(approved by Resolution of the State Standard of the Russian Federation dated December 22, 1999 N 655-ST)
Revision dated 12/22/1999 - Valid from 01/01/2001
STATE STANDARD OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Electromagnetic compatibility of technical equipment
INDUSTRIAL RADIO INTERFERENCE
Test methods for technical means that are sources of industrial radio interference
Electromagnetic compatibility of technical equipment. Man-made radio disturbance.
Test methods for technical equipment which are man-made radio disturbance sources
GOST R 51320-99
Date of introduction 2001-01-01
Preface
1 DEVELOPED by the Leningrad Industrial Research Institute of Radio (LONIIR) and the Technical Committee for Standardization in the Field of Electromagnetic Compatibility of Technical Equipment (TK30)
INTRODUCED by the Technical Committee for Standardization in the Field of Electromagnetic Compatibility of Technical Equipment (TC 30)
2 ADOPTED AND ENTERED INTO EFFECT by Resolution of the State Standard of Russia dated December 22, 1999 N 655-ST
3 This standard regarding methods for measuring industrial radio interference corresponds to the international standards CISPR 16-1 (1993-08), ed. 1 "Technical requirements for equipment for measuring radio interference and noise immunity and measurement methods. Part 1. Equipment for measuring radio interference and noise immunity", including Amendment No. 1 (1997), and CISPR 16-2 (1996-11), ed. 1 "Technical requirements for equipment for measuring radio interference and noise immunity and measurement methods. Part 2. Methods for measuring radio interference and noise immunity"
4 INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME
5 REPUBLICATION, January 2002
1 area of use
This standard applies to technical equipment (TE) that are sources of industrial radio interference (IRI).
The standard establishes general methods for testing vehicles for compliance with IRP standards (hereinafter in the text - testing vehicles for IRP) in the frequency band from 9 kHz to 18 GHz.
The requirements of this standard are mandatory
2 Normative references
GOST R 8.568-97 State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. Certification of testing equipment. Basic provisions
GOST 14777-76 Industrial radio interference. Terms and Definitions
GOST 30372-95/GOST R 50397-92 Electromagnetic compatibility of technical equipment. Terms and Definitions
GOST R 51318.11-99 (CISPR 11-97) Electromagnetic compatibility of technical equipment. Industrial radio interference from industrial, scientific, medical and household (IHMB) high-frequency devices. Standards and test methods
GOST R 51318.14.1-99 (CISPR 14-1-93) Electromagnetic compatibility of technical equipment. Industrial radio interference from household appliances, electrical tools and similar devices. Standards and test methods
GOST R 51319-99 Electromagnetic compatibility of technical equipment. Instruments for measuring industrial radio interference. Technical requirements and test methods
3 Definitions
This standard uses the terms established in GOST 14777, GOST 30372/GOST R 50397, as well as the following:
The source of the IRP is the TS that creates or can create the IRP;
Tested vehicle - vehicle subjected to IRP tests;
IRP level is a time-varying quasi-peak or other weighted value of the IRP value (for example, voltage, field strength, power or current strength of the IRP generated by the vehicle under test), measured under regulated conditions;
Measuring site - a site that meets the requirements that ensure the correct measurement of irradiation levels emitted by a vehicle under regulated conditions;
Ground plane (reference ground) - a flat conductive surface whose potential is used as a common zero potential;
Intermittent IRP - IRP that continues for certain periods of time, separated by intervals free from IRP.
4 General provisions
4.1 Vehicle testing for IRP is carried out in accordance with the requirements of this standard and state standards establishing IRP norms and test methods for groups of vehicles or vehicles of a specific type [hereinafter referred to as regulatory documents (ND) for IRP].
If the RD for the IRP establishes test methods, the procedure for selecting samples and evaluating test results that differ from the requirements of this standard, then the tests are carried out in accordance with the requirements of the ND for the IRP.
4.2 Vehicles being developed, manufactured, modernized and imported are subject to IRP testing.
4.3 Tests for IRP are carried out by:
Serially produced vehicles - during periodic, standard and certification tests;
Vehicles being developed and modernized - during acceptance tests;
Imported vehicles - during certification tests.
4.4 Tests on IRP during certification and acceptance tests of vehicles are carried out provided that the vehicle under test meets all technical requirements established in the RD for the vehicle.
4.5 Tests for IRP during certification and acceptance tests of vehicles are carried out by testing organizations accredited in the prescribed manner.
4.6 The vehicle test report for IRP is drawn up taking into account Appendix A.
5 Sampling
5.1 When testing mass-produced (imported) vehicles, a random sample is taken from a batch of finished products.
5.1.1 When testing vehicles that do not create short-term irradiation, sampling is carried out as follows:
During periodic and standard tests, at least five samples are taken if the assessment according to 10.2 is used, and at least seven samples if the assessment according to 10.3 is used;
During certification tests, at least five samples are taken. In special cases, by decision of the certification bodies, it is allowed to submit four or three samples for testing.
5.2 When testing prototype vehicles, 2% are selected, but not less than three samples if more than three vehicles have been manufactured, and all samples if three or fewer vehicles have been manufactured
Note to 5.1 and 5.2 - During acceptance, periodic and type tests, the number of test samples can be reduced (to one), but the frequency of periodic tests must be increased.
5.3 When testing vehicles that create short-term irradiation, one sample is taken.
5.4 Vehicles of a single production are tested each separately.
6 Instruments for measuring IRP
IRP meters and measuring devices used during testing must comply with the requirements of GOST R 51319.
7 Preparation for testing
7.1 When testing a vehicle on an IR, the voltage, field strength, power and current of the IR are measured. The measurement results are expressed respectively in decibels relative to 1 μV, 1 μV/m, 1 pW, 1 μA. The norms for the IRP must be specified in the ND for the IRP.
7.2 The IRP value should not exceed the norm at all frequencies within the established band.
If the vehicle under test creates a continuous spectrum IRP, then measurements are carried out at the following frequencies within the frequency band specified in the RD for the IRP:
0.010; 0.015; 0.025; 0.04; 0.06; 0.07; 0.10; 0.16; 0.24; 0.55; 1.0; 1.4; 2.0; 3.5; 6.0; 10; 22 MHz with 10% deviation;
thirty; 45; 65; 90; 150; 180 and 220 MHz with ±5 MHz deviation;
300; 450; 600; 750; 900 and 1000 MHz with a deviation of ±20 MHz.
If the vehicle under test creates an IRP at discrete frequencies, then measurements are carried out at these frequencies and harmonic frequencies falling within the established frequency band.
Measurements of intermittent IRPs can be carried out at a limited number of frequencies.
The values of the indicated frequencies must be indicated in the ND on the IRP. Measurements are also carried out at frequencies where IRP levels are maximum and exceed the normalized values for long-term IRP.
7.3 The level of extraneous radio interference at each measurement frequency, determined when the vehicle under test is turned off, must be at least 10 dB below the norm, unless a different value is indicated in the RD on the IRP.
It is allowed to carry out measurements when the level of extraneous radio interference is below the norm by at least 6 dB. If the level of extraneous radio interference at the measurement frequency does not meet this requirement, but the total value of extraneous radio interference and IRI from the test vehicle does not exceed the norm, then it is considered that the test vehicle complies with the norm at this measurement frequency.
It is also allowed, taking into account the restrictions established in the RD for the IRP, to bring the measuring antenna closer to the vehicle under test.
Note - If the level of extraneous radio interference created by television and radio broadcast transmitters exceeds the norm, then the IRP field strength from the vehicle under test can be determined in accordance with Appendix B of GOST R 51318.11.
7.4 Vehicle testing for IRP is carried out under normal climatic conditions:
Ambient air temperature (25±10) °C;
Relative air humidity 45-80%;
Atmospheric pressure 84.0-106.7 kPa (630-800 mm Hg), unless other requirements are established in the RD for the IRP.
It is not allowed to carry out measurements during rain, snowfall, ice or the presence of moisture on the test vehicle, except for the cases specified in the ND on the IRP.
7.5 Normal load conditions of the tested vehicles must comply with the requirements given in the ND on the IRP.
7.6 The duration of operation of the tested vehicles is not limited if there is no corresponding marking on the vehicle. Where marked, the relevant restrictions must be observed.
7.7 IRP is measured in steady state operation of the vehicle under test.
7.8 The vehicle under test must operate at the rated power supply voltage specified in the RD for the vehicle.
If the IRP level depends on the power supply voltage, then the measurements are repeated at voltages of 0.9 and 1.1 from the nominal.
Vehicles with more than one rated voltage are tested at the rated voltage at which the IRP levels are maximum.
7.9 If the readings of the IRP meter at the measurement frequency change, then record the largest of the observed readings for a time of at least 15 s, excluding individual intermittent IRP (see 4.2 GOST R 51318.14.1)
7.10 If the readings of the IRP meter at the measurement frequency change and there is a continuous rise or fall of more than 2 dB within 15 s, then the IRP is measured for a longer time in accordance with the conditions of normal use of the vehicle as follows:
a) if the vehicle can often be turned on and off or change the direction of rotation of the engine, then at each measurement frequency it is turned on or the direction of rotation of the engine is changed immediately before the measurement and turned off immediately after the measurement. At each measurement frequency, the highest observed readings are recorded during the first minute;
b) if the vehicle, during normal use, reaches a steady state of operation for a longer time, then it must remain turned on for the entire measurement period. At each measurement frequency, the IRP level is recorded only after receiving steady-state readings from the IRP meter (provided that 7.9 is in effect).
7.11 If the nature of the IRP during measurements changes from constant to random, then the vehicle is tested in accordance with 7.10.
7.12 Intermittent IRPs are measured in accordance with GOST R 51318.14.1.
7.13 Methods for testing vehicles under operating conditions (at the vehicle installation site) must be specified in the RD on the IRP.
8 Measurement of conductive IRP
8.1 Voltage measurement
8.1.1 IRP voltage at network terminals, as well as at terminals intended for connecting communication lines, control, signaling, load, etc. (asymmetrical, total asymmetrical) is measured with an IRP meter with a network equivalent or a voltage probe. If necessary, measure the unbalanced voltage at the antenna connectors. Measuring devices used during testing must be specified in the RD on the IRP.
8.1.2 If the IRP voltage is measured indoors, then its dimensions must ensure the location of the test vehicle and measuring equipment in accordance with the requirements of this section and the ND on the IRP.
The effectiveness of shielding and filtering on the premises power supply network shall be such as to ensure that the requirements of 7.3 are met.
8.1.3 The tabletop test vehicle is placed at a distance of 0.4 m from the grounding plate (wall or floor of a shielded room). The floor-mounted test vehicle is installed directly on the grounding plate (the floor of the shielded room) on an insulating stand. In this case, the grounding plate must extend beyond the edges of the tested vehicle by at least 0.5 m. The auxiliary vehicle is positioned similarly. Requirements for the grounding plate, the dimensions of which must be at least 2-2 m, are given in Appendix B.
All other conductive objects and surfaces must be at a distance of at least 0.8 m from the vehicle under test, including from the auxiliary vehicle.
8.1.4 The distance between the auxiliary and the tested vehicle must be equal to the length of the standard connecting cable if it is less than 0.8 m, and 0.8 m if the cable length is more than 0.8 m. In the latter case, the excess cable is laid in flat horizontal zigzag loops 0.3-0.4 m long.
8.1.5 In all cases, the network equivalent is installed directly at the ground plane and its body or reference ground clamp (“measuring ground”) is connected to the ground plane by a busbar having a length to width ratio of no more than 3:1.
The vehicle under test is placed at a distance of 0.8 m from the network equivalent.
8.1.6 If the power cord of the vehicle under test is longer than necessary to connect to an equivalent network, then a part of this cord exceeding 0.8 m is laid parallel to the wire in flat horizontal zigzag loops 0.3-0.4 m long. If laid this way Since the wire affects the measurement results, it should be replaced with a power cord of similar quality, 1 m long.
If the power cord, on the plug of which measurements are taken, is shorter than the required distance between the vehicle under test and the equivalent network, it is extended to the required size.
If the power cord has a ground wire, then the end of this wire on the plug side is connected to the ground of the measuring circuit. The connection point can be a special “measuring ground” clamp or the grounding contact of a standard adapter for connecting a vehicle.
If a grounding wire is required, but it is not included in the power cord, then the grounding terminal of the vehicle under test is connected to the grounding of the measuring circuit with a wire of the minimum length required to connect to an equivalent network located parallel to the power cord at a distance of no more than 0.1 m from it.
If the vehicle under test does not have a standard power cord, then it is connected to an equivalent network with a power cord no longer than 1 m (the same in the case of a plug or socket on the vehicle under test).
8.1.7 If, under operating conditions, the ungrounded test or auxiliary vehicle is in the hands, then during measurements, the equivalent of a hand is connected to the vehicle (auxiliary vehicle), which is a series-connected resistor with a resistance of 510 Ohm ±10% and a capacitor with a capacity of 200 pF ±20%.
The equivalent of a hand is included between the ground and any unprotected non-rotating metal working part of the vehicle and the metal foil that wraps all the handles of the vehicle. A hand equivalent resistor is connected to the grounding plate (see GOST R 51318.14.1).
8.2 Power measurement
8.2.1 The IRP power supplied by the IRP source to the network (wire) is measured in the network or connecting wires of the vehicle under test using an IRP meter and absorbing clamps.
8.2.2 The vehicle under test is placed on a table made of insulating material with a height of at least 0.8 m. The wire on which measurements are carried out is laid in a straight line so that it is possible to move the absorbing clamps along the wire to adjust them during measurements. The length of the wire must be at least half the wavelength at the lowest measurement frequency plus the length of the absorbing clamps and, possibly, the length of the second absorbing clamps: at a frequency of 30 MHz the wire length should be equal to 6 m, and with the second (filtering) absorbing clamps - not less 7 m. Measurements using absorbing clamps are not carried out if the length of the wire is less than 1 m. The absorbing clamps cover the wire in such a way that it is possible to measure a value proportional to the IRP power emitted by the wire. To do this, the absorbing clamps are moved from the vehicle under test to a distance equal to half the wavelength at each measurement frequency until the maximum reading of the IRP meter is obtained.
All other wires are disconnected from the vehicle under test during measurements. A wire that cannot be disconnected is insulated using forrite rings or other absorbing clamps, placing them directly next to the vehicle under test.
8.2.3 The vehicle under test and the wire on which measurements are made must be located at a distance of at least 0.8 m from other conductive surfaces. To eliminate the operator's influence on the measurement results, it is recommended to use remote control of the absorbing clamps.
8.3 Measuring the current strength of the IRP
8.3.1 The IRP current strength is measured with an IRP meter and a current collector in the network and connecting wires (intended for connecting external vehicles), vehicle cables, as well as in antennas.
8.3.2 When measuring current strength, the IRP must be located in accordance with 8.1.3 and 8.1.4, as well as according to the rules specified in the RD for the IRP.
8.3.3 The phase component of the IRP current is measured by covering each of the wires of the vehicle cable with a current collector, the common-mode component - by covering the entire cable.
8.3.4 When measuring IRP current strength in the frequency band from 30 to 1000 MHz, the current collector is moved along the cable until the highest reading on the IRP meter is obtained.
9 Measurement of emitted IRP
9.1 Measuring the field strength of the ERP in the frequency band from 9 kHz to 1 GHz
At the measuring site in accordance with Appendix B and 9.1.4 of this standard, meeting the attenuation requirements established in Appendix D (hereinafter referred to as an open measuring site);
At a measurement site whose physical characteristics differ from those of an open measurement site (for example, in an anechoic shielded chamber) that meets the attenuation requirements specified in Appendix E (hereinafter referred to as an alternative measurement site).
The possibility of using other measuring platforms must be indicated in the RD on the IRP. The measuring platform must be certified according to GOST R 8.568. The attenuation test of the open measuring site is carried out according to the method given in Appendix D, of an alternative measuring site - according to the method given in Appendix D.
9.1.3 The field strength of extraneous radio interference at the measuring site must comply with the requirements of 7.3.
9.1.4 The open measuring area must be level and free from buildings, trees, bushes, overhead wires and other objects, as well as from underground cables, pipelines, etc. with the exception of those necessary to ensure the functioning of the vehicle under test. The measuring site must be equipped with a conductive surface (grounding plate) made of metal, which must protrude at least 1 m beyond the contour of the vehicle under test and the largest antenna, and completely cover the entire area between the vehicle under test and the antenna (see Appendix B) .
9.1.5 For an alternative measuring site, the distance from the surface of the radio-absorbing material to the outline of the vehicle under test and the antenna must be at least 1 m.
9.1.6 The measuring site meets the conditions necessary for measuring the IRP field strength if, at all frequencies, the absolute value of the difference between the measured attenuation of the site Ae (for horizontal and vertical polarizations) and its theoretical value An (see Appendices D, E) does not exceed 4 dB. When determining An for frequencies not specified in Appendices D, E, linear interpolation is allowed between the values corresponding to the nearest values of the table frequencies.
Note - The specified difference values cannot be used as correction factors when measuring the IRP field strength when testing a vehicle. The 4 dB tolerance includes the calibration errors of the IRI meter (1 dB), the transmitting and receiving antennas (1 dB each), and errors from site anomalies (1 dB). If necessary, to achieve the established calibration error, the IRP meter and antennas must be additionally calibrated.
9.1.4 In the frequency band from 9 kHz to 30 MHz, measure the vertical component of the electric field strength and/or the horizontal component of the magnetic field strength. In the frequency band from 30 to 1000 MHz, the vertical component and/or horizontal components of the electric field strength are measured. The need for certain measurements must be indicated in the ND on the IRP.
9.1.5 When measuring the IRP field strength on an open measuring site, the vehicle under test and the antenna are installed in the same places on the site where, when tested according to the method given in Appendix D, the transmitting and receiving antennas were installed, respectively.
The distance at which the IRP field strength is measured is usually selected from the following range: 1; 3; 10; 30 m. The specific value must be indicated in the ND on the IRP.
Notes
1 It is allowed to measure the IRP field strength at a distance of less than 1 m using small-sized antennas. The possibility of such measurements must be indicated in the RD for the vehicle.
2 The use of a grounding plate at the measuring site at a measurement distance of 30 m must be installed in the RD on the IRP.
9.1.6 The tabletop vehicle is placed on a table made of insulating material. The table is installed on a rotating platform made of insulating material. The total height of the platform and table should be 0.8 m above the conductive surface. If the turntable is located at the level of the conductive plate of the platform, then its surface should be made of conductive material, and the height of 0.8 m is the height of the table. Floor-standing equipment is placed on the floor (on a turntable mounted flush with the surface of the site). An ungrounded vehicle is tested without grounding. If the vehicle under test has a ground clamp or its own ground wire, it must be connected to the conductive surface of the pad. If the ground wire is included in the standard power cord, then the vehicle under test must be connected to ground through the mains power supply system.
The number corresponds to the original
9.2 Substitution measurement in the frequency range from 1 to 18 GHz
9.2.1 The measuring platform must be level. The site is checked as follows (see Figure 1).
a - measurement; b - calibration
Figure 1 - Substitution measurement scheme in the frequency band from 1 MHz to 18 GHz
Two antennas (it is recommended to use linearly polarized antennas) in horizontal polarization are placed parallel to each other at a height h? 1 m at measuring distance d. Antenna B is connected to the signal generator, and antenna A is connected to the input of the measuring receiver. The signal generator is adjusted so that the measuring receiver has a maximum reading and its input signal is set to a comfortable level. The site meets the requirements if the measurement receiver readings change no more than ±1.5 dB when antenna B is moved 100 mm in any direction. Measurements are carried out in the established frequency band at sufficiently small frequency intervals. If the RD for IRP requires measurement of the vertical component, then the site is checked with vertical polarization of the antennas.
9.2.2 The vehicle under test is placed on a table made of insulating material, ensuring rotation in a horizontal plane. The geometric center of the vehicle under test is located where the center of symmetry of antenna B will then be located. If the vehicle under test consists of more than one block, then each block is measured separately. The connecting wires are disconnected from the vehicle under test if this does not affect its operation, or they are isolated using ferrite rings, positioning them so that they do not affect the measurement results.
9.2.3 Antenna A with horizontal polarization is installed in the same position as for testing the site. The antenna must be perpendicular to the vertical plane passing through its center and the center of the vehicle under test. First, measurements are carried out with the vehicle being tested in the normal position, then when it is rotated by 90 degrees, and so on when rotated by 360 degrees. The largest of the obtained values is recorded. Then the vehicle under test is replaced with antenna B, the center of symmetry of which must coincide with the geometric center of the vehicle under test. Antenna B is placed parallel to antenna A and connected to a signal generator. The signal generator is adjusted in such a way that at each measurement frequency the readings of the measuring receiver are equal to the previously recorded value. The power radiated from the body of the vehicle under test is determined as the power at the terminals of antenna B.
If necessary, measurements are also carried out with the vertical polarization of the antenna.
9.3 Measurement in a three-axis loop antenna (TLA) in the frequency range from 9 kHz to 30 MHz
9.3.1 TPA is installed indoors at a distance of at least 0.5 m from walls, ceiling, floor or other conductive surfaces. The strength of the current induced by extraneous radio interference in the TPA must comply with the requirements of 7.3. TPA must be periodically checked in accordance with GOST R 51319.
9.3.2 The dimensions of the vehicle under test must be such that the distance between the vehicle and large two-meter standardized loop antennas of the TPA is at least 0.2 m. If this condition is not met, then it is allowed to carry out measurements in the TPA, the diameter of the loop antennas of which is increased to 4 m In this case, the distance between the vehicle and non-standardized TPA loop antennas must be at least 0.1 D, where D is the diameter of the non-standardized loop antenna.
The vehicle under test is placed in the center of the TPA. The strength of the current induced in each of the three loop antennas of the TPA by the magnetic field emitted by the vehicle is measured by connecting the current probe of the large loop antenna to an IRP meter (or equivalent). During measurements, the vehicle under test remains in a fixed position.
The currents in three loop antennas are measured sequentially. The result of the measurements is the maximum of the obtained values.
In the case of using non-standardized loop antennas, the measured values must be adjusted in accordance with the requirements of GOST R 51319.
10 Processing and evaluation of test results
10.1 When testing for IRP at each measurement frequency, compliance of a batch of serially produced vehicles or single-production vehicles, as well as prototypes, with the requirements of the RD for IRP is established.
10.2 Evaluation of measurement results based on non-central t - distribution
Compliance with the standard is assessed by the following ratio:
+ kS_nL; (1)
S_n^2 = (х_n - )^2 / (n-1), (2)
where is the sample arithmetic mean value of the IRP measurement results;
k - coefficient from the table of non-central t - distribution, which guarantees with 80% confidence that at least 80% of vehicles will satisfy the norm; the value of k depends on the sample size n;
S_n - sample standard deviation of measurement results;
L - corresponding norm;
x_n - IRP value for an individual vehicle at the measurement frequency.
The quantities x_n, , S_n, and L are expressed in dB (μV), dB (μV/m) or dB (pW).
| n | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| k | 2,04 | 1,69 | 1,52 | 1,42 | 1,35 | 1,30 | 1,27 | 1,24 | 1,21 | 1,20 |
10.3 Evaluation of measurement results based on the binomial distribution
Compliance with the norm is assessed from the condition that the number of vehicles with a level of IRP exceeding the corresponding norm cannot be more than c for a sample of size n:
| P | 7 | 14 | 20 | 26 | 32 |
| With | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
10.4 If, as a result of testing on a sample, non-compliance with the standards is revealed, then testing on a second sample is allowed. The test results of the second sample are combined with the test results of the first sample, and compliance with the norm is checked using the enlarged sample.
10.5 If the tested vehicle that produces intermittent interference does not comply with the standards, then three more vehicle samples are tested at the same measurement frequencies at which the first vehicle failed the test. Tests are carried out in accordance with the requirements that applied to the first vehicle sample. If at least one of the three additional vehicle samples does not pass the tests, then it is considered that the vehicle does not meet the IRP standards.
FORM OF VEHICLE TEST REPORT FOR IRP
_________________________________________________________________________
(name of the organization that conducted the tests)
| I approve |
| _____________________________ |
PROTOCOL N ______
tests for compliance with industrial radio interference standards according to GOST R________
| 1. Test object (name, vehicle type, prototypes or serial samples, number according to the manufacturer’s numbering system, date of manufacture, date of receipt of samples, number of the sampling act) | |
| 2. Manufacturer (name of organization, postal address) | |
| 3. Purpose of testing | |
| 4. Designation of the standard, numbers of clauses establishing radio interference standards and test methods | |
| 5. Purpose of the product and a brief description of the source of industrial radio interference | |
| 6. Test date | |
| 7. Measuring equipment (type, number, dates of verification and certification) | |
| 8. Permissible values of industrial radio interference | |
| 9. Operating mode during testing (supply voltage, operating cycle duration, etc.) |
CONCLUSION
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| Frequency, MHz | Obtained values x_n, dB, for vehicle numbers<*> | Average value, dB | Standard deviation S_n, dB | Value compared with norm<**>, dB | Norm L, dB | ||||
<*>Vehicle number according to the manufacturer's numbering system.
<**>If statistical processing is not performed, then the average value and standard deviation are not calculated and the maximum of the obtained values is compared with the normalized value
APPENDIX B
(informative)
REQUIREMENTS FOR GROUNDING PLATE
The grounding plate used when measuring the IRP must have dimensions that allow the vehicle under test and measuring instruments to be placed in accordance with the requirements of this standard and the ND for the IRP.
The thickness of the grounding plate must be at least 0.001 m.
The grounding plate must have a grounding clamp.
Note - The grounding plate can be made up of separate parts (no more than four), connected with screws (at least two per side), overlapping (overlap of at least 1 cm) or from parts interconnected by a loop connection (at least two loops per connected sides). It is permissible to compose the grounding plate from a larger number of parts, and the number of connections must be increased (see also B.4).
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF AN OPEN MEASUREMENT SITE
B.1 The site plane can be selected at ground level or raised above it (for example, onto the roof of a building).
B.2 The site must be level and free from any objects that reflect electromagnetic energy within the limits:
a) an ellipse with the dimensions shown in Figure B.1, if the site is equipped with a turntable to accommodate the vehicle under test;
R - measuring distance
Figure B.1 - Area of the measuring platform with a turntable, free from objects reflecting electromagnetic energy
b) a circle with the dimensions shown in Figure B.2, if the vehicle under test is installed stationary and the measuring antenna is moved around it.
Figure B.2 - Area of the measuring platform with a stationary test vehicle, free from objects reflecting electromagnetic energy
B.3 Measuring equipment and maintenance personnel must be located outside the site (under the site).
B.4 The conductive surface (grounding plane) is made of metal (sheet covering, perforated metal, wire mesh, grating, etc.).
The dimensions of openings, cracks, breaks in the metal coating should not exceed 0.1, where is the wavelength corresponding to the maximum measurement frequency. When making a coating from individual sheets, it is recommended to ensure continuous contact at the joints of the sheets (for example, by welding or soldering); the gaps in the connection should not exceed 0.1.
Metal can be coated with a non-conductive material of minimal thickness (boards, asphalt, etc.).
B.5 Permissible values of conductive surface roughness values are given in Table E.1.
Table E.1
| Measuring distance, m | IRP source height h_1, m | Maximum receiving antenna height h_2, m | Permissible value of unevenness | |
| in fractions of wavelength | in centimeters for a frequency of 1000 MHz | |||
| 3 | 1 | 4 | 0,15 | 4,5 |
| 10 | 1 | 4 | 0,28 | 8,4 |
| 30 | 2 | 6 | 0,49 | 14,7 |
B.6 The wires powering the vehicle under test and the turntable are laid under the conductive surface of the platform or, in extreme cases, directly along the conductive surface and attached to it. It is recommended to lay the wires perpendicular to the measurement axis.
B.7 To ensure year-round operation of the site, a protective coating can be installed on it, covering only the vehicle under test or the entire site. All covering elements (supporting structure, planes, fasteners, doors, frames) are made of dielectric materials - fabrics, plastics, processed wood. The material should not absorb moisture. The design must provide the ability to quickly remove water, ice, snow, dust, and dirt.
B.8 The metal surface of the turntable must be flush with the surface of the platform. If possible, continuous electrical contact between them should be ensured.
B.9 The receiving antenna is mounted on a non-conducting mast, which must ensure that the antenna is raised from 1 to 4 m at measuring distances of no more than 10 m and from 2 to 6 m at distances greater than 10 m. All sections of the antenna cables must be orthogonal to the longitudinal axes of the antenna elements , and the distance between the trailing edge of the antenna and the vertical drop of the cable must be at least 1 m.
APPENDIX D
(required)
METHOD FOR CHECKING AN OPEN MEASURING SITE
D.1 General provisions
An open measuring site is checked by experimentally determining the site attenuation A_e and comparing it with the theoretical (calculated) values of A_n for an ideal site given in Tables D.1 - D.3. The values of the correction factor Kin used in calculating A_e are given in Table D.4. The symbols in tables D.1 - D.4 mean the following: R - measuring distance (horizontal distance between the projections on the ground of the centers of the transmitting and receiving antennas); h_1 - height of the center of the transmitting antenna above the site; h_2 is the height of the center of the receiving antenna above the site.
Table D.1
Attenuation of site A_n when using broadband antennas
| Frequency, MHz | Attenuation A_n, dB, with polarization | |||||||
| Horizontal | Vertical | |||||||
| R = 3 m, | R = 10 m, | R = 30 m, | R = 30 m, | R = 3 m, | R = 10 m, | R = 30 m, | R = 30 m, | |
| h_1 = 1 m, | h+1=1 m, | h_1=1 m, | h_1=1 m, | h_1=1 m, | h_1=1 m, | h_1=1 m, | h_1=1 m, | |
| h_2 = 1-4 m | h_2 = 1-4 m | h_2 = 2-6 m | h_2 = 1-4 m | h_2 = 1-4 m | h_2 = 1-4 m | h_2 = 2-6 m | h_2 = 1-4 m | |
| 30 | 15,8 | 29,8 | 44,4 | 47,8 | 8,2 | 16,7 | 26,1 | 26,0 |
| 35 | 13,4 | 27,1 | 41,7 | 45,1 | 6,9 | 15,4 | 24,7 | 24,7 |
| 40 | 11,3 | 24,9 | 39,4 | 42,8 | 5,8 | 14,2 | 23,6 | 23,5 |
| 45 | 9,4 | 22,9 | 37,3 | 40,8 | 4,9 | 13,2 | 22,5 | 22,5 |
| 50 | 7,8 | 21,1 | 35,5 | 38,9 | 4,0 | 12,3 | 21,6 | 21,6 |
| 60 | 5,0 | 18,0 | 32,4 | 35,8 | 2,6 | 10,7 | 20,1 | 20 |
| 70 | 2,8 | 15,5 | 29,7 | 33,1 | 1,5 | 9,4 | 18,7 | 18,7 |
| 80 | 0,9 | 13,3 | 27,5 | 30,8 | 0,6 | 8,3 | 17,6 | 17,5 |
| 90 | -0,7 | 11,4 | 25,5 | 28,8 | -0,1 | 7,3 | 16,6 | 16,5 |
| 100 | -2,0 | 9,7 | 23,7 | 27 | -0,7 | 6,4 | 15,7 | 15,6 |
| 120 | -4,2 | 7,0 | 20,6 | 23,9 | -1,5 | 4,9 | 14,1 | 14,0 |
| 140 | -6,0 | 4,8 | 18,1 | 21,2 | -1,8 | 3,7 | 12,8 | 12,7 |
| 160 | -7,4 | 3,1 | 15,9 | 19 | -1,7 | 2,6 | 11,7 | 11,5 |
| 180 | -8,6 | 1,7 | 14,0 | 17 | -1,3 | 1,8 | 10,8 | 10,5 |
| 200 | -9,6 | 0,6 | 12,4 | 15,3 | -3,6 | 1,0 | 9,9 | 9,6 |
| 250 | -11,9 | -1,6 | 9,1 | 11,6 | -7,7 | -0,5 | 8,2 | 7,7 |
| 300 | -12,8 | -3,3 | 6,7 | 8,8 | -10,5 | -1,5 | 6,8 | 6,2 |
| 400 | -14,8 | -5,9 | 3,6 | 4,6 | -14,0 | -4,1 | 5,0 | 3,9 |
| 500 | -17,3 | -7,9 | 1,7 | 1,8 | -16,4 | -6,7 | 3,9 | 2,1 |
| 600 | -19,1 | -9,5 | 0 | 0 | -16,3 | -8,7 | 2,7 | 0,8 |
| 700 | -20,6 | -10,8 | -1,3 | -1,3 | -18,4 | -10,2 | -0,5 | -0,3 |
| 800 | -21,3 | -12,0 | -2,5 | -2,5 | -20,0 | -11,5 | -2,1 | -1,1 |
| 900 | -22,5 | -12,8 | -3,5 | -3,5 | -21,3 | -12,6 | -3,2 | -1,7 |
| 1000 | -23,5 | -13,8 | -4,5 | -4,4 | -22,4 | -13,6 | -4,2 | -3,5 |
The A_n values in Table D.1 are given for antennas located in such a way that the distance between the lower end of the antenna and the ground is at least 0.25 m when the center of the antenna is located at a height of 1 m with vertical polarization.
Table D.2
Attenuation of area A_n when using half-wave symmetrical vibrators with horizontal polarization
| Frequency, MHz | Attenuation A_n, dB | Frequency, MHz | Attenuation A_n, dB | ||||
| R=3<*>m, | R = 10 m, | R = 30 m, | R=3<*>m, | R = 10 m, | R = 30 m, | ||
| h_1 = 2 m, | h_1 = 2 m, | h_1 = 2 m, | h_1 = 2 m, | h_1 = 2 m, | h_1 = 2 m, | ||
| h_2 = 1-4 m | h_2 = 1-4 m | h_2 = 2-6 m | h_2 = 1-4 m | h_2 = 1-4 m | h_2 = 2-6 m | ||
| 30 | 11,0 | 24,1 | 38,4 | 160 | -6,7 | 2,3 | 11,9 |
| 35 | 8,8 | 21,6 | 35,8 | 180 | -7,2 | 1,2 | 10,6 |
| 40 | 7,0 | 19,4 | 33,5 | 200 | -8,4 | 0,3 | 9,7 |
| 45 | 5,5 | 17,5 | 31,5 | 250 | -10,6 | -1,7 | 7,7 |
| 50 | 4,2 | 15,9 | 29,7 | 300 | -12,3 | -3,3 | 6,1 |
| 60 | 2,2 | 13,1 | 26,7 | 400 | -14,9 | -5,8 | 3,5 |
| 70 | 0,6 | 10,9 | 24,1 | 500 | -16,7 | -7,6 | 1,6 |
| 80 | -0,7 | 9,2 | 21,9 | 600 | -18,3 | -9,3 | 0 |
| 90 | -1,8 | 7,8 | 20,1 | 700 | -19,7 | -10,6 | -1,3 |
| 100 | -2,8 | 6,7 | 18,4 | 800 | -20,8 | -11,8 | -2,4 |
| 120 | -4,4 | 5,0 | 15,7 | 900 | -21,8 | -12,9 | -3,5 |
| 140 | -5,8 | 3,5 | 13,6 | 1000 | -22,7 | -13,8 | -4,4 |
<*>For comparison with the A_n values, a correction factor is subtracted from the measured attenuation of the A_e area, taking into account the mutual impedance of half-wave symmetrical vibrators located at a distance of 3 m with horizontal polarization (see D.2.2.6, Table D.4).
Table D.3
Attenuation of area A_n when using half-wave symmetrical vibrators with vertical polarization
| MHz | Attenuation A_n, dB/value h_2, m | ||
| R=3<*>m, | R = 10 m, | R = 30 m, | |
| h_1 = 2.75 m | h_1 = 2.75 m | h_1 = 2.75 m | |
| 30 | 12,4/(2,75-4) | 18,8/(2,75-4) | 26,3/(2,75-6) |
| 35 | 11,3/(2,39-4) | 17,4/(2,39-4) | 24,9/(2,39-6) |
| 40 | 10,4/(2,13-4) | 16,2/(2,13-4) | 23,8/(2,13-6) |
| 45 | 9,5/(1,92-4) | 15,1/(1,92-4) | 22,8/(2-6) |
| 50 | 8,4/(1,75-4) | 14,2/(1,75-4) | 21,9/(2-6) |
| 60 | 6,3/(1,50-4) | 12,6/(1,50-4) | 20,4/(2-6) |
| 70 | 4,4/(1,32-4) | 11,3/(1,32-4) | 19,1/(2-6) |
| 80 | 2,8/(1,19-4) | 10,2/(1,19-4) | 18,0/(2-6) |
| 90 | 1,5/(1-4) | 9,2/(1-4) | 17,1/(2-6) |
| 100 | 0,6/(1-4) | 8,4/(1-4) | 16,3/(2-6) |
| 120 | -0,7/(1-4) | 7,5/(1-4) | 15,0/(2-6) |
| 140 | -1,5/(1-4) | 5,5/(1-4) | 14,1/(2-6) |
| 160 | -3,1/(1-4) | 3,9/(1-4) | 13,3/(2-6) |
| 180 | -4,5/(1-4) | 2,7/(1-4) | 12,8/(2-6) |
| 200 | -5,4/(1-4) | 1,6/(1-4) | 12,5/(2-6) |
| 250 | -7,0/(1-4) | -0,6/(1-4) | 8,6/(2-6) |
| 300 | -8,9/(1-4) | -2,3/(1-4) | 6,5/(2-6) |
| 400 | -11,4/(1-4) | -4,9/(1-4) | 3,8/(2-6) |
| 500 | -13,4/(1-4) | -6,9/(1-4) | 1,8/(2-6) |
| 600 | -14,9/(1-4) | -8,4/(1-4) | 0,2/(2-6) |
| 700 | -16,3/(1-4) | -9,7/(1-4) | -1,0/(2-6) |
| 800 | -17,4/(1-4) | -10,9/(1-4) | -2,4/(2-6) |
| 900 | -18,5/(1-4) | -12,0/(1-4) | -3,3/(2-6) |
| 1000 | -19,4/(1-4) | -13,0/(1-4) | -4,2 (2-6) |
<*>For comparison with the A_n values, a correction factor is subtracted from the measured attenuation of the A_e area, taking into account the mutual impedance of half-wave symmetrical vibrators located at a distance of 3 m with vertical polarization (see D.2.2.6, Table D.4).
D.2 Discrete frequency method
D.2.1 Measurement scheme
The measurement diagram is shown in Figures D.1 and D.2. The signal generator is connected to the transmitting antenna with a cable of a certain length. The transmitting antenna is placed at a height h_1 (see tables D.1-D.3) and the required polarization is selected. If a tunable dipole is used, it is tuned to the required frequency.
Figure D.1 - Scheme for measuring site attenuation with horizontal polarization
Note - The signal level at the output of the signal generator is kept constant
Figure D.2 - Scheme for measuring site attenuation with vertical polarization
Notes
1 The signal level at the output of the signal generator is kept constant.
2 When using broadband antennas, the minimum values h_1, h_2 are set equal to 1 m
The receiving antenna is mounted on a mast that allows scanning in height from h_2min to h_2max, at a distance R from the transmitting antenna and is connected to a measuring receiver or spectrum analyzer using a cable of suitable length. The same polarization as the transmitting antenna is selected and, if a tunable dipole is used, the antenna is tuned to the desired frequency. With vertical polarization, tunable symmetrical vibrators maintain a gap of at least 25 cm in relation to the ground by changing the antenna installation height (see Table D.3).
D.2.2 Conducting an inspection
The test is carried out at the frequencies given in Tables D.1 - D.3.
D.2.2.1 At the selected measurement frequency, with cables connected to the antennas, adjust the output level of the signal generator so as to obtain a stable reading at the measuring receiver, not distorted by external interference and its own noise.
D.2.2.2 Change the installation height of the receiving antenna within the limits specified in tables D.1 - D.3, respectively.
D.2.2.3 Record the maximum reading of the measuring receiver U_R1.
D.2.2.4 Disconnect the cables from the transmitting and receiving antennas and connect them to each other using a coaxial junction.
D.2.2.5 Record the reading of the measuring receiver U_R2.
D.2.2.6 Site attenuation A_e is calculated using the formula
A_e = U_R2- U_R1 - K_per - K_pr - K_in, (D.1)
where K_per and K_pr are the calibration coefficients of the transmitting and receiving antennas, respectively, dB;
K_vz - correction factor taking into account the mutual impedance of the antennas, dB.
For semiconductor symmetrical vibrators at R = 3 m, the values of K_vz are given in Table D.4, for all other cases K_vz = 0.
Table D.4
Correction factor K_vz, taking into account mutual impedance for tuned half-wave symmetrical vibrators at R = 3 m
| Frequency, MHz | Frequency, MHz | Correction factor K_in, dB, for polarization | |||
| horizontal | vertical | horizontal | vertical | ||
| h_1 = 2 m, | h_1 = 2.75 m, | h_1 = 2 m, | h_1 = 2.75 m, | ||
| h_2 = 1-4 m | h_2 = (see table D.3) | h_2 = 1-4 m | h_2 = (see table D.3) | ||
| 30 | 3,1 | 2,9 | 90 | -1,0 | 0,7 |
| 35 | 4,0 | 2,6 | 100 | -1,2 | 0,1 |
| 40 | 4,1 | 2,1 | 120 | -0,4 | -0,2 |
| 45 | 3,3 | 1,6 | 125 | -0,2 | -0,2 |
| 50 | 2,8 | 1,5 | 140 | -0,1 | 0,2 |
| 60 | 1,0 | 2,0 | 150 | -0,9 | 0,4 |
| 70 | -0,4 | 1,5 | 160 | -1,5 | 0,5 |
| 80 | -1,0 | 0,9 | 175 | -1,8 | -0,2 |
| 180 | -1,0 | -0,4 | |||
Antenna calibration factors should not include the attenuation of antenna cables, otherwise when measuring UR2, the output of the signal generator is connected directly to the input of the measuring device (with a coaxial cable no more than 1 m long).
D.2.2.7 If the result obtained in D.2.2.6 does not exceed ±4 dB, the site is considered suitable for measuring field strength at a given frequency and at a given polarization.
D.2.2.8 Measurement operations B.2.2.1 - B.2.2.7 are repeated for different frequency values with horizontal and vertical polarizations.
D.3 Frequency scanning method
D.3.1 Measurement scheme
The measurement scheme is similar to that given in D.2.1, except that only broadband antennas are used.
D.3.2 Carrying out measurements
Measuring equipment providing automated measurements must include a tracking generator (tracking generator), have an accumulation function and provide the ability to record the maximum. In the required frequency bands, the height of the receiving antenna h_2 is changed and the frequency is scanned. Frequency bands are determined by the type of antenna used. The frequency scanning speed must be significantly greater than the speed of change in antenna height. The height of the transmitting antenna is set to h_1.
D.3.2.1 The output level of the tracking generator (tracking generator) is adjusted so as to obtain a stable reading at the measuring receiver, not distorted by external interference and its own noise.
D.3.2.2 The receiving antenna is raised on the mast to the maximum height given in Table D.1.
D.3.2.3 The spectrum analyzer is set to scan the required frequency band. It must be configured in such a way that all measurement values up to 60 dB can be displayed on the same scale.
D.3.2.4 The transmitting antenna is slowly lowered to the minimum height, recording the maximum reading U_R1.
D.3.2.5 Disconnect the cables from the transmitting and receiving antennas and connect them to each other using a coaxial junction. The reading U_R2 is recorded.
D.3.2.6 Using formula (D.1), A_e is calculated (antenna calibration coefficients as continuous functions of frequency can be obtained using a simple curve corresponding to a set of coefficient values for individual antennas). The A_e values obtained in the established frequency band are plotted on a graph. The A_n values given in Table D.1 are also presented in graphical form.
D.3.2.7 The differences between A_e and A_n should not exceed a tolerance of ±4 dB.
Note - For both methods of attenuation measurement, it is recommended to use 10 dB matching attenuators at the output of the antenna cables of the receiving and transmitting antennas. The attenuators must remain in place until the measurements are completed.
D.4 If the A_e value is outside the tolerance of ±4 dB, then it is necessary to check the correct operation (settings) of the measuring system (antenna, signal generator, measuring receiver). After checking, pay attention to the location of the site, surrounding objects, cables and antennas, as well as the design and size of the conductive surface.
APPENDIX D
(required)
METHOD FOR CHECKING AN ALTERNATIVE MEASURING SITE
E.1 Measurements are carried out according to the same algorithm as for an open measuring site (in accordance with Appendix D), with the exception that the experimental determination of the attenuation of an alternative site is carried out for the volume occupied by the test vehicle when it rotates 360 degrees. For verification, twenty separate site attenuation measurements are taken (see Figures E.1 and E.2): five positions in the horizontal plane (at the center of the turntable, left, right, in front and behind the center of the turntable) for two polarizations (horizontal and vertical) and for two heights (1 and 2 m for horizontal polarization; 1 and 1.5 m for vertical polarization). In addition, the height of the receiving antenna at a measuring distance of 30 m varies from 1 to 4 m.
The A_n values in Table E.1 are given for antennas located in such a way that the distance between the lower end of the antenna and the ground is at least 0.25 m when the center of the antenna is located at a height of 1 m with vertical polarization
D.2 Measurements are carried out using broadband antennas. The measuring distance is measured between the centers of the turntable and the antenna. The receiving and transmitting antennas are positioned so that their elements are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the measurement axis.
D.3 With vertical polarization, the off-center positions of the transmitting antenna should be on the boundary of the test volume. In addition, the lower end of the antenna must be at least 25 cm above the floor.
E.4 For horizontal polarization in the right and left positions, if the distance between the structure and/or radio-absorbing material installed on the side walls and the periphery of the test volume is less than 1 m, the center of the antenna is shifted towards the central position so that the end of the antenna is on border or was no more than 10% away from it from the diameter of the test volume. The front and back positions should be on the boundary of the volume.
D.5 Measurements are carried out at constant distances between the receiving and transmitting antennas. The receiving antenna is moved along the line to the center of the turntable (see Figures E.1 - E.4).
E.6 The number of required measurements can be reduced in the following cases:
a) it is allowed not to carry out measurements in the rear position with both polarizations if the nearest point of the structure and/or absorbing material is located at a distance of more than 1 m from the boundary of the test volume;
b) the total number of measurements with horizontal polarization along the diameter of the test volume connecting the positions on the left and right can be reduced to a minimum number if the receiving antenna elements cover at least 90% of the diameter of the test volume;
c) it is allowed not to carry out measurements with vertical polarization at a height of 1.5 m if the height of the test volume (including the height of the table when using it) is less than 1.5 m;
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This standard specifies methods for measuring radiated electromagnetic phenomena related to interference in the frequency range 9 kHz to 18 GHz. Issues related to measurement uncertainty are addressed in CISPR 16-4-1 and CISPR 16-4-2
Identical to CISPR 16-2-3(2014)
1 area of use
4 Types of interference measured
4.1 General provisions
4.2 Types of interference
4.3 Detector functions
6.1 General provisions
6.2 Interference not caused by the EUT
6.5 Interpretation of measurement results
6.6 Measurement time and scanning rates of continuous interference
7 Radiated interference measurements
7.1 Introductory notes
7.2 Loop antenna system measurements (9 kHz - 30 MHz)
7.3 Measurements in open test area or semi-anechoic chamber (30 MHz-1 GHz)
7.4 Fully anechoic chamber (PAI) measurements (30 MHz - 1 GHz)
7.5 Radiated electromagnetic emission measurement method (30 MHz - 1 GHz) and radiated interference immunity test method (80 MHz - 1 GHz) using a general test setup in a semi-anechoic chamber
7.6 Fully anechoic chamber (FAR) and open test area (OATS)/semi-anechoic chamber (SAC) measurements covered with absorbent material (1-18 GHz)
7.7 On-site measurements (9 kHz - 18 GHz)
7.8 Substitution measurements (30 MHz - 18 GHz)
7.9 Reverberation chamber measurements (80 MHz -18 GHz)
7.10 TEM waveguide measurements (30 MHz - 18 GHz)
8 Automated electromagnetic emission measurements
8.1 Introduction. Basic provisions for automated measurements
8.2 General measurement procedure
8.3 Measurement with pre-scan
8.4 Data compression
8.5 Maximizing electromagnetic emissions and final measurement
8.6 Post-processing and test reporting
8.7 Strategies for measuring electromagnetic emissions by measuring instruments with information processing based on fast Fourier transform
Appendix A (informative) Measuring interference in the presence of external electromagnetic emissions
Appendix B (informative) Applications of spectrum analyzers and scanning receivers
Appendix C (informative) Scanning speeds and measurement times when using an average detector
Appendix D (informative) Explanation of Amplitude Probability Distribution (APD) Measurement Method for Compliance Testing
Annex E (normative) Determining the suitability of spectrum analyzers for compliance testing
Appendix YES (informative) Information on the compliance of reference international standards with interstate standards
Bibliography
Figure 1 - Measuring a combination of a continuous wave signal (narrowband, NB) and a pulsed signal (broadband, BB) using multiple sweeps at maximum hold
Figure 2 - Example of timing analysis
Figure 3 - Wideband spectrum measured by step receiver
Figure 4 - Intermittent narrowband interference measured using short, fast, repeating sweeps with a maximum hold function to obtain a picture of the electromagnetic emission spectrum
Figure 5 - Principle of magnetic field induced current measurements carried out in a loop antenna system (LAS)
Figure 6 - Principle of electric field strength measurements carried out in an open test area (OATS) or in a semi-anechoic chamber (SAC), when direct and ground-reflected rays arrive at the receiving antenna
Figure 7 - Geometry of a typical test area in a fully anechoic chamber (FAR) (a, b, c and e depend on the chamber characteristic)
Figure 8 - Typical benchtop EUT test setup in a full anechoic chamber (FAR) test volume
Figure 9 - Typical test setup for floor-mounted EUT in a full anechoic chamber (FAR) test volume
Figure 10 - Position of reference planes during uniform field calibration (top view)
Figure 11 - Test setup for benchtop equipment
Figure 12 - Test setup for benchtop equipment (top view)
Figure 13 - Test site for floor-mounted equipment
Figure 14 - Test setup for floor-standing equipment (top view)
Figure 15 - Measurement method at frequencies above 1 GHz, vertical polarization of the receiving antenna
Figure 16 - Illustration of height scanning requirements for two different categories of EUT
Figure 17 - Determination of transition distance
Figure 18 - Test setup geometry for the substitution method
Figure 19 - Process to reduce measurement time
Figure 20 - Scanning by a device with information processing based on fast Fourier transform in segments
Figure 21 - Improvement of frequency resolution by a device with information processing based on fast Fourier transform
Figure 22 - CMAD position with tabletop EUT on OATS or SAC
Figure A.1 - Algorithm for choosing the bandwidth and detector type and the estimated measurement errors for this choice
Figure A.2 - Relative difference in radiation amplitudes at boundary frequencies during preliminary testing
Figure A.3 - Interference generated by an unmodulated signal (dotted curve)
Figure A.4 - Interference generated by an AM signal (dotted curve)
Figure A.5 - AM signal indication as a function of modulation frequency with a quasi-peak detector in the B, C and D CISPR ranges
Figure A.6 - Indication of pulse-modulated signal (pulse width 50 µs) as a function of pulse repetition rate for peak, quasi-peak and average detectors
Figure A.7 - Interference generated by a broadband signal (dotted curve)
Figure A.8 - Unmodulated interference from EUT (dotted curve)
Figure A.9 - Amplitude-modulated interference from the EUT (dotted curve)
Figure A.10 - Increase in peak value when superposition of two unmodulated signals
Figure A.11 - Determination of the amplitude of the interfering signal using the amplitude ratio d and the coefficient I [see Equations (A.3) and (A.6)]
Figure A.12 - Increase in average reading measured with a real receiver and calculated using equation (A.8)
Figure C.1 - Weighting function of a 10 ms pulse when detected by a peak detector (PK) and an average detector for peak reading (CISPR AV) and non-peak reading (AV): instrument time constant 160 ms
Figure C.2 - Weighting function of a 10 ms pulse when detected by a peak detector (PK) and an average detector with an indication in peak values (C18PIA\1) and an indication not in peak values (AU): instrument time constant 100 ms
Figure C.3 - Example of weighting functions (pulse 1 Hz) when detected by a peak detector (PD) and an average value detector as a function of pulse width: device time constant 160 ms
Figure C.4 - Example of weighting functions (pulse 1 Hz) when detected by a peak detector (PD) and an average value detector as a function of pulse width: device time constant 100 ms
Figure D.1 - Example of APD measurement for fluctuating disturbances using method 1
Figure D.2 - Example of APD measurement for fluctuating disturbances using method 2
Table 1 - Minimum scan times with peak and quasi-peak detectors for the three CISPR frequency bands
Table 2 - Applicable frequency bands and documented references to CISPR test methods and test sites for radiated electromagnetic emission testing
Table 3 - Minimum value w(wmin)
Table 4 - Example of W values for three types of antennas
Table 5 - Correction coefficients for horizontal polarization as a function of frequency
Table 7 - Minimum measurement times for the four CISPR frequency bands
Table A.1 - Combinations of EUT interference and environmental radiation
Table A.2 - Measurement error depending on the type of detector and on the combination of spectra of environmental signals and interference
Table C.1 - Pulse suppression coefficients and scan rates for a video signal bandwidth of 100 Hz
Table C.2 - Meter time constants and corresponding video bandwidths and maximum scan rates
Table E.1 - Maximum amplitude difference between detected signals in peak and quasi-peak values
This GOST is located in:
Organizations:
| 29.03.2016 | Approved | Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification | 86-P |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20.10.2016 | Approved | Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology | 1455-st |
| Published | Standardinform | 2016 | |
| Designed by | Branch of FSUE NIIR-LONIIR | ||
| Designed by | TK 30 Electromagnetic compatibility of technical equipment |
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods. Part 2-3. Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity. Radiated disturbance measurements
- GOST R 50397-2011Electromagnetic compatibility of technical equipment. Terms and Definitions
- GOST 30805.16.1.1-2013Electromagnetic compatibility of technical equipment. Requirements for equipment for measuring parameters of industrial radio interference and noise immunity and measurement methods. Part 1-1. Equipment for measuring parameters of industrial radio interference and noise immunity. Instruments for measuring industrial radio interference
- GOST CISPR 16-1-4-2013Electromagnetic compatibility of technical equipment. Requirements for equipment for measuring parameters of industrial radio interference and noise immunity and measurement methods. Part 1-4. Equipment for measuring radio interference and noise immunity. Antennas and test pads for radiated interference measurements
- GOST CISPR 16-4-2-2013Electromagnetic compatibility of technical equipment. Requirements for equipment for measuring parameters of industrial radio interference and noise immunity and measurement methods. Part 4-2. Uncertainties, statistics and norm modeling. Measurement uncertainty caused by measuring equipment
- GOST CISPR 14-1-2015
- GOST CISPR 16-2-1-20152-1. Methods for measuring interference and noise immunity. Conducted Emission Measurements
- GOST CISPR 16-1-2-2016Requirements for equipment for measuring radio interference and noise immunity and measurement methods. Part 1-2. Equipment for measuring radio interference and noise immunity. Communication devices for conducted interference measurements
- GOST IEC 61000-4-3-2016Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Part 4-3. Test and measurement methods. Radiated RF Electromagnetic Field Immunity Test
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INTERSTATE COUNCIL FOR STANDARDIZATION, METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION
INTERSTATE COUNCIL FOR STANDARDIZATION, METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION
INTERSTATE
STANDARD
2016
REQUIREMENTS FOR EQUIPMENT FOR MEASUREMENT OF RADIO INTERFERENCE AND IMMUNITY AND METHODS OF MEASUREMENT
Part 2-3 Methods for measuring radio interference and noise immunity. Radiated Interference Measurements
(CISPR 16-2-3:2014, UT)
Official publication
Moscow Standard*nform 2016
Preface
The goals, basic principles and basic procedure for carrying out work on interstate standardization are established in GOST 1.0-2015 “Interstate standardization system. Basic provisions" and GOST 1.2-2015 "Interstate standardization system. Interstate standards. rules and recommendations for interstate standardization. Rules for development and adoption. updates and cancellations"
Standard information
1 PREPARED BY the St. Petersburg branch of the Leningrad Branch of the Scientific Research Institute of Radio (Branch of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise NIIR-LONIIR) and the Technical Committee for Standardization TK 30 “Electromagnetic Compatibility of Technical Equipment” based on its own translation into Russian of the English version of the international standard specified in paragraph 5
2 INTRODUCED by the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology of the Russian Federation (Rosstandart)
3 ADOPTED by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (protocol dated March 29, 2016 No. 86-P)
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4 By Order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated October 20, 2016 No. 1455-st, the interstate standard GOST CISPR 16-2-3-2016 was put into effect as a national standard of the Russian Federation on June 1, 2017.
5 This standard is identical to the international standard CISPR 16-2-3:2014 “Requirements for equipment for measuring radio interference and immunity and measurement methods. Part 2-3. Methods for measuring radio interference and noise immunity. Radiated disturbance measurements (“Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 2-3: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity - Radiated disturbance measurements”, IDT).
The international standard CISPR 16-2-3:2014 was prepared by the International Special Committee on Radio Interference (CISPR) of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Subcommittee A, Radio Interference Measurements and Statistical Methods.
This edition of International Standard CISPR 16-2-3:2014 includes the third edition. published 2010 Revision 1 (2010) and Revision 2 (2014).
This edition of International Standard CISPR 16-2-3:2014 contains the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: the addition of a measured quantity for radiated electromagnetic emissions measurements in an open test area (OATS) and in a semi-anechoic chamber (SAC) in a frequency band of 30 up to 1000 MHz and the introduction of a new mandatory annex to determine the suitability of spectrum analyzers for compliance testing. In addition, to harmonize this standard with other parts of the CISPR 16 series of standards, a number of technical issues are included, including requirements for test methods using fast Fourier transform (FFT) instruments in CISPR 16-1-1.
rOCTCISPR 16-2-3-2016
3.24 weighting (for example, pulsed interference): The pulse-repetition frequency-dependent conversion (basically reduction) of the pulsed voltage level obtained during peak detection into an instrument reading corresponding to the impact of the interference on radio reception.
Note 1—With an analogue receiver, psychophysical annoyance from interference is a subjective characteristic (auditory or visual), usually not a certain number of unintelligible places in the spoken text.
Note 2—With a digital receiver, interference is an objective characteristic. which can be defined by the critical bit error rate (BER) or critical bit error probability (8EP). in which there is still sufficient error correction, or another objective and reproducible parameter
3.24.1 weighted disturbance measurement measurement of disturbance using a weighing detector.
3.24.2 weighting characteristic: The level of peak voltage as a function of pulse repetition rate when continuously applied to a particular radio communication system. that is, the interference is weighed by the radio communication system itself
3.24.3 weighing detector: A detector that provides a consistent weighing function.
3.24.4 weighting factor: The value of the weighting function relative to a reference pulse repetition rate or relative to a peak value.
Note - The weighting factor is expressed in decibels
3.24.5 weighting function or weighting curve: The relationship between the input peak voltage level and the pulse repetition rate at a constant level reading on a measuring receiver with a weighing detector, i.e., the response curve of the measuring receiver to repetitive pulses.
3.25 measurement: The process of experimentally obtaining one or more quantitative values that can be reasonably attributed to a quantity.
[ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007. 2.1) 1)
3.26 test: A technical operation consisting of determining one or more characteristics of a given product, process or service in accordance with a specified procedure.
NOTE A test is performed to measure or classify a characteristic or property of an object by subjecting it to a series of operating and environmental conditions and/or operating and environmental requirements.
3.27 highest internal frequency the highest frequency generated or used by the equipment under test (EUT) or the highest frequency at which the EUT is operated or tuned
3.28 module: Part of the EO. providing some function and possibly including sources of radio frequency signals
3.29 Abbreviations 2 *
The following abbreviations, not given in 3.1-3.28, are used in this standard.
AM - amplitude modulation. AM;
APD - amplitude probability distribution;
AV - average (value);
BB - broadband (signal);
CW - continuous (undamped) wave;
FFT - fast Fourier transform;
FM - frequency modulation, FM;
IF - intermediate frequency. IF;
ISM - industrial, scientific or medical (equipment);
LPDA - log periodic dipole array;
NB - narrowband (signal);
NSA - normalized site attenuation;
PRF - pulse repetition frequency;
RBW - resolution bandwidth;
RF - radio frequency (high frequency);
RGP - ground reference plate;
QP - quasi-peak (detector);
TEM - transverse electromagnetic (wave);
UFA - uniform field plane;
VBW is the video signal bandwidth.
4 Types of interference measured
4.1 General provisions
This section provides a classification of various types of interference, as well as detectors suitable for measuring them.
4.2 Types of interference
Based on physical and psychophysical 3 * reasons that lie in the spectral distribution. Based on the bandwidth of the measuring receiver, duration, frequency of occurrence and degree of irritation during the assessment and measurement of radio interference, the following types of interference are identified:
a) narrow-band continuous wave interference, i.e. interference at individual frequencies, such as fundamental frequencies and harmonics, generated for the intended use of radio frequency energy in industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) equipment, creating a frequency spectrum consisting only of individual spectral lines, the distance between which is greater than the bandwidth of the measuring receiver, so that during measurement only one line falls into this bandwidth, unlike b);
b) broadband continuous interference, which is usually involuntarily generated by repeated pulses, for example from commutator motors, and the repetition frequency of which is less than the bandwidth of the measuring receiver, so that during the measurement more than one spectral line falls within this band; And
c) broadband intermittent disturbance, also generated involuntarily by mechanical or electronic switching, such as thermostats or software controls, with a repetition rate less than 1 Hz (intermittent frequency less than 30/min).
The frequency spectra b) and c) can be considered continuous in the case of individual (single) pulses and discontinuous in the case of repeated pulses, both spectra being characterized by the presence of a frequency range that is wider than the bandwidth of the measuring receiver specified in CISPR 16-1-1.
4.3 Detector functions
Depending on the type of interference, measurements can be carried out using a measuring receiver with the following detectors:
a) an average detector, typically used in the measurement of narrowband interference and signals, and. in particular, to distinguish/separate narrowband and broadband interference;
b) a quasi-peak detector, designed for weighted measurement of broadband interference when assessing the sound annoyance of a radio listener, which can also be used for narrowband interference;
c) an rms-average detector provided for weighted broadband interference measurements when assessing the impact of pulsed interference on digital radiocommunication services. which can also be used to measure narrowband interference;
^ "Psychophysical" means the psychological relationship between a physical stimulus and a sensory response 6
GOST CISPR 16-2-3-2016
d) a peak detector, which can be used to measure both broadband and narrowband interference.
Measurement receivers containing such detectors are specified in CISPR 16-1-1.
5 Connecting measuring equipment
Measuring equipment, measuring receivers and auxiliary equipment, e.g. Antennas are connected like this. The connecting cable between the test receiver and the auxiliary equipment must be shielded and its characteristic impedance must be matched to the input impedance of the test receiver. The output of the auxiliary equipment must be terminated at the specified impedance.
6 Basic requirements for measurements and measurement conditions
6.1 General provisions
Radio interference measurements should be:
Reproducible, i.e. independent of the measurement location and environmental conditions, especially environmental noise; And
Free from interference, i.e. the connection of the EUT to the measuring equipment should not affect the function of the EUT. nor on the accuracy of the measuring equipment.
These requirements can be met by meeting the following conditions:
a) there is sufficient signal-to-noise ratio at the required measurement level, for example the level of the relevant interference standard;
b) availability of the specified measuring installation, load and operating conditions of the EUT;
6.2 Interference not caused by the EUT
6.2.1 General
When carrying out measurements, the signal-to-noise ratio relative to environmental noise must meet the following requirements. If the ambient noise level exceeds the required level, this must be recorded in the test report.
6.2.2 Testing for compliance with the standard (conformity assessment)
The test site must be capable of distinguishing electromagnetic emissions from the EUT from environmental noise. It is recommended that the ambient noise level be 20 dB. but was at least 6 dB below the useful measured level. At the 6 dB condition, the observed interference level from the EUT increases by up to 3.5 dB. The suitability of a site at a required environmental level can be determined by measuring the environmental noise level when the EUT is in the desired location but not operating.
When assessing compliance with the standard, it is allowed that the ambient noise level exceeds the recommended level of minus 6 dB. provided that the total level of environmental noise and source radiation does not exceed the specified norm. Then the IO is recognized as meeting the standard. Additional recommendations for measuring interference in the presence of ambient radiation are given in Appendix A.
6.3 Continuous interference measurements
6.3.1 Narrowband continuous interference
The receiver is tuned to the discrete frequency under study and retuned in the event of frequency fluctuations.
6.3.2 Wideband continuous interference
To evaluate broadband continuous-wave interference whose level is unstable, it is necessary to find the maximum reproducible measured value. For more information, see 6.5.1.
6.3.3 Use of spectrum analyzers and scanning receivers
When measuring interference, it is convenient to use spectrum analyzers and scanning receivers, in particular to reduce measurement time. Therefore, it is necessary to especially consider the main characteristics of these devices, which include: overload, linearity, selectivity, standard pulse response, frequency scanning speed, signal interception, sensitivity.
amplitude accuracy and detection with peak, quasi-peak and average detectors. These characteristics are discussed in Appendix B.
6.4 EUT placement and measurement conditions
The EUT must operate under the following conditions:
6.4.1 Basic layout of the EUT
6 4 4.1 General provisions
If the product standard does not contain an EUT placement diagram. it should be configured as shown below.
The IO must be mounted, placed and put into operation like this. as best suits its typical applications. If the manufacturer has determined or provided recommendations on the rules for installing a technical device, then. If possible, his instructions should be followed when organizing the test scheme. Such an organization scheme must comply with typical or standard installation rules. Interface cables, loads and devices must be connected to at least one interface port of each type of EUT and, if possible, each cable must be terminated on a device typical for field use.
If there are several interface ports of the same type, depending on the results of preliminary tests, it may be necessary to connect additional connecting cables to the EUT. loads and devices. It may be sufficient to connect a cable or wire to only one port of a given type. The actual number of additional cables or wires may be limited by condition. when the addition of another cable or wire does not significantly change the emission level, i.e. changes by less than 2 dB, provided that the EUT remains compliant. The rationale for the selection of port configurations and loads shall be provided in the test report.
The type and length of connecting cables must be as specified in the specifications for the individual equipment. If the length can vary, the length at which the interference is greatest should be selected.
If shielded or special cables are used when testing a technical product for compliance with the standard, a note must be included in the user instructions recommending the use of such cables.
Excess cable lengths must be laid in a bundle 30-40 cm long approximately in the center of the cable. If, due to rigidity or inflexibility of the cable, the bundle cannot be laid, the location of the excess length must be clearly indicated in the test report.
The results of evaluating an EUT with one module of each type can be applied to configurations with several such modules. This is acceptable because it has been found that interference from identical modules is usually non-additive in practice. However, the 2 dB criterion specified in this section should be adhered to.
Any set of results must be accompanied by a complete description of the cable and equipment layout to ensure reproducibility. If special conditions of use are required to comply with a regulation, these conditions must be specified and given in the documentation: e.g. this applies to length, cable type, shielding and grounding. These terms must be included in the user instructions.
Equipment that can be equipped with multiple modules (drawer panel/plotter, plug-in board, panel, etc.) is tested with the required representative number of such modules used in a typical installation. The number of additional panels or plug-in cards of the same type may be limited to the extent that the addition of another board or card will not significantly affect the emission level, i.e. the change will not be more than 2 dB, provided that the EUT remains compliant. The test report must provide justification for the selection of the number and type of models.
A system consisting of a number of individual blocks is configured as follows. to provide a minimal representative configuration. The number and mix of units included in the test configuration should be representative of a typical installation. The rationale for the selection of units should be provided in the test report.
In each equipment evaluated in the IO. At least one module of each type must be enabled. With system IO, it is necessary to include at least one equipment of each type, which may be included in a possible system configuration.
GOST CISPR 16-2-3-2016
The position of the EUT relative to the ground plane (RGP) must be consistent. characteristic during operation of the IO. Therefore, floor-standing equipment is mounted on a grounding support plate, but on an insulating stand, and table-top equipment is mounted on a table made of non-conductive material.
Equipment designed for wall or ceiling mounting is tested as a tabletop. The location/orientation of equipment should be in accordance with standard installation practices.
The combinations of the above types of equipment should also be those that exist in a typical installation. Equipment designed for both floor and tabletop operation is tested as tabletop if its normal installation is not floorstand; in this case, it must be tested in a floor-standing version.
The ends of the signal cables connected to the EUT. which are not connected to another unit or auxiliary equipment load at the correct impedance specified in the product standard.
Cables or other connections to equipment associated with the main equipment located outside the test area should run down to the bottom and then go to the point of exit from the test volume.
Accessories are installed in accordance with standard installation practices. If this means that it is in a test area, then it should be installed under the same conditions that apply to the EUT (for example, with regard to distance to and insulation from the ground plane if it is a floor-mounted installation, and cabling layout).
6 4 1.2 Tabletop installation
Equipment intended to be mounted on a table should be placed on a table made of non-conductive material.
The dimensions of the table are usually 1.5 x 1.0 m but may vary depending on the horizontal dimensions of the EUT.
All components included in the system under test (including the EUT, connectable peripherals, and additional ancillary equipment or devices) shall be positioned as for normal use. If separation distances for normal use are not specified, adjacent blocks when organizing the test circuit are installed with a separation of 0.1 m between them.
Interconnect cables should run down behind the desk. If the cable approaches the horizontal ground plane (or floor) closer than 0.4 m, its excess length is laid in a bundle no more than 0.4 m long in the center of the cable like this. so that the bundle is at a height of at least 0.4 m above the horizontal grounding plate.
Cables should be positioned as for normal use.
If the input cable to the power port is shorter than 0.8 m (including power supplies integrated into the power plug), an extension cord should be used so that the external power supply unit can be placed on the table. The extension cable must have the same characteristics as the network cable (including number of wires and ground connection). The extension cord should be considered part of the network cable.
In the above layouts, the cable between the EUT and the power device should be placed on the table in the same way. like other cables connecting EUT components.
6.4.1.3 Floor installation
The EUT is placed on a horizontal grounding plane (RGP) and oriented as in normal use, but due to the insulating stand (up to 15 cm high) it has no metal contact with this plate.
Cables must be insulated (to a height of 15 cm) from the horizontal RGR. If the EUT requires a special dedicated ground connection, this must be provided and connected to the horizontal ground plane.
Interblock cables (between the blocks of which the EUT is composed or between the EUT and auxiliary equipment) must be lowered onto the horizontal RGP. but to be isolated from it. Any excess length must either be bundled no more than 0.4 m in the center of the cable, or coiled with a snake. If the interconnect cable is not long enough to hang down on the RGP, but the cable hangs down to less than 0.4 m from the RGP. the excess length must be bundled no more than 0.4 m in the center of the cable. The bundle is positioned like this. so that it is 0.4 m above the horizontal RGP or at the height of the cable entry or connection point if they are within 0.4 m of the horizontal RGP.
For vertical cable riser equipment, the number of risers should be consistent with typical installation practices. If the riser is made of non-conductive material, then between a piece of equipment. located closest to the vertical cable, and the nearest vertical cable must provide a distance of at least 0.2 m. For a riser made of conductive material, the minimum separation between the parts of the equipment closest to the riser structure and the riser should be 0.2 m.
6 4 14 Floor and tabletop combinations
The excess length of interblock cables between the tabletop and floor-standing units is placed in a bundle no larger than 0.4 m in size. The bundle is positioned as follows. so that it is 0.4 m above the horizontal RGP or at the height of the cable entry or connection point if they are within 0.4 m of the horizontal RGP.
6.4.2 Operation of the EUT
The operating conditions of the EUT are determined by the manufacturer in accordance with the typical use of the EUT, taking into account the expected highest level of electromagnetic emissions. The specified operating conditions and the rationale for the selection of operating conditions shall be stated in the test report.
The EUT must operate within the range of rated operating voltages and within the typical load conditions (mechanical or electrical) for which it is designed. Whenever possible, loads applicable to the operating conditions should be used. When a simulator is used, it should represent the actual load in terms of its RF and functional characteristics.
Test programs or other means of equipment research must ensure. that different parts of the system are checked like this. to ensure that all system interference is detected.
6.4.3 EUT operating time
The operating time of the EUT with a given nominal working time must correspond to the time indicated on the marking; in all other cases the EUT shall be operated continuously throughout the test.
6.4.4 EUT running-in time
The time required for the EUT to run in before testing is not specified, but the EUT must be in operation for a sufficient period of time to ensure that the operating conditions and conditions are representative of those that will exist during the service life of the equipment. For some types of EUT, the relevant product standards may require special test conditions.
6.4.5 EUT power supply
The EUT must be operated from a power supply that provides the rated voltage of the EUT. If the noise level varies significantly depending on the supply voltage, measurements should be repeated at supply voltages that are 0.9-1.1 times the rated voltage. AND ABOUT. having more than one rated voltage are tested at the rated voltage at which the interference will be maximum.
6.4.6 EUT operating mode
The EUT must operate under realistic practical conditions in which interference at the measurement frequency will be maximum.
6.4.7 Operation of multifunctional equipment
A multifunctional vehicle that is simultaneously subject to different sections of the product standard and/or different standards is tested with each function operating separately, if this can be achieved without internal modification of the equipment. Equipment thus tested shall be deemed to meet the requirements of all sections and/or standards if each function meets the requirements of the relevant section and/or standard.
Equipment for which it is not practical to test each function separately, or for which separating a separate function would result in it being unable to perform its primary function, or for which the simultaneous performance of several functions would result in a reduction in test time, is considered compliant if it complies with the provisions relevant section and/or standard when performing the required functions.
6.4.8 Determination of the equipment layout(s) at which electromagnetic emissions are maximum
To determine the frequency at which interference relative to the norm is maximum, a preliminary test is carried out. The frequency is determined when the EUT is operating in standard modes and with the position of the cables in the test circuit characteristic of standard installation rules.
GOST CISPR 16-2-3-2016
6 INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME
Information about changes to this standard is published in the annual information index “National Standards” (as of January 1 of the current year), and the text of changes and amendments is published in the monthly information index “National Standards”. In case of revision (replacement) or cancellation of this standard, the corresponding notice will be published in the monthly information index “National Standards”. Relevant information, notifications and texts are also posted in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet (www.gost.ru)
© Standardinform. 2016
In the Russian Federation, this standard cannot be reproduced in whole or in part. replicated and distributed as an official publication without permission from the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology
1 area of use............................................... ...................1
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations.................................................... .......2
4 Types of measured interference.................................................... .................6
4.1 General provisions................................................... .................6
4.2 Types of interference................................................... .......................6
4.3 Detector functions.................................................... .................6
5 Connecting measuring equipment.................................................... 7
6 Basic requirements for measurements and measurement conditions.................................................7
6.1 General provisions................................................... .................7
6.2 Interference not caused by the EUT.................................................... ............7
6.3 Continuous noise measurements.................................................... .......7
6 4 Placement of the EUT and measurement conditions.................................................... .....8
6.5 Interpretation of measurement results.................................................... eleven
6 6 Measurement time and scanning speed of continuous interference............................................11
7 Radiated interference measurements.................................................... ...........19
7.1 Introductory notes................................................................... ...............19
7.2 Measurements in a loop antenna system (9 kHz - 30 MHz)...................................20
7.3 Measurements in an open test area or in a semi-anechoic chamber
(30 MHz - 1 GHz)................................................... ....................21
7.4 Fully Anechoic Chamber (FAR) Measurements (30 MHz - 1 GHz)....................................................25
7.5 Radiated electromagnetic emission measurement method (30 MHz - 1 GHz) and radiated immunity test method (80 MHz - 1 GHz)
when using a general test setup in a semi-anechoic chamber....................................30
7.6 Fully Anechoic Chamber (FAR) and Open Test Site (OATS)/b Semi-Anechoic Chamber (SAC) Measurements Covered with Absorbing Material (1-18 GHz)...36
7.7 On-site measurements (9 kHz-18 GHz) .................................................... 44
7.8 Substitution measurements (30 MHz - 18 GHz) ....................................................50
7.9 Measurements in a reverberation chamber (80 MHz -18 GHz)...................................51
7.10 Measurements in TEM waveguide (30 MHz - 18 GHz).................................................. 52
8 Automated Emission Measurements...................................................52
8.1 Introduction. Basic provisions for automated measurements..................52
8.2 General measurement procedure.................................................................... .......52
8.3 Measurement with pre-scan......................................................52
8.4 Data compression.................................................... ...................54
8.5 Electromagnetic emission maximization and final measurement...................................55
8.6 Post-processing and test reporting....................................................56
8.7 Strategies for measuring electromagnetic emissions by measuring instruments with processing
information based on fast Fourier transform...................................................56
Appendix A (informative) Measuring interference in the presence of external electromagnetic emissions.. 57
Appendix B (informative) Application of spectrum analyzers and scanning receivers......69
Appendix C (reference) Scanning speeds and measurement times during use
average value detector...................................................71
Appendix D (informative) Explanation of the method for measuring the amplitude distribution
Probability Testing (APD) for Compliance Testing......75
GOST CISPR 16-2-3-2016
Annex E (normative) Determination of suitability of spectrum analyzers for testing
for compliance with standards................................................... ...77
Appendix YES (informative) Information on compliance with reference international standards
interstate standards.............................................78
Bibliography................................................. .......................80
Figure 1 - Measuring a combination of a continuous wave signal (narrowband. NB)
and pulse signal (broadband. BB) using multiple
sweeps at maximum hold...................................................14
Figure 2 - Example of time analysis.................................................... .....15
Figure 3 - Wideband spectrum measured by step receiver....................................15
Figure 4 - Intermittent narrowband interference measured using short fast repeated sweeps with a maximum hold function to obtain
patterns of the electromagnetic emission spectrum....................................................16
Figure 5 - Principle of measurements of current induced by a magnetic field carried out in the system
loop antennas (LAS)................................................... .......21
Figure 6 - Principle of electric field strength measurements made in an open test area (OATS) or semi-anechoic chamber (SAC) when
direct and reflected rays from the ground arrive at the receiving antenna......22
Figure 7 - Geometry of a typical test area in a fully anechoic chamber (FAR)
(a.b.c and e depend on the camera characteristics)..................................................26
Figure 8 - Typical test setup for benchtop EUT in test volume
Full anechoic chamber (FAR) ............................................................27
Figure 9 - Typical test setup for floor-mounted EUT in test volume
Full anechoic chamber (FAR) ............................................................28
Figure 10 - Position of reference planes during uniform field calibration (top view) ____31
Figure 11 - Test setup for benchtop equipment....................................34
Figure 12 - Test setup for benchtop equipment (top view) ................................35
Figure 13 - Test site for floor-standing equipment....................................35
Figure 14 - Test rig for floor-standing equipment (top view)...................36
Figure 15 - Measurement method at frequencies above 1 GHz. vertical polarization of the receiver
antennas........................................................ ................38
Figure 16 - Illustration of height scanning requirements for two different categories of EUT.40
Figure 17 - Determination of transition distance.................................................49
Figure 18 - Geometry of the test setup for the substitution method....................................51
Figure 19 - Process to reduce measurement time....................................52
Figure 20 - Scanning by a device with information processing based on fast
Fourier transforms in segments...................................................18
Figure 21 - Improvement of frequency resolution by a device with information processing based on
fast Fourier transform...................................................19
Figure 22 - CMAD Position with Tabletop EUT on OATS or SAC....................................25
Figure A.1 - Algorithm for selecting bandwidth and detector type and estimated errors
measurements with this choice......................................................... .59
Figure A.2 - Relative difference in radiation amplitudes at boundary frequencies at
carrying out preliminary testing...................................60
Figure A.3 - Interference created by an unmodulated signal (dotted curve).......61
Figure A 4 - Interference created by an AM signal (dotted curve).....................................61
Figure A.5 - AM signal reading as a function of modulation frequency at quasi-peak
detector in the B. C and D ranges CISPR..................................................... 62
GOST CISPR 16-2-3-2016
Figure A 6 - Indication of a pulse-modulated signal (pulse width 50 µs)
as a function of the pulse repetition rate for peak and quasi-peak detectors
and average value detector.................................................... 63
Figure A.7 - Interference generated by a wideband signal (dotted curve).......63
Figure A 8 - Unmodulated interference from the EUT (dotted curve)................................... 64
Figure A.9 - Amplitude-modulated interference from the EUT (dot curve) ..................................64
Figure A.10 - Increase in peak value when superposition of two unmodulated
signals................................................ ...............65
Figure A.11 - Determining the amplitude of the interfering signal using amplitude
relationship between d and coefficient / (see equations (A.3) and (A.6)).................. 66
Figure A. 12 - Increase in average reading measured with a real receiver
and calculated according to equation (A.8)............................................67
Figure C.1 - Weighting function of a 10 ms pulse when detected by a peak detector (PK) and an average detector when reading in peak values (CISPR AV)
and non-peak reading (AV): instrument time constant 160 ms____72
Figure C.2 - Weighting function of a 10 ms pulse when detected by a peak detector (PK) and an average detector for peak reading (CISPR AV) and non-peak reading (AV): instrument time constant 100 ms....73 Figure C.3 - Example of weighting functions (1 Hz pulse) when detected by a peak detector (PD) and an average detector as a function of pulse width: constant
instrument time 160 ms................................................... ....73
Figure C.4 - Example of weighting functions (1 Hz pulse) when detected by a peak detector (PD) and an average detector as a function of pulse width: constant
instrument time 100 ms................................................... ....73
Figure D.1 - Example of APD measurement for fluctuating disturbances using method 1......75
Figure D.2 - Example of APD measurement for fluctuating disturbances using method 2......76
Table 1 - Minimum scan time with peak and quasi-peak detectors
for three CISPR frequency bands...................................................12
Table 2 - Applicable frequency bands and documented references to test methods
and CISPR test sites for radiated electromagnetic emissions
emission........................................................ ................20
Table 3 - Minimum value w(w mjn) .............................................. .....39
Table 4 - Example of u values for three types of antennas.....................................40
Table 5 - Correction coefficients for horizontal polarization as a function of frequency.. 48 Table 6 - Recommended antenna heights to ensure signal reception
(during preliminary scanning) in the frequency band from 30 to 1000 MHz.......... 54
Table 7 - Minimum measurement times for the four frequency ranges CISPR .. 12
Table A.1 - Combinations of EUT interference and environmental radiation....................................57
Table A.2 - Measurement error depending on detector type and combination
spectra of environmental signals and interference....................................68
Table C.1 - Pulse suppression coefficients and scanning speeds at width
video signal bandwidth 100 Hz.................................................... 71
Table C.2 - Meter time constants and corresponding widths
Video Bandwidths and Maximum Scanning Speeds...................................72
Table E.1 - Maximum amplitude difference between detected signals in peak
and quasi-peak values.................................................... ..77
INTERSTATE STANDARD
REQUIREMENTS FOR EQUIPMENT FOR MEASUREMENT OF RADIO INTERFERENCE AND IMMUNITY
AND METHODS OF MEASUREMENT
Methods for measuring radio interference and noise immunity.
Radiated Interference Measurements
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods Part 2-3. Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity Radiated disturbance measurements
Date of introduction - 2017-06-01
1 area of use
This standard specifies methods for measuring radiated electromagnetic phenomena related to interference in the frequency range 9 kHz to 18 GHz. Issues related to measurement uncertainty are addressed in CISPR 16-4-1 and CISPR 16-4-2.
NOTE According to IEC Guide 107, CISPR 16 is the fundamental EMC standard for use by IEC technical committees. Product standard setters As stated in IEC Guide 107, the IEC product standard setter technical committees are responsible for determining the applicability of an EMC standard. CISPR and its subcommittees interact with the IEC technical committees. developing product standards, in assessing the significance of private EMC testing for specific products
2 Normative references
When applying this standard, the following documents are mandatory. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
CISPR 14-1:2005. Electromagnetic compatibility - Requirements for household appliances, electric tools and similar apparatus - Part 1 - Emission
Electromagnetic compatibility. Requirements for household appliances, electrical tools and similar apparatus. Part 1. Electromagnetic emissions
CISPR 16-1-1, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 1-1: Radio disturbances and immunity measuring apparatus - Measuring apparatus
Requirements for equipment for measuring radio interference and noise immunity and measurement methods. Part 1-1. Equipment for measuring radio interference and noise immunity. Instrumentation CISPR 16-1-2:2003. Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 1-2: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - Ancillary equipment - Conducted disturbances Amendment 1 (2004)
Amendment 2 (2006)
Requirements for equipment for measuring radio interference and noise immunity and measurement methods. Part 1-2. Equipment for measuring radio interference and noise immunity. Auxiliary equipment. Conducted Emissions Amendment 1 (2004)
Change 2 (2006)
Official publication
CISPR 16-1-4:2010. Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 1 -4: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - Ancillary equipment - Radiated disturbances
Requirements for equipment for measuring radio interference and noise immunity and measurement methods. Part 1-4. Equipment for measuring radio interference and noise immunity. Auxiliary equipment. Emitted interference
CISPR 16-2-1:2008, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 2-1: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity - Conducted disturbance measurements
Requirements for equipment for measuring radio interference and noise immunity and measurement methods. Part 2-1. Methods for measuring radio interference and immunity Conducted interference measurements
CISPR 16-4-1. Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 4-1: Uncertainties in standardized EMC tests
Requirements for equipment for measuring radio interference and noise immunity and measurement methods. Part 4-1. Uncertainties, statistics and norm modeling. Uncertainties in standardized EMC testing
CISPR 16-4-2, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 4-2: Uncertainties, statistics and limit modeling - Measurement instrumentation uncertainty
Requirements for equipment for measuring radio interference and noise immunity and measurement methods. Part 4-2. Uncertainties, statistics and norm modeling. Instrumental measurement uncertainty
CISPR 16-4-5. Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 4-5: Uncertainties, statistics and limit modeling - Conditions for the use of alternative test methods
Requirements for equipment for measuring radio interference and noise immunity and measurement methods. Part 4-5. Uncertainties, statistics and norm modeling. Conditions for using alternative test methods
IEC 60050-161:1990. International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) - Chapter 161: Electromagnetic compatibility
Amendment 1 (1997)
Amendment 2 (1998)
International Electrotechnical Dictionary. Chapter 161. Electromagnetic Compatibility Change 1 (1997)
Change 2 (1998)
IEC 61000-4-3:2006, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-3: Testing and measurement techniques - Radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity test Amendment 1 (2007)
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Part 4-3. Test and measurement methods. Radiated RF Electromagnetic Field Immunity Test Amendment 1 (2007)
IEC 61000-4-20, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-20: Testing and measurement techniques - Emission and immunity testing in transverse electromagnetic (TEM) waveguides
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Part 4-20. Test and measurement methods. Electromagnetic Emission and Immunity Testing in Transverse Electromagnetic Wave (TEM) Waveguides
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations
This standard uses the terms and definitions given in IEC 60050-161 and the following terms with their corresponding definitions:
3.1 open test area, OATS/semi-anechoic chamber, absorber-lined OATS/SAC: An open test area or semi-anechoic chamber with a ground plane partially covered with material that absorbs radio frequency energy.
3.2 ancillary equipment: Transducers (for example, current collectors, voltage probes, and network equivalents) connected to the measurement receiver
GOST CISPR 16-2-3-2016
or a (test) signal generator and used to transmit an interfering signal between the equipment under test and a measuring or testing device.
3.3 antenna beam: The main lobe of the receiving antenna's radiation pattern (gain pattern) (usually the direction with maximum sensitivity or lowest calibration factor) directed towards the equipment under test.
3.4 antenna beamwidth: The angle between points on the main lobe of an antenna beam whose power is half (3 dB) of the maximum power in the main direction. It can be determined for the H plane or for the E plane of the antenna.
NOTE Antenna beamwidth is expressed in degrees.
3.5 equipment associated with the main one; AE (associated equipment, AE): Devices that are not part of the system under test, but are necessary for testing the EUT.
3.6 additional equipment; AuxEq (auxiliary equipment, AuxEq): Peripheral equipment. being part of the system under test.
3.7 basic standard: A standard that has a broad scope or contains fundamental provisions in one specific area.
NOTE A foundation standard may act as a standard of direct use or as a basis for other standards.
(ISO/IEC Guide 2. definition 5.1]
3.8 coaxial cable: A cable containing one or more coaxial lines, typically used for the consistent connection of auxiliary equipment to measurement equipment or a test signal generator, providing a specified characteristic impedance and a specified maximum allowable transfer impedance of the cable.
3.9 general asymmetric mode absorbing device; CMAD (common-mode absorption device. CMAD): A device that can be used on cables leaving the test volume in radiated emissions measurements to reduce uncertainty in conformity assessment.
(CISPR 16-1-4. 3.1.4]
3.10 conformity assessment: Demonstration of compliance with specified requirements relating to a product, process, system, person or body.
NOTE The subject area related to conformity assessment includes activities. specified in ISO/IEC 17000 2004, such as testing, inspection and certification, and accreditation of conformity assessment bodies
(ISO/IEC 17000:2004. 2.1. modified]
3.11 continuous disturbance: RF disturbance with a duration greater than 200 ms at the IF output of a test receiver that causes a deviation on the test receiver instrument in quasi-peak detection mode and does not immediately decrease.
(IEC 60050-161:1990. 161-02-11. modified)
3.12 electromagnetic emission: A phenomenon in which electromagnetic energy is emitted from a source.
(IEC 60050-161:1990, 161-01-08. modified]
3.13 standard of electromagnetic emission (from a disturbing source) [emission limit (from a disturbing source)]: The maximum regulated level of electromagnetic emission from a disturbing source.
(IEC 60050-161:1990.161-03-12]
3.14 equipment under test; EUT (equipment-under-test. EUT): Equipment (instruments, devices and systems) subject to EMC testing (conformity assessment) (relating to electromagnetic emissions).
3.15 completely anechoic chamber; FAR (fully-anechoicroom, FAR): A shielded chamber whose internal surfaces are lined with a radio frequency absorbent material (i.e., RF absorber) that absorbs electromagnetic energy in the frequency band of interest.
3.16 loop antenna system; LAS (loop-antenna system. LAS): An antenna system consisting of three orthogonally oriented loop antennas, used to measure the three orthogonal magnetic dipole moments of the EUT. located in the center of three antennas.
3.17 measurement, scan and sweep time:
3.17.1 measurement time; T m (measurement time. T m): The effective, coherent time to obtain a measurement result at one frequency (sometimes also called dwell time), including:
For a peak detector, the effective time to detect the maximum of the signal envelope is:
For a quasi-peak detector, the effective time to measure the maximum of the weighted signal envelope;
For an average detector, the effective time for averaging the signal envelope;
For an RMS detector, the effective time to determine the RMS values of the signal envelope.
3.17.2 scanning: Continuous or step-by-step frequency change in a given frequency range.
3.17.3 frequency section Af (span. A/): The difference between the initial and final sweep or scan frequencies.
3.17.4 sweep: Continuous change in frequency in a given frequency range.
3.17.5 sweep or scan rate: Frequency range divided by sweep or scan time.
3.17.6 sweep time or scan time T s (sweep or scan time. TJ. The time it takes to pass the sweep or scan section between the initial and final frequencies.
3.17.7 observation time T Q (observation time, 7^,): The sum of the values of the measurement time T t at a certain frequency in the case of several sweeps; if n is the number of sweeps or scans, then
3.17.8 total observation time T lol (total observation time, T tot). Effective spectrum review time (with one or more sweeps); if c is the number of channels within a scan or scan, then T m = spT t.
3.18 measuring receiver: Instrument, such as a tunable voltmeter. An electromagnetic interference (EMI) receiver, spectrum analyzer, or measuring instrument with fast Fourier transform processing, with or without preselection. meeting the requirements of CISPR 16-1-1.
3.19 number of sweeps per unit of time (for example, per second) n s
3.22 semi-anechoic chamber; SAC (semi-anechoic chamber, SAC): A shielded chamber in which five or six internal surfaces are coated with a radio frequency absorbent material (i.e., an RF absorber) that absorbs electromagnetic energy in the frequency band of interest, and the bottom horizontal surface is conductive ground plane for use as a half-free space test pad (similar to OATS).
3.23 test configuration: A combination that specifies a specific scheme for organizing the measurement of an EUT. at which the level of electromagnetic emissions is measured.
b Numbers in square brackets refer to the “Bibliography” element
REQUIREMENTS FOR MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT
PARAMETERS OF INDUSTRIAL RADIO INTERFERENCE
AND INTERFERENCE IMMUNITY AND METHODS
MEASUREMENTS
Part 2-5
MEASUREMENT OF INDUSTRIAL RADIO INTERFERENCE
FROM TECHNICAL MEANS BIG
CISPR/TR 16-2-5: 2008
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus
and methods - Part 2-5: in situ measurement of disturbing emissions
produced by physically large equipment
(MOD)
|
Moscow Standardinform |
Preface
The goals and principles of standardization in the Russian Federation are established by Federal Law No. 184-FZ of December 27, 2002 “On Technical Regulation”, and the rules for applying national standards of the Russian Federation are GOST R 1.0-2004 “Standardization in the Russian Federation. Basic provisions"
Standard information
1 DEVELOPED by the St. Petersburg branch of the Leningrad Branch of the Radio Research Institute (branch of the FSUE NIIR-LONIIR) and the Technical Committee for Standardization TC 30 “Electromagnetic compatibility of technical equipment” based on its own authentic translation into Russian of the international standard specified in point
2 INTRODUCED by the Technical Committee for Standardization TC 30 “Electromagnetic compatibility of technical equipment”
3 APPROVED AND ENTERED INTO EFFECT by Order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated November 2, 2011 No. 509-st
5 INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME
Information about changes to this standard is published in the annually published information index “National Standards”, and the text of changes and amendments- V monthly published information indexes “National Standards”. In case of revision (replacement) or cancellation of this standard, the corresponding notice will be published in the monthly published information index “National Standards”. Relevant information, notices and texts are also posted in the public information system- on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet
Preface to CISPR/TR 16-2-5:2008
Publication CISPR/TR 16-2-5:2008, a technical report of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), was prepared by the International Special Committee on Radio Interference (CISPR), Subcommittee H, Standards for the Protection of Radio Services.
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Electromagnetic compatibility of technical equipment
REQUIREMENTS FOR EQUIPMENT FOR MEASUREMENT OF INDUSTRIAL PARAMETERS
RADIO INTERFERENCE AND INTERFERENCE IMMUNITY AND METHODS OF MEASUREMENT
Part 2-5
MEASUREMENT OF INDUSTRIAL RADIO INTERFERENCE FROM LARGE TECHNICAL EQUIPMENT
SIZES UNDER OPERATING CONDITIONS
Electromagnetic compatibility of technical equipment. Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring
apparatus and methods. Part 2-5. In situ measurements of radio disturbance produced by physically large equipment
Date of introduction - 2012-06-01
1 area of use
This standard establishes methods for measuring industrial radio interference (IRI) created by equipment and systems (hereinafter referred to as technical means) of large sizes under operating conditions.
The standard does not apply to electrical and telecommunications networks.
This standard is intended for use in measurements of radiated and conducted irradiation generated by large-sized technical equipment (TE) in any electromagnetic environment.
The measurement methods established by this standard are used when measuring IRP created primarily by such vehicles, which, taking into account their physical dimensions, do not fall within the scope of application of the standards establishing IRP norms developed on the basis of CISPR publications (for example, GOST R 51318.22 And GOST R 51318.11). This standard is a guide to methods for measuring IRI from specific samples of such vehicles under operating conditions.
This standard does not establish IRP standards and is not intended for use when testing vehicles for noise immunity.
Notes
1 Despite the fact that this standard applies to vehicles that do not fall within the scope of the current standards establishing IRP standards, it can be used as recommendations when measuring IRP generated by large vehicles of all types under operating conditions.
2 Examples of large vehicles are: production machines, conveyors, large displays, aircraft simulators, traffic control equipment, etc.
Due to the significant influence of conditions existing in specific operating locations, and taking into account the large size of the vehicle, this standard is not used for type testing of vehicles.
Note - In general, type testing of large vehicles is possible only at standardized measuring sites in a controlled electromagnetic environment. The results of real IRP measurements under specific operating conditions are valid only for a specific large vehicle. It is not allowed to extend these results to other vehicles of the same type operated in other places.
This standard specifies reference distances for measurements under operating conditions, which allows comparison of measurement results with the IRP standards established in current standards developed on the basis of CISPR publications.
The frequency band under consideration is from 9 kHz to 18 GHz.
The requirements of this standard do not take into account the effects of electromagnetic interference on living organisms.
2 Normative references
- checking frequently used ITS operating modes to determine the operating mode at which IRP levels are maximum (see);
Determination at each study of a reference point for measurements in operating conditions, which should be used in the final measurements of the IRP (see);
Determination of the required number of measurements under real electromagnetic conditions that must be carried out during the final measurements of the IRP. If necessary, this number should be reduced to the values established in the standards for IRP measurement methods. When testing in connection with interference complaints, it is permissible to determine the required number of measurements only in relation to the direction in which electromagnetic compatibility is to be ensured. If necessary, the number of measurements in relation to the specified direction should be reduced to the values established in the standards for IRP measurement methods.
4.2 Preliminary measurements and choice of measurement method
To identify the frequencies at which IRI levels are maximum, it is necessary to analyze the technical documentation for a large vehicle (in terms of compliance with IRI standards) and measure IRI at short distances from the vehicle (smaller than the distances used in the final measurements).
The specific method for measuring IRP is determined depending on the frequency band under study and the type of port under study.
The levels of emitted IRP are determined only by measuring the electromagnetic field strength in accordance with the requirements GOST R 51318.16.2.3.
Conducted RF measurements at telecommunications ports and AC power ports are performed using the following four methods:
Voltage probe measurement according to requirements GOST R 51318.16.1.2;
Measurement of capacitive voltage probe according to requirements GOST R 51318.16.1.2;
- current probe measurement according to requirements GOST R 51318.16.1.2;
- measurement of the total unbalanced voltage IRP with a voltage probe with high impedance through the capacitance existing in the operating conditions, in accordance with the requirements GOST R 51318.16.1.2.
4.3 Selecting the vehicle operating mode and reference point depending on the environment
According to requirements GOST R 51318.16.2.3 it is necessary to select such a mode of operation of a large-sized vehicle under test, in which the IRP levels are maximum.
The reference points for measuring IRP under operating conditions are different for different types of ports. The choice of reference points for measurements depends on the environment for which the large vehicle is intended.
The approach to determining the reference points when measuring the IRP field strength from the port of a large vehicle body under operating conditions is presented in the figure.
Note - Electromagnetic compatibility requirements should be applied to large vehicles that are potentially susceptible to interference.
Figure 1 - Approach to determining reference points when measuring the IRP field strength from the port of a large vehicle body under operating conditions
4.4 Evaluation of measurement results
It must be taken into account that the results of IRP measurements obtained under specific operating conditions cannot be compared with the measurement results obtained at standardized measuring sites. It should also be borne in mind that the results of IRP measurements obtained under specific operating conditions are valid only for these conditions and a specific large vehicle. These results are not valid for similar large vehicles operated in other locations.
In most cases, the results of IRP measurements will be obtained only if there is a real interference situation, in the presence of a vehicle subject to interference.
The decision on how small the interference emission must be in order not to cause interference depends on the properties of the interference source and the properties of the vehicle potentially affected by interference. To resolve this issue, one should take into account the requirements of the standards that apply to a specific type of vehicle.
It should also be borne in mind that in most cases it is not possible to carry out IRP measurements at a standardized measuring distance.
There are two methods for recalculating the obtained IRP measurement results to a standardized measuring distance.
For the first method (if the vehicle under test is located inside a building or room), use the method specified in GOST R 51318.16.2.3, paragraph 7.5.4.
For the second method (if there are no obstacles between the antenna and the vehicle under test), measurements are taken at the reference distance between the measuring antenna and the source of interference and the resulting field strength value is recalculated to the value corresponding to the standardized measuring distance.
Recalculation is performed according to the equation
If under operating conditions there is no suitable reference grounding (in the environment of the test object or at the measurement site), then a sufficiently large (with an area of at least 1 m2) conductive structure (metal foil, metal sheet, wire mesh) installed near the vehicle under test can be used as a reference grounding ). In this case, it is necessary to take measures to eliminate the influence of the conductive structure on the characteristics of the vehicle.
5.2.3 Measurements of voltage and current IR in cables with useful symmetrical signals
Measurement of voltage and current of conductive IRPs in cables is carried out using a capacitive voltage probe and a current probe, respectively.
Measurements in network cables carrying communication signals and in communication cables are carried out in operating mode (i.e., under conditions of useful symmetrical signals passing through the cable). Measurements are carried out with a voltage probe and a current probe to compare the results with the standards specified in the standards for a particular type of vehicle.
When taking measurements under operating conditions, the following are not allowed:
Disconnected or damaged cables;
Contact of probes with metal parts that are not measurement points.
When making measurements, the current probe is placed at the selected reference point. If such an arrangement is not possible for a particular installation, it is permissible to measure with the probe mounted as close as possible to the selected reference point.
The capacitive voltage probe should be located close to the current probe, but no closer than (10 ± 1) cm.
In the case of using shielded and unshielded cables (signal transmission, control, load cables), if the ungrounded shield extends beyond the boundaries of the vehicle, the total unbalanced voltage and the total asymmetrical current of the IRP are measured with a capacitive voltage probe and a current probe relative to the reference ground.
5.2.4 Measuring IRP voltage on cables through which useful symmetrical signals do not pass
Voltage measurements of conductive IRPs are carried out using a voltage probe. These measurements are carried out on AC power cables that do not carry useful symmetrical signals, as well as on these cables during periods of time when no data transmission is taking place. The measurement procedure must comply with the requirements GOST R 51318.16.2.1.
6 Method for measuring emitted IRP under operating conditions
6.1 General provisions
Measurements of radiated irradiation generated by large vehicles under operating conditions may be carried out to investigate problems caused by irradiation in a particular location or to assess the vehicle's compliance with specifications. Depending on the purpose being performed, various measurement conditions are taken into account.
The field strength of the IRR generated by large vehicles is measured in the immediate vicinity of an object potentially susceptible to interference.
When measuring compliance with IRP standards, the measuring distance specified in the relevant standard for a specific type of vehicle is used.
If, due to the conditions at the location of a large vehicle, such a distance cannot be ensured, it is permissible to carry out measurements at other distances.
Measuring instruments and testing equipment must comply with the requirements GOST R 51318.16.1.1 And GOST R 51318.16.1.4.
The measurement of emitted IRP is carried out at a specific (reference) distance between the reference points and the antenna. In this case, the distance is measured in a straight line (see, note 1), which simplifies the comparison of measurement results with the IRP standards given in the standard for a specific type of vehicle. If, due to conditions at the location of the vehicle, including safety, it is not possible to carry out measurements at a “constant” reference distance, measurements are carried out at “modified” distances. The procedure for selecting measuring distances is given in GOST R 51318.16.2.3. In the case of IRP measurements when considering complaints about the influence of interference, the use of measuring distances according to GOST R 51318.16.2.3 in each case is not mandatory. It is allowed to use measuring distances that reflect the specific spatial distribution of the IRP.
Note - If the RFs affect radio receiving equipment located, for example, at a distance of about 50 m from the potential source of interference, the first step is to measure the level of the RF at the vehicle installation site and evaluate the measured field strength values. The next step is to measure the IRI from the source to subsequently assess the compliance of a large vehicle with the IRI standards.
When using measuring distances that do not coincide with the reference ones, the measured values of the IRP field strength should be recalculated to the reference distances. This procedure is carried out in accordance with the methods for recalculating the obtained IRP measurement results given in. In this case, the limitations of such recalculation must be reflected in the test report and taken into account.
If the vehicle under test is installed at a high altitude (for example, on a tall building), then the actual measuring distance dmea determined along a straight line between the vehicle under test and the receiving antenna using the equation
Where r- horizontal distance from the vehicle under test to the receiving antenna, m;
h- difference in installation heights of the vehicle under test and the receiving antenna, m.
The level of external interference must be at least 6 dB below the level of the measured IRP field strength (the applicable IRP standards, taking into account their recalculation depending on the measuring distance used). If in practice it is not possible to meet this condition, it is necessary to take into account the “additions” from external interference.
Note - The influence of external interference is checked by comparing the readings of the measuring receiver (spectrum analyzer) with the test vehicle turned on and off
If it is impossible to turn off the vehicle under test, then the directional properties of the measuring antenna should be used to assess the influence of external interference. Another way to assess the influence of external interference can be to determine the dependence of the IRP field strength values on the distance between the antenna and the vehicle under test. You can also compare the spectra displayed by the spectrum analyzer for different measurements in the vicinity of the vehicle under test.
It is necessary to take into account the influence of the operating modes of the vehicle on the levels of emitted radiation sources, for example, by recording the field strength spectrum when the operating mode changes.
6.2 Measurement conditions
The results of IRP measurements are significantly influenced by weather conditions. To minimize their impact on the values of the measured field strength, measurements should be carried out in dry weather (after 24 hours during which no more than 0.1 mm of precipitation fell), at a temperature of at least 5 °C and at a wind speed of less than 10 m/s. Since when planning IRP measurements the upcoming weather conditions are not always known, in some cases it is possible to carry out measurements in conditions that do not meet the standard ones. In this case, it is necessary to indicate the actual weather conditions in the test report along with the obtained IRP measurement results.
6.3 Measurement methods
6.3.1 Measurement parameters
When measuring emitted irradiation generated by large vehicles under operating conditions, it is necessary to take into account:
Antenna height;
Antenna placement and orientation;
Antenna tilt.
The choice of specific values of these parameters depends on the purpose of the measurements: determining compliance with IRP standards or analyzing the situation that caused complaints about the influence of interference.
6.3.2 EPI measurements in case of interference complaints
The height, placement and tilt of the antenna must ensure identification of the source of the irradiation. It is recommended that the antenna be installed at or in close proximity to the location of the vehicle potentially subject to interference in order to determine the IRP field strength values at that location and to be able to estimate these values. It is necessary to change the orientation and tilt of the antenna to determine the maximum field strength level.
When assessing the characterized impact of the IRP, the need for additional measurements similar to those used in compliance measurements should be assessed, taking into account the practical conditions at the measurement site. Evaluation of both types of IRI measurement results can help in developing measures to eliminate the interference situation causing complaints.
6.3.3 EPI measurements to determine compliance with standards
Measurements of emitted IRP when testing large-sized vehicles for compliance with IRP standards are carried out according to GOST R 51318.16.2.3 at measuring distances in accordance with .
Notes
1 When assessing the results of IRP measurements, it should be borne in mind that due to the imperfection of the measuring setup (for example, the presence of reflecting objects), the results obtained in some cases will not be directly comparable with those that are theoretically possible on a standardized measuring site.
2 The antenna tilt angle should not exceed 70°.
The following additional aspects should also be considered:
The height of the measuring antenna must be varied within certain limits to obtain the maximum reading. For measuring distances of 10 m and less, the antenna height is changed in the range from 1 to 4 m, for measuring distances from 10 to 30 m - in the range from 2 to 6 m. The antenna height must be changed for horizontal and vertical polarization;
In cases where the large vehicle under test is located at a significant height above the ground, and the potentially affected vehicles are at the same height, it may be appropriate to locate the measurement antenna at the same height if this is practicable;
If the vehicle under test is large and the measurement antenna is at different heights relative to the ground, it may be necessary to tilt the antenna to match its radiation pattern to obtain maximum readings;
6.3.4 Measurements in the frequency band below 30 MHz
7 Test report
- reasons for choosing IRP measurements under operating conditions instead of using a standardized measuring platform;
Technical documentation for a large vehicle containing a description of the equipment being tested;
Characteristics of all connections between the vehicle and the environment, technical data related to the placement and configuration of the vehicle;
Drawings of the measuring site indicating the points at which measurements were taken and providing justification for the selection of these points;
Description of the operating conditions of the large vehicle being tested;
Information about changes in antenna height;
Information about measuring instruments and testing equipment (including photographs of the measuring setup);
Results of IRP measurements at different points and assessment of compliance of measurement results with the standards established in standards developed on the basis of CISPR publications;
Information about weather conditions during measurements.
Application YES
(informative)
CISPR 11:2004 “Industrial, scientific, medical (ISM) high-frequency devices. Characteristics of electromagnetic interference. Standards and methods of measurement"
CISPR 22:2006 “Information technology equipment. Characteristics of radio interference. Standards and methods of measurement"
CISPR 16-1-1:2006 “Requirements for equipment for measuring radio interference and noise immunity parameters and measurement methods. Part 1-1. Equipment for measuring parameters of radio interference and noise immunity. Measuring equipment"
CISPR 16-1-2:2006 “Requirements for equipment for measuring radio interference and noise immunity and measurement methods. Part 1-2. Equipment for measuring radio interference and noise immunity. Auxiliary equipment. Conducted radio interference"
CISPR 16-1-4:2007 “Requirements for equipment for measuring radio interference and noise immunity and measurement methods. Part 1-4. Equipment for measuring radio interference and noise immunity. Auxiliary equipment. Radiated radio interference"
CISPR 16-2-1:2005 “Requirements for equipment for measuring radio interference and noise immunity and measurement methods. Part 2-1. Methods for measuring radio interference and noise immunity. Measurement of conducted radio interference"
CISPR 16-2-3:2006 “Requirements for equipment for measuring radio interference and noise immunity and measurement methods. Part 2-3. Methods for measuring radio interference and noise immunity. Measuring radiated radio interference"
IEC 60050-161:1990 “International Electrotechnical Vocabulary. Chapter 161. Electromagnetic compatibility"
Note - This table uses the following conventions for the degree of compliance with standards:
MOD - modified standards;
NEQ - non-equivalent standards.
Key words: electromagnetic compatibility, large-sized technical equipment, industrial radio interference, measurements under operating conditions, measurement methods
RD 50-725-93
Group E02
STANDARDIZATION GUIDANCE DOCUMENT
METHODOLOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS
Electromagnetic compatibility of technical equipment
INDUSTRIAL RADIO INTERFERENCE FROM OVERHEAD POWER LINES
AND HIGH VOLTAGE EQUIPMENT
Measurement methods and standard setting procedure
OKSTU 0111
Date of introduction 1993-07-01
INFORMATION DATA
1. PREPARED AND INTRODUCED by the Technical Committee for Standardization in the Field of Electromagnetic Compatibility of Technical Equipment (TC 30 EMC)
DEVELOPERS:
V.V. Kapitonov (topic leader); V.O.Petukhov; L.V. Timashova, Ph.D. tech. sciences
2. APPROVED AND ENTERED INTO EFFECT by Resolution of the State Standard of Russia dated January 14, 1992 N 12
3. These Guidelines have been prepared by direct application of CISPR Publication 18-2
4. INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME
5. REFERENCE REGULATIVE AND TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS
|
Item number, application |
|
|
GOST 16842-82 (CISPR 16)* |
2.1, 4.1.1, 4.1.2, 4.3.8.6,
4.3.12, 4.3.13, 4.4, 5.2, |
|
RD 50-723-93 (CISPR 18-1) |
|
|
RD 50-724-93 (CISPR 18-3) |
_______________
* GOST R 51320-99 is in force on the territory of the Russian Federation, hereinafter in the text. - Database manufacturer's note.
These guidelines apply to power transmission lines (PTLs) and their high-voltage equipment and are the authentic text of the translation of CISPR Publication 18-2 with additional requirements reflecting the needs of the national economy.
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
The guidelines set out measurement techniques and determination of radio interference standards.
Measurement Methods describes the techniques and procedures used to measure fields in areas near power lines, as well as the techniques and procedures for making laboratory measurements of interference voltages and currents generated by high-voltage line equipment.
When determining radio interference standards, the expected values of the radio interference field strength and protective distances are established.
Protective distances are determined taking into account the field strength of the useful signal, the selected signal-to-interference ratio and the expected strength of the interference field from a given power line.
1. AREA OF DISTRIBUTION
1.1. The Guidelines establish methods for measuring interference emissions from overhead power lines and high-voltage AC equipment operating at voltages of 1 kV and above, which can cause interference with radio reception in the frequency range 0.15-300 MHz*, excluding fields from useful signals transmitted over Power lines.
________________
* Domestic regulatory and technical documentation applies to standards in the frequency range 0.15-1000 MHz.
1.2. The general procedure for establishing standards for radio interference from power lines and equipment, examples of typical values of standards and methods for measuring interference in the low-frequency and mid-frequency radio broadcasting ranges* are provided.
________________
* Low-frequency and mid-frequency radio broadcasting ranges occupy the frequency bands 148.5-283.5 kHz and 526.5-1606.5 kHz, respectively.
The guidelines do not establish standards for ensuring secure reception in the frequency range 30-300 MHz. Measurements have shown that the levels of interference from corona on power line wires in good weather at frequencies above 300 MHz are low and interference with television reception is unlikely.
The measuring instruments and methods used to verify compliance must comply with CISPR specifications.
2. RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER DOCUMENTS
The following documents are used in the guidelines.
2.1. CISPR Publications
16 (1977) “CISPR instruments for measuring radio interference and measurement methods” (GOST 16842);
18-1 (1982) “Radio interference from overhead power lines and high-voltage equipment. Part 1. Description of physical phenomena” (RD 50-723);
18-3 (1986) "Radio interference from overhead power lines and high-voltage equipment. Part 3. Practical guidelines for reducing radio interference" (RD 50-724).
2.2. IEC Publications
60-2 (1973) "Methodology for testing high-voltage equipment. Part 2. Test procedures";
437 (1973) "Testing of Radio Interference Levels Produced by Insulators Used in High-Voltage DC Circuits."
3. DEFINITIONS
The guidelines use terms and definitions in accordance with IEC Publication 50 "International Electrotechnical Dictionary", CISPR Publication "Radio Interference from Overhead Power Lines and High-Voltage Equipment" and GOST 14777 "Industrial Radio Interference. Terms and Definitions".
4. MEASUREMENTS
4.1. Measuring instruments
4.1.1. Response of standard CISPR instruments for measuring AC corona interference
CISPR Publication 16 (GOST 16842) provides the characteristics of instruments for measuring periodically repeating pulses, taking into account their repetition rate for various frequency ranges and bandwidths.
Figure 1 shows the shape of these pulses as they pass through the various stages of the measuring device. In the specific case of corona discharge pulses created by high-voltage AC power lines, individual pulses are distributed unevenly within the period of the power frequency current, but follow in “packets” grouped around the current maximums in the power frequency period. The duration of the “packet” is no more than a few milliseconds.
Damn.1. Conversion of pulses when passing through a CISPR interference meter
Conversion of pulses when passing through a CISPR interference meter
1 - amplifier; 2 - CISPR detector; 3 - diode; 4 - charging resistor; 5 - entrance; 6 - exit;
7 - bit resistor; 8 - capacitor; - bandwidth; - average frequency
1 - input signal (pulse sequence); 2 - amplifier output signal (damped oscillations);
3 - voltage on the capacitor; 4 - oscillation envelope; 5 - CISPR meter reading
A - block diagram of the meter; b - stress diagrams
As a result of appropriately set detector discharge and charge time constants, CISPR meters do not respond to individual pulses within a “packet,” which is perceived as a single pulse with a specific amplitude.
Therefore, the pulse repetition frequency for the CISPR meter is constant and equal to (where is the industrial frequency) for a single-phase and a three-phase system.
Figure 2 shows the usual case when individual corona pulses arising near the maxima of the positive half-cycles of the industrial frequency are significantly larger in amplitude than the pulses arising near the maxima of the negative half-cycles of the industrial frequency. Therefore, in a three-phase transmission line there are three "packets" of high-amplitude interference pulses and three "packets" of low-amplitude interference pulses during each period of duration .
Damn.2. "Packet" of corona discharge pulses created by alternating voltage
"Packet" of corona discharge pulses created by alternating voltage
1 - “packet” of pulses in a positive half-cycle (duration from 2 to 3 ms);
2 - “packet” of pulses in a negative half-cycle (duration from 2 to 3 ms);
3 - power frequency voltage
When measuring the radio interference field in the immediate vicinity of a power line, the antenna of the measuring device is located at different distances from the phase wires.
A quasi-peak detector responds only to high-amplitude pulse bursts and does not respond to low-amplitude pulse bursts, and therefore rules can be formulated for summing the radio interference generated by individual phases of a power line. The radio receiver and, therefore, the radio listener “feel” this total interference that occurs.
In order to analyze the response of a CISPR measuring instrument to a “packet” of pulses, it must be borne in mind that each individual pulse at the output of the bandwidth amplifier (Fig. 1) is transformed into a damped oscillation, the duration of which can be approximately or 0.22 ms for =9 kHz.
With a large number of pulses randomly located within a "packet", the resulting oscillations will overlap chaotically and the total quasi-peak signal will be approximately equal to the sum of the squares of the individual quasi-peak values. This position, which is difficult to prove mathematically, is confirmed by experiment and proves the possibility of using the law of quadratic summation in quasi-peak detection, which will also be fulfilled if the noise level is expressed in effective (rms) values.
4.1.2. Other measuring instruments
Measuring instruments other than standard CISPR instruments are given in Appendix 1. Instruments having detectors other than quasi-peak are given in CISPR Publication 16.
4.2. CISPR technique for measuring interference in the range 0.15-30 MHz
4.2.1. Measurement frequencies
The base measurement frequency is 0.5 MHz. It is recommended to make measurements at a frequency of 0.5 MHz ±10%, other frequencies, for example, 1 MHz, can be used. The 0.5 MHz frequency is preferred because radio interference in this part of the range is higher, and the 0.5 MHz frequency is between the signals of radio stations operating in the low-frequency and mid-frequency broadcast ranges.
The presence of standing waves can cause error, so do not use radio interference field values measured at one frequency, but obtain an average curve from many readings over the entire range. Measurements should be made at (or near) the following frequencies: 0.15; 0.25; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 3.0; 5.0; 6.0; 10; 15; 30 MHz. Frequencies at which any interfering signals overlap the measured interference levels must be avoided.
4.2.2. Antenna
The antenna can be an electrically shielded frame, the dimensions of which are such that it fits completely into a square measuring 60x60 cm. The symmetry must be such that in a uniform field the ratio of the maximum and minimum readings of the measuring device when rotating the antenna is at least 20 dB. The base of the antenna should be approximately 2 m* from the ground. The antenna must rotate around a vertical axis, and the maximum reading of the device is recorded. If the antenna plane is not parallel to the direction of the power line, then the orientation must be indicated.
________________
* Domestic regulatory and technical documentation regulates the height of 1 m.
Measurements can be made using a vertical whip antenna, although this method is not preferred due to the greater instability of the electrical component of the RFI field and possible electrical induction effects due to power frequency voltage.
Control measurements must be made to ensure that power leads or other leads connected to the measuring instruments are not interfering with the measurements.
4.2.3. Measuring distance from power lines
It is necessary to determine the transverse profile of the radio interference. When comparing measurement results, the reference distance for determining the level of interference from power lines is recommended to be taken as 20 m. The distance must be measured from the center of the antenna to the nearest wire. The height of the wire above the ground must be marked. If the level of interference field strength is plotted as a function of distance using a logarithmic scale, then an almost straight line is obtained. Then the level of interference field strength at a distance of 20 m is easily determined using interpolation or extrapolation (Fig. 3).
Damn.3. An example of extrapolation when determining the basic level of the radio interference field from power lines
An example of extrapolation when determining the basic level of the radio interference field from power lines
1 - basic level; 2 - measured levels
4.2.4. Selecting a measurement location
When assessing radio interference from power lines, it is necessary to avoid certain measurement locations, but these restrictions do not apply if a radio interference study is being conducted.
Measurements should be taken mid-span and preferably over several spans. Measurements should not be made near points where power lines change direction or intersect.
Measurements are not carried out in spans whose height is greater or less than the average. The measurement location should be level, free from trees and bushes, and located at some distance from large metal structures, as well as from other overhead power lines and telephone lines.
Measurements should be carried out at a distance greater than 10 km from the line termination equipment to avoid reflection effects that affect the accuracy of the results. However, low voltage distribution lines are sometimes too short to meet this requirement. The measurement results show that the level of the radio interference field from power lines in the absence of reflections is close to the geometric mean value of the maximum and minimum values of the interference field strength, measured in microvolts per meter, in the presence of reflections for each measurement frequency.
If the line is transposed, then the measurement location should be as far as possible from the transposition supports.
Atmospheric conditions should be approximately the same along the entire power line at the time of measurement. Measurements in rainy weather are only valid if the rain zone extends at least 10 km along a line in each direction from the measurement location.
4.2.5. Additional information in the report
To ensure that extraneous interference does not interfere with the measurement of radio interference field levels from power lines, it is advisable to measure noise levels from the de-energized line.
The reporting of measurement results should include more information about the power lines and the conditions under which the measurements were made.
Appendix 2 provides a list of additional information.
4.3. Laboratory measurements using the CISPR method
4.3.1. Introduction
Discusses a method that can be used in the laboratory or test site to measure radio interference generated by substation equipment and components used in high-voltage lines and substations (disconnectors, bushings, insulators and connecting fittings). The method is effective for routine testing and for routine or spot checks, as well as for research purposes.
Laboratory studies of radio interference are carried out according to a standard test scheme by measuring currents or voltages.
The choice of test conditions should be based on the following principle: measurements should be made under conditions and on circuits that simulate actual operating conditions and, if necessary, the most severe conditions that may occur during operation of the equipment. Initially, radio interference was assessed based on the voltage at which a visible corona appears or decays, the value of which subjectively depends on the observer. This method has now been replaced by laboratory measurements.
4.3.2. Condition of the tested object
The level of radio interference generated by high-voltage equipment is directly dependent on the condition of the equipment surface. During laboratory tests, the condition of the test object is determined using the following data:
1) new;
2) clean or slightly dirty; the nature of the contamination must be clearly indicated;
3) dry, slightly damp or wet (for example, exposed to artificial rain);
4) a combination of these conditions, for example, dirt and humidity.
Laboratory tests may only be carried out on clean and dry objects. It is recommended that testing of objects be carried out in rain under the conditions specified in the standards, since these conditions are often encountered in practice and can lead to higher levels of radio interference than in dry weather.
When only the surface condition is considered, it is desirable that the specimens be tested when they are dirty and wet, close to the operating conditions and the normal operating voltage corresponding to the operating conditions.
If the test object is to be clean and dry, it should be wiped with a dry cloth to remove dust and fibers.
Unless otherwise stated, the test conditions described in this paragraph are suitable for used wet and/or contaminated items as well as new, clean and dry items.
4.3.3. Test site requirements
Tests should preferably be conducted inside a shielded room that is large enough so that the walls and floor do not significantly affect the distribution of the electric field on the surface of the test object. Power and lighting networks must pass into a shielded room through filters to avoid the penetration of radio interference present in the surrounding area.
If a shielded room is not available, the test can be carried out in any location where the level of external interference is sufficiently small compared to the measured levels.
4.3.4. Atmospheric conditions
The normal standard atmosphere is characterized by the following parameters:
temperature - +20 °C;
pressure - 1.013x10 N/m (1013 mbar);
relative humidity - 65%.
Tests may be carried out under the following atmospheric conditions:
temperature - from +15 to +35 °C;
pressure - from 0.870x10 N/m to 1.070x10 N/m (from 870 to 1070 mbar);
relative humidity (for testing objects in a dry state) - from 45 to 75%.
During research work, other atmospheric conditions may be selected (depending on the purpose of the tests).
When testing is carried out on a dry object, it must be in thermal equilibrium with the atmosphere of the measuring site to avoid condensation of moisture on the surface of the object.
There is not enough information about the effect of changes in atmospheric conditions (within the specified limits) on the levels of radio interference created by the test object. Therefore, corrections are not used to correct the measurement results, but the air temperature, barometric pressure and relative humidity existing at the time of the test must be recorded.
4.3.5. Test scheme (basic)
Figure 4 shows an equivalent test circuit. The radio interference current generated by the object flows through the impedance and resistance. The filter prevents the penetration of this current into the high-voltage connecting circuits going to the transformer, and vice versa, radio interference currents from other active sources in these high-voltage connecting circuits are attenuated by the filter located in front of the entrance to the high-frequency part of the circuit. The impedance must be zero at the measured frequency and infinite at the mains frequency. Resistance represents the resistive (active) load of the tested object during operation (for example, the characteristic impedance of a power line).
Damn.4. Basic test scheme
Basic test scheme
High voltage transformer; - filter; 1 - test object
CISPR Publication 16 sets the value = 300 Ohm and provides a practical test scheme (Figure 5). Resistance is equivalent to a resistance connected in series with the resistance and input resistance of the measuring setup in parallel.
The test consists of measuring the impulse voltage in microvolts (or decibels relative to 1 µV) when a specified power frequency voltage is applied to the object under test.
4.3.6. Practical implementation of the test scheme
Figure 5 shows a standard test setup that can be used for laboratory measurements of radio interference voltages generated by high-voltage equipment. The connection devices for connecting to the measuring system are shown in a simplified form. Depending on the distance between the measuring device and the test circuit, the circuit includes the devices shown in Figure 6 and Figure 7.
Damn.5. Standard test scheme
Standard test scheme
High voltage transformer; - filter; - filter inductor;
- damping resistance; 1 - test object; 2 - terminal non-coronavirus
Note. The filter can be aperiodic or consist of parallel-connected and.
Damn.5. Connecting the measuring setup using coaxial cable
Connecting the measuring setup using coaxial cable
1 - spark gap; 2 - coaxial cable; 3 - measuring setup
Damn.7. Connecting the measuring setup using a symmetrical cable
Connecting the measuring setup using a symmetrical cable
I - balun transformers; 1 - spark gap;
2 - symmetrical shielded cable; 3 - measuring setup
The impedance in the main circuit (see Figure 4) can consist of a series circuit or simply a capacitor (see Figure 5).
The circuit and parallel circuit forming the filter (see Fig. 5) are tuned to the measured frequency. The advantage of this circuit is that the capacitance value can be relatively small (50 to 100 pF) and therefore cheap, but the disadvantage is that measurements at frequencies other than the base frequency require retuning and .
The capacitance value of the capacitor (see Fig. 5), equal to 1000 pF, is sufficient, and therefore it is not necessary to include the inductance in series with (clause 4.3.7.5). This part of the test circuit becomes aperiodic. By making the filter also aperiodic, using, for example, inductance damped by resistors connected in parallel, it is quite easy to carry out measurements at frequencies other than the base one. If the laboratory or measurement site is located near industrial premises, which may result in high levels of radio interference, then a very high filter impedance is required.
Note. In special cases, when carrying out quick comparative measurements on a number of identical small objects (disc insulators of overhead power lines), a special test scheme shown in Figure 8 can be used. The decoupling capacitor can be omitted if the number of test objects exceeds five.
Damn.8. Special test scheme
Special test scheme
High voltage transformer; - filter; 1 - test objects;
2 - measuring installation; 3 - terminal non-corona device (load)
4.3.7. Test design elements
The elements used in the test circuit must meet the requirements given in clauses 4.3.7.1-4.3.7.5.
4.3.7.1. The level of radio interference generated by the high-voltage connecting devices and test circuit terminals shall be negligible in comparison with the values to be measured from the test object when the test voltage is applied.
4.3.7.2. The high-voltage transformer must provide a voltage waveform that satisfies the requirements of IEC Publication 60-2, High Voltage Test Methods - Part 2: Test Procedures.
4.3.7.3. The filter impedance must be at least 20 kOhm and correspond to an attenuation of at least 35 dB (at any detuning from the measurement frequency).
To realize the filter's capabilities with the greatest efficiency, it is placed as close as possible to the high-frequency part of the test circuit. If the filter consists of a tunable circuit (), then it is tuned to the measured frequency, for example, using a signal generator connected to the terminals of the secondary winding of the transformer. The setting is carried out by changing the value of the capacitance until the minimum reading of the measuring device is obtained. The impedance of the filter can be estimated from the losses it introduces by determining the difference in the readings of the measuring device when measuring with a short-circuited filter and without short-circuiting it.
At the base measurement frequency of 0.5 MHz ±10% the value should be about 200 mH, the value should not exceed 600 pF.
4.3.7.4. The impedance between the test wire and ground (in Fig. 4) should be (300±40) Ohms with a phase angle of no more than 20° (at the measurement frequency).
4.3.7.5. A coupling capacitor (Fig. 5) can be used instead, provided that the capacitance is at least 5 times the capacitance of the test object and its high-voltage connecting devices in relation to ground. A value equal to 1000 pF is satisfactory.
The capacitor must be able to withstand the maximum voltage tested and have a low level of partial discharge at that voltage.
4.3.8. Connecting devices for measuring instruments
The connection of the measuring device with the test circuit (using a coaxial cable, the length of which does not exceed 20 m) is shown in Fig. 6. If the cable length exceeds 20 m, then a symmetrical shielded cable is used. This installation is shown in Figure 7.
4.3.8.1. To reduce the possibility of errors caused by reflections in the connecting devices of the measuring instrument, the coaxial cable (using the circuit shown in Figure 6) must be loaded with a matched resistance. In the circuit shown in Figure 7, the cable/transformer system must be loaded in a similar way. The effective input impedance of the meter typically provides one of the matching loads, and the other matching load is provided by the resistance, which should be a very stable non-inductive type resistor.
4.3.8.2. To meet the requirement of connecting a resistance of 300 ohms to the object being measured, the input resistance of the measuring instrument, connected in parallel with , must be increased using a non-inductive type series resistor, which must be very stable.
When using a measuring device with =50 Ohm, the resistance value is =275 Ohm.
Note. Some countries set other values, for example, the National Electrical Industry Association (NAEP), USA, in 107 Publications (1964) sets = 150 Ohms. The results obtained from tests with different values of θ are recalculated in a simple way. The source of radio interference in the test object almost invariably generates a direct current, provided that it is in the range of 100-600 Ohms, and the measured voltage is not directly proportional to its value.
4.3.8.3. The coil provides a low impedance power frequency circuit to bypass the meter and associated components from the power frequency currents that flow in or (see Figure 5). At a base measurement frequency of 0.5 MHz = 1 mH with a low self-capacitance value to avoid errors exceeding 1%, or 0.1 dB. For safety reasons, it must be reliable and have strong and reliable electrical connections.
4.3.8.4. To avoid high voltages at the meter connections, it is recommended to have a spark gap connected in parallel with the coil. It is preferable that it be a gas-filled type with a maximum breakdown voltage of 500 V at a sinusoidal power frequency signal.
Note. When relatively high power frequency voltages appear at the spark gap, caused, for example, by damage to the inductor or its connections, an increase in the level of background noise in the test circuit may occur due to corona discharges at the spark gap electrodes.
4.3.8.5. When the object under test is large and (or) there are large voltages, the measuring device must be placed some distance from the location () or with and connected to them. Under these conditions, the length of the coaxial cable shown in Figure 6 may exceed 20 m, and to reduce the effect of interference induced on the cable on the measurement results, it is recommended to use the circuit shown in Figure 7.
Matching transformers or coupling transformers must be located respectively close to the measuring instrument; the connection between transformers must be made through a symmetrical shielded cable. A shorter coaxial cable should be used for communication to and from the measuring instrument, and all cables should have appropriate input impedances to ensure complete matching.
4.3.8.6. To meet the requirements of CISPR recommendations, the technical characteristics of the measuring instrument must comply with those specified in CISPR Publication 16. If an instrument with other characteristics is used, their values can be recalculated to obtain values \u200b\u200bthat comply with CISPR Publication. Some inaccuracies may occur during recalculation.
4.3.9. Installation and assembly of the tested object
The object under test must be installed and assembled in accordance with the requirements of the standards for the relevant types of equipment (for example, IEC Publication 437). If standards are not available, then the test item must be installed in the same manner and using the same layout that exists under actual operating conditions. The tested object must be equipped with linear fittings (arresters, protective fittings), which can affect the distribution of the electric field on the surface of the tested object. If the object under test can be in different positions, for example, a disconnector can be open or closed, then the object must be tested in each of these positions.
Connections of the test object to the high-voltage system should be short and should not affect the measured values of radio interference from the object or affect the distribution of the electric field on its surface.
The coupling elements (or) must be located near the test object and not create significant disturbances in the distribution of the electric field on the surface of the object.
4.3.10. Measurement frequency
The base measurement frequency is 0.5 MHz. It is recommended to make measurements at a frequency of 0.5 MHz ±10%; it is also possible to use other frequencies, for example, 1 MHz.
4.3.11. Test circuit verification
The test circuit must be installed to provide accurate measurements of the level of radio interference generated by the object under test. Any interference external to the test circuit, including power supply interference or interference from other circuit elements, shall be negligible and 10 dB below the level specified for the item under test.
When the test voltage is applied to the circuit, the external noise level must be 6 dB below the lowest measurement level. These conditions can be verified by replacing the test object with one that is the same but does not cause interference.
External interference levels may be high if testing is carried out in an unshielded chamber or close to manufacturing facilities. If the high levels of external interference are short-lived, the periods between interferences are long enough to allow reliable measurements to be taken, and the nature of the interfering pulses during the measurements can be easily distinguished from interference generated by the object under test, for example, using an oscilloscope or headphones, then exposure to such interference is acceptable.
Interference may be caused by radio broadcasting stations. They can be mitigated by choosing a measurement frequency (within the specified tolerance for its deviation) that is free from interference. Using a resonant circuit
Measurement of the voltage of radio interference generated by electrical devices, wired communications equipment, high-frequency installations and lamps with fluorescent lamps is carried out at the network terminals of the devices, as well as at all output terminals, if any.
Rice. 10.22.
The radio interference sources under test, consuming a current of less than 25 A, are connected to the power supply through an equivalent network (Fig. 10.22) and turned on for the entire duration of the measurement at idle speed without load. The exception is devices that, due to their operating conditions, operate under constant load (pumps, fans, devices for heating liquids, washing machines, etc.). The location of measuring equipment, devices - sources of radio interference and auxiliary equipment - must correspond to Fig. 10.23 for small-sized and fig. 10.24 for large devices.
Rice. 10.23.
1 - device under test; 2 - network equivalent; 3 - radio interference meter; 4 - phase switch; 5 - electrical load; 6 - high-resistance separating devices; 7 - metal sheet; 8 - ground clamp; 9 - equivalent of a hand; 10 - metal foil
In the first case, the device under test 1 is placed at a distance of 40 cm from a vertically located metal sheet 7, which is called an electric screen. Network equivalent 2 located directly next to the electrical shield and connect them with a wire or bus no more than 20 cm long. Length of the power wire of the device under test 1 should be equal to 90-100 cm. If the device under test has a longer power cable, then it is rolled up as shown in Fig. 10.26, in the form of flat loops 30 cm long. The shielding sheath of the device power wires is connected to the ground terminal on the electrical screen. The housing of some devices must be grounded due to operating conditions. The grounding wire of such devices is placed parallel to the power wire at a distance of no more than 10 cm from it and grounded on an electrical screen. Equivalent of a hand 9,
if according to the measurement conditions it must be used, connect it to the ground terminal of the electrical shield as follows. The metal body of the device under test is connected using the equivalent of a hand to the ground terminal of the electrical shield. The body of the device under test, made of insulating material, is wrapped in several layers of foil 6 cm wide, to which the equivalent of a hand is connected. In cases where the body of the device under test is metal and the handles are made of insulating material, the equivalent of a hand is connected to one of the foil-wrapped handles. In Fig. 10.23 shows the placement of a radio interference meter 3 , phase switch 4> load of the device under test 5 and high-resistance separating devices 6.
Rice. 10.24.
1 - device under test; 2 - network equivalent; 3 - radio interference meter; 4 - ground clamp; 5 - metal sheet; 6 - insulation stand; 7 - table
Large-sized devices are installed on a stand made of insulating material 6 (see Fig. 10.24), which is located on a metal sheet (screen) 5. In this case, the distances between the measuring equipment and other equipment are maintained: between the device under test 1 and screen 5, network equivalent 2 and radio interference meter 3.
Measurement of radio interference voltage generated by means wired communication, carried out at the power supply terminals and at the linear terminals, if any. In the latter case, use the diagram in Fig. 10.25, arranging measuring equipment and auxiliary equipment as shown in Fig. 10.26.
Rice. 10.25.
means of communication:
a B C - line clamps
Rice. 10.26.
1 - device under test; 2 - line wire; 3 - network equivalent; 4 - a metal sheet; 5 - radio interference meter; 6 - linear load equivalent; 7 - table made of insulating material; 8 - ground clamp; 9 - power cord; 10 - a metal sheet
In contrast to the circuit for measuring radio interference voltage at the terminals of the power supply network (see Fig. 10.18), it contains two network equivalents (ES) and linear load equivalents (ELN).
It is recommended to measure radio interference voltage in a shielded room (shielded chamber). In this case, the electrical screen shown in the diagrams is not used, but one of the walls of the shielded chamber is used instead. The distance from the device under test to other walls, ceiling and floor of the shielded chamber must be at least 80 cm. Otherwise, the diagrams of the measuring installations do not differ from those considered.
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