from large to small. Numbers from 11 to 19 were written in two digits, with the unit coming before the ten:
We read literally “fourteen” - “four and ten”. As we hear, we write: not 10 + 4, but 4 + 10, - four and ten (or for example, 17 - seven-ten). Numbers from 21 and above were written in reverse, with the full tens sign written first.
The number notation used by the Slavs is additive, that is, it only uses addition:
800 + 60 + 3
In order not to confuse letters and numbers, titles were used - horizontal lines above the numbers, which we see in our drawing.
To indicate numbers greater than 900, special icons were used that were drawn around the letter. This is how the following large numbers were formed:
Designation |
Name |
Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Thousand | 1000 | |
| Dark | 10 000 | |
| Legion | 100 000 | |
| Leodre | 1 000 000 | |
| Crow | 10 000 000 | |
| Deck | 100 000 000 |
Slavic numbering existed until the end of the 17th century, until a positional decimal number system - Arabic numbers - came to Russia from Europe with the reforms of Peter I.
An interesting fact is that almost the same system was used by the Greeks. This is precisely what explains the fact that for the letter b there was no digital value. Although, there is nothing particularly surprising here: the Cyrillic numbering is completely copied from the Greek. The Goths also had similar numbers:
Year according to the old Russian calendar
Here, too, there is a special calculation algorithm: if the month is from January to August inclusive (according to the old style), then you need to add 5508 to the year (the new year begins on the first of September, according to the old style). After the first of September, you need to add one more, that is, 5509. Here it is enough to remember three numbers: 5508, 5509 and September 1.
At the beginning of the 18th century, a mixed system of notating numbers was sometimes used, consisting of both Cyrillic and Arabic numerals. For example, on some copper kopecks the date 17K1 (1721) is minted, etc.
"Regarding Slavic languages.
There was nothing more terrible than the changes by which the current Russian language (since the 18th century) was torn off from a large group of Slavic languages. Now we are reaping the fruits of the centuries-old policy of foreign and alien invaders: “divide and conquer.”
Before special symbols were invented to represent numbers, most nations used the letters of their alphabets for these purposes. The ancient Slavs were no exception.
They had a separate letter corresponding to each number (from 1 to 9), each ten (from 10 to 90) and each hundred (from 100 to 900). Numerals were written and pronounced from left to right, with the exception of numerals from 11 to 19 (for example, 17 - seven-ten).
In order for the reader to understand that there are numbers in front of him, a special sign is used - title. It was depicted as a wavy line and placed above the letter. Example:
This sign is called “az under title” and means one.
It is worth noting that not all letters of the alphabet could be used as numbers. For example, “B” and “F” were not used as numbers, because they were not in the ancient Greek alphabet, which was the basis of the digital system. In addition, the numbers were letters that are not in our modern alphabet - “xi” and “psi”. For modern man It may also seem unusual that the counting row did not have the familiar zero.
If it was necessary to write a number greater than 1000, a special thousand sign was written in front of it in the form of an oblique line crossed out in two places. An example of writing the numbers 2000 and 200,000: 
To obtain even larger values, other methods were used: 
Az in the circle is darkness, or 10,000.
Az in the dotted circle is legion, or 100,000.
Az in a circle of commas is Leodor, or 1,000,000.
Dates on Peter's coins
On gold coins of Peter the Great, dates in the Slavic account appeared in 1701 and were affixed until 1707 inclusive.
On silver ones - from 1699 to 1722.
On copper ones - from 1700 to 1721.
Even after Peter I introduced Arabic numerals on coins, dates under the title were still minted for a long time. Sometimes engravers mixed Arabic and Slavic numerals in the date. For example, on coins of 1721 you can find the following date options: 17KA and 17K1.
Indication of dates by letters on old Russian coins.
Darkness: Darkness is darkness, the absence of light. Darkness (number) is a number in the old Russian counting, equal to ten thousand or a million. Darkness (river) is a river in the Tver region, a left tributary of the Volga. Darkness on microcalculators numbers from ±1 × 10500 to ... ... Wikipedia
See a lot, darkness Egyptian darkness... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under. ed. N. Abramova, M.: Russian Dictionaries, 1999. much darkness, darkness; ignorance, ignorance, illiteracy, underdevelopment; cart, cloud, herd, choir... Synonym dictionary
See many Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. Practical guide. M.: Russian language. Z. E. Alexandrova. 2011. darkness darkening multitude mass of abundance... Synonym dictionary
- [darkness] noun, f., used. compare often Morphology: (no) what? darkness, why? darkness, (see) what? darkness, what? darkness, about what? about darkness and in darkness 1. Darkness is the absence of light, for example, when it is night or there is no lighting. Night, impenetrable, dense darkness... ... Dictionary Dmitrieva
NUMBER, numbers, plural. numbers, numbers, numbers, cf. 1. The concept that serves as an expression of quantity, something with the help of which objects and phenomena are counted (mat.). Integer. A fractional number. Named number. Prime number. (see simple 1 in 1 value).… … Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
DARK- In ancient Russian account: ten thousand. The word darkness is borrowed from the Turkic languages, in which the word tumen denoted the number of 10,000, and also called the highest organizational tactical unit of the Mongol-Tatar army in the 12th–14th centuries. number... ... Linguistic and regional dictionary
See also: Number (linguistics) Number is an abstraction used to quantitative characteristics objects. Having appeared back in primitive society From the needs of counting, the concept of number changed and enriched and turned into the most important mathematical... Wikipedia
Although number is an important characteristic of spatial dimensions, quantity and time, in Holy Scripture very often has a relative, symbolic or allegorical meaning (see seven, seven nations, three, thirty, darkness, ... ... Bible. Dilapidated and New Testaments. Synodal translation. Bible Encyclopedia arch. Nikifor.
dark- (Lev.26:8; Num.10:36; Deut.32:30; Deut.33:2,17; Judg.20:10; Ps.3:7; Ps.67:18; Ps.143: 13; Dan.7:10; Jude.1:14; 1 Cor.14:19; Heb.12:22; Rev.5:11; Rev.9:16) a very large number, or a number equal to 10,000 (see Judges 20:10) ... Complete and detailed Bible Dictionary to the Russian Canonical Bible
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