And now let’s turn from global problems to history. More precisely, to historiosophy. Having become acquainted with Gumilyov’s concept, the reader can ask a question. So what if ethnogenesis is a natural process, and everything “goes by itself”, it turns out that nothing depends on us at all? Let us hasten to reassure the reader. Depends. But not as much as it seems. And not at all times. Sometimes you have to wait until the wind of history blows in the right direction...
We will not give here examples of the “independence” of the people’s will from the political and non-political decisions that have been made in our country in recent decades (starting with the creeping coup of 1985/1991 and ending with today’s democratic elections, which the majority of the population simply does not go to). . This is common knowledge. Let's go from the other side. Imagine that in the “dashing” 1990s. Comrade Stalin suddenly appeared among the leadership of our country. A real leader. Iron hand. So what could he do in that situation? There was nothing he could do! The giant Stalin was necessary and natural in a specific historical situation (and even then it took him 15 years of preparatory work before he was able to decisively change course in 1937), just as the pygmy Gorbachev was natural in another historical situation. Both kept pace with history. Each in its own time: one - during the period of passionary surge (from below), the other - during the period of passionary depression (both above and below).
Another example is Don Quixote. From the point of view of ethnology, the tragedy of this noble knight was that he simply dropped out of history, that is, from the current phase of ethnogenesis. That's why he was declared crazy. Don Quixote is the nostalgia of idealistic passionaries about the forever-gone heroic phase of overheating in Europe. In the bourgeois phase of civilization, noble knights turned out to be of no use to anyone. What feats?! What an honor?! No need for fanaticism! We need to make money...
The theory of the hero and the crowd from the point of view of ethnogenesis is erroneous. One passionate hero will not be able to achieve anything if he does not have a sufficient number of passionate assistants. All together - be it the ruling elite or the opposition - they constitute the vanguard that leads everyone else - harmonious and weakly passionate people. But in order for this vanguard to be replenished with active people, it is necessary high level passionarity of the entire ethnic group (superethnic group). In other words, both the Russian noble elite and the Soviet ruling class drew from the same source - the mass of the people. The Suvorovs, the Lomonosovs, the Stalinist people's commissars, and the marshals of the 1945 Victory came from there. But if the passionary tension in the Russian ethnos (Russian superethnos) were zero, then no one would come out of it. It is in this sense that the people influence the course of their history - they moves.
Let's give an example. After the revolutionary upheavals of 1917, which plunged the country into chaos and devastation, it seemed to many “observers” that that was it: “Russia is over, Russia no longer exists!” The Western bankers who financed the three Russian revolutions were happy - their plans worked! What's left of Russian Empire can be taken with bare hands. But... But nothing worked out for them! The fact is that Western bankers did not know the laws of ethnogenesis. They did not take into account that the most ingenious plans and strong-willed efforts of leaders cannot cancel the natural property of passionarity. Just as a poplar tree, cut down almost to the ground, continues to grow, so the people, who have not lost their passionary core, continue to be reborn, no matter what. That is why already after twenty years In place of the fallen colossus of the Russian Empire, a new superpower was created - the USSR. And globalization, which began so quickly, was delayed for many decades. (And, we add, will still be detained...)
But, of course, all of the above does not negate the subjective factor. If we talk about the influence of individuals and small groups of people on history, it should be recognized that human will plays a certain role in the historical process. But, mainly, at the level of tactics, not strategy. This means that the volitional efforts of individual people are always limited by a certain “corridor of possibilities.” (As Comrade Stalin said: “There is a logic of intentions and there is a logic of circumstances, and the logic of circumstances is stronger than the logic of intentions.”) At the same time, the importance of the volitional factor increases if this will is directed towards the movement of history, and not against it.
Gumilyov wrote: “It would be ridiculous to deny that human plans and the works of human hands influence history, and sometimes very strongly, creating unforeseen disturbances - zigzags - in the course of historical processes. But the measure of human influence on history is not at all as great as is commonly thought, since at the population level history is regulated not by social impulses of consciousness, but by biosphere impulses of passionarity.
Figuratively speaking, we can, like frolicking stupid children, move the hands on the clock of history, but we are deprived of the opportunity to wind this clock. In our country, the role of arrogant children is played by politicians. They, on their own initiative, move the clock hands from 3 o’clock in the afternoon to 12 at night, and then they are terribly surprised: “Why didn’t night come and why don’t the working people go to bed?” (Or in other words, why have we been market economy and we introduce democracy “like theirs”, but they are not introduced at all?.. Probably the country is wrong, some kind of backward country!) “Thus,” continues Gumilyov, “those who make decisions do not take into account at all natural character processes taking place in the ethnic sphere. And knowing the passionary theory of ethnogenesis, you are not at all surprised that “everything is bad” in the country. It’s amazing that we still exist.” It was Gumilyov who wrote about the times of Gorbachev and the beginning of Yeltsin’s reign...
Let us add that historical zigzags similar to those of “perestroika” are not accidental and have their own reasons. But, let us repeat, at the transient, tactical level, but not strategic. Historical practice shows that if the reserve of passionarity in an ethnos is not exhausted and the ethnic tradition is not lost, then such zigzags are sooner or later corrected by history and everything returns to the natural pattern of ethnogenesis. That is, it continues to go the way it should go. Well, the subjective factor (of the political leadership) to this movement of history is simply attached. Therefore, to paraphrase a well-known expression, we can say that Every nation deserves a ruler who corresponds to the level of passionary tension and the vector of development of a given ethnic system.
As for the freedom of each person to choose one or another direction of action in a specific phase of ethnogenesis, in this regard, Konstantin Leontyev’s thought about the relationship between conservative and progressive elements in the state seems very interesting.
He poses the question this way: “When are progressives right and when are conservatives right?
Until the time of Caesar, Pericles, Louis XIV, etc. (that is, before the time of flowering, before the flourishing era), the progressives were right. At this time they are leading the state to flowering and growth. But after a flourishing and complex era, when the process of secondary confusion and simplification begins (According to Gumilyov - breakdown, inertia, obscuration - Author), all progressives become wrong in theory, although they often triumph in practice; thinking to fix, they only destroy. Conservatives in this era are quite right: they want to heal and strengthen the state body, they rarely triumph, but, as much as they can, they slow down the decay, returning the nation, sometimes by force, to the cult of the statehood that created it.
Until the day of flowering... it is better to be a sail or a steam boiler; after this irrevocable day it is more worthy to be an anchor or a brake for peoples striving, often cheerfully, towards their destruction.”
To the point!.. And how relevant in our “fun” times...
The German philosopher Karl Jaspers wrote that man strives to understand history as a whole in order to understand himself with its help. History is a memory for us, it is a foundation, once laid, a connection with which we maintain if we do not want to disappear without a trace, but to make our contribution to culture. History helps us better understand human nature. Looking at the history of mankind, we can say that its events occurred under the influence of two types of reasons: objective and subjective. Under objective reasons historical process is understood as natural, climatic and economic conditions, under subjective – actions of people that are performed in accordance with some intentions, ideas, emotions, etc. History, unlike nature, cannot develop without people; history is created by people, not by transpersonal forces. But despite the fact that the laws of society act through people and thanks to people, they are objective. Social laws are statistical in nature; they are laws-trends that develop as a result of the actions of individuals. Through his activities, a person softens or strengthens the effect of social laws, slows down or accelerates them, but a person cannot abolish the law.
Can a person influence the course of historical events? If we proceed from the idea that history is fatal and there are strict laws in it that cannot be influenced, then, obviously, the answer will be this: an individual cannot leave his unique mark on history. But it is more correct to believe that history is not fatal; each historical situation leaves several options further development events. The actions of individuals who accidentally or naturally found themselves on the crest of a historical wave determine which of the possibilities will be realized. People are not puppets, but active participants in history. Of course, a person acts in given circumstances, his personality is formed in certain conditions, but, being what he is, a person is still free, he can prefer one or another course of action and push the development of the situation in a certain direction. In a word, there is no fatality in history, and every person can prove himself. According to Arnold Toynbee, personality is equal to history, since without personality history does not exist. It should only be added that in every historical situation many people act, and they all have their own intentions, plans, and are driven by passions and ideas. The general vector of history is made up of the actions of millions, but the anonymity of the historical process does not negate its personal nature.
History is made by many people, but certain groups or individuals, due to special position, power or random circumstances, can influence the course of the historical process more seriously than others. People who find themselves at the peak of historical events - leaders, military leaders, religious figures - make decisions, give orders, sign treaties, these acts of their personal will influence the course of events, both positive and negative. If we keep in mind the history of culture, then the personal factor becomes even more significant; spiritual history is made by individuals, and not by large masses of people.
The very fact of the promotion of a particular personality to the forefront of history is an accident, but in order to be commensurate with the circumstances, the personality must have very specific properties. Modern social psychology argues that all great historical figures are characterized by charisma. Charisma is understood as exceptional talent, as special personality qualities that evoke respect from others and subordinate them to the will of a charismatic figure, as the art of charming people and captivating them with oneself. As the French sociologist Serge Moscovici argues, this attraction silences all moral doubts, overturns all legitimate opposition to the leader and often turns the usurper into a hero. The main quality of a charismatic personality is faith. A charismatic leader believes in everything he says or does; for him, the struggle for power coincides with the struggle for the interests of the people, the revolution or the party. Hegel said that great personalities do not belong to themselves, they act as the face, will and spirit of the people.
A special quality of a charismatic personality is the predominance of courage over intelligence. According to Serge Moscovici, there are quite a lot of people in politics who are able to analyze the situation and propose a solution; they are advisors, experts and implementers, but theory means nothing without the will to action and the ability to captivate people. An important characteristic of a charismatic personality is authority, the person who possesses it forces obedience and, therefore, achieves what he strives for. Moscovici distinguishes between the authority of a position and the authority of an individual. Authority of the position a person acquires along with belonging to a certain class, estate or influential family, this authority is transmitted along with tradition, and even if a person does not have any personal significance and personal talents, his authority is ensured by a place in the social hierarchy. Personal authority does not depend on external signs of power or social status, it comes from a personality that charms, attracts, inspires. In stable and hierarchically structured societies, official authority predominates, in modern societies with greater opportunities for horizontal and vertical mobility, the main authority becomes the authority of the individual.
But a charismatic personality, despite all the possibilities and abilities, does not have absolute freedom. It’s a paradox, but as much as a charismatic personality controls the masses, he is equally dependent on the masses. Without a crowd there is no leader. No one person, even a charismatic one, can influence the course of history alone; his will must be embodied in the joint actions of many people. Thus, the individual and the masses are two opposite poles of the historical process, determining its course and content.
So, the patterns in the historical process do not exclude, but presuppose the free action of man; the actions of individual people are formed historical events, and their result may be completely unexpected. Freedom and necessity in history are closely related; the necessity of the historical process is realized through the free actions of individuals pursuing their own private interests. As the economist Adam Smith wrote, by pursuing his own interests, a person often serves the interests of society more effectively than when he consciously strives to do so.
- See paragraph 3.6.
— 07/10/2014 I am sure that the progress of humanity is driven by individuals. Any qualitative leap is the work of one person born in right time and ended up in the right place.
So Napoleon turned France, torn apart by talkative rebels, into an empire, forced the whole world to reckon with it and scared it so much that all the European kings shit their pants in fear.
And Joan of Arc? France fell apart, the retinue of weak kings killed each other, the counts of Burgundy killed the Dukes of Burgundy, and the country was visited annually by the English degenerate and villain the Black Prince. Hunger, poverty, and death practically destroyed the prosperous country, and then she appeared.
Many said that Zhanna was fucked because of schizophrenia. Even so, what she did saved France. The people who believed her gathered their courage and slapped the invaders on the horns. The liberation of France began with Jeanne's mission.
Wasn’t that the case with us? Minin and Pozharsky gathered the people's militia and kicked out the Pole thieves from the Russian land. During the Time of Troubles, people hid in holes out of fear and lost faith, but two people were able to convince an entire people to fight back the invaders.
Today in Ukraine difficult days. Fascist degenerates are killing the people of the South-East of the country. Everyone who does not want to live under the rule of the Kyiv junta and its overseas puppet masters has been declared an outlaw. They are arrested, killed, poisoned.
And again at such a time a personality appeared. This is Strelkov. I looked closely at him for a long time, trying to understand who he was. An ordinary guy who found himself in the right place at the right time. History has again brought the common man to the forefront.
I want you to know about it too. Its participants communities on VKontakte They made a website about him:
http://superstrelkov.ru/
This guy is a real good guy and a hero. That person who can save Ukraine, as Pozharsky and Minin saved Russia in their time, as Zhanna saved France.
Read the principles that the guys adhere to. They may be a little pretentious, but in war, as in war, and without pure faith in yourself and your cause, you probably cannot win.
What do you know about the Donbass militias? Do you know who they are, or are they unknown to you? What do you generally think about them?
Saved
I am sure that the progress of humanity is driven by individuals. Any qualitative leap is the work of one person who was born at the right time and found himself in the right place. So Napoleon turned France, torn apart by talkative rebels, into an empire, forced the whole world to reckon with it and...
"/>There are a great many people who changed the world. These are famous doctors who invented cures for diseases and learned how to perform complex operations; politicians who started wars and conquered countries; astronauts who first orbited the Earth and set foot on the Moon, and so on. There are thousands of them, and it is impossible to tell about them all. This article lists only a small part of these geniuses, thanks to whom scientific discoveries, new reforms and trends in art appeared. They are individuals who changed the course of history.
Alexander Suvorov
The great commander who lived in the 18th century became a cult person. He is a figure who has influenced the course of history through his mastery of strategy and skillful planning of war tactics. His name is written in golden letters in the annals of Russian history; he is remembered as a tireless, brilliant military commander.
Alexander Suvorov devoted his entire life to battles and battles. He is a participant in seven wars, led 60 battles without knowing defeat. His literary talent manifested itself in a book in which he teaches the younger generation the art of war, sharing his experience and knowledge. In this area, Suvorov was many years ahead of his era.
His merit lies primarily in the fact that he improved the tendencies of warfare and developed new methods of offensives and attacks. His entire science was based on three pillars: pressure, speed and eye. This principle developed the soldiers' sense of purpose, development of initiative and a sense of mutual assistance in relation to their colleagues. In battles, he always walked ahead of ordinary military men, showing them an example of courage and heroism.
Catherine II
This woman is a phenomenon. Like all other personalities who influenced the course of history, she was charismatic, strong and intelligent. She was born in Germany, but in 1744 she came to Russia as a bride for the Empress’s nephew, Grand Duke Peter the Third. Her husband was uninteresting and apathetic, they hardly communicated. Catherine spent all her free time reading legal and economic works; she was captivated by the idea of the Enlightenment. Having found like-minded people at court, she easily overthrew her husband from the throne and became the full-fledged ruler of the Russian Empire.
The period of her reign is called “golden” for the nobility. The ruler reformed the Senate, took church lands into the state treasury, which enriched the state and made life easier for ordinary peasants. In this case, the influence of an individual on the course of history implies the adoption of a mass of new legislative acts. On Catherine’s account: provincial reform, expansion of the rights and freedoms of the nobility, the creation of estates following the example of Western European society and the restoration of Russia’s authority throughout the world.
Peter the Great
Another ruler of Russia, who lived a hundred years earlier than Catherine, also played a huge role in the development of the state. He is not just a person who influenced the course of history. Peter 1 became a national genius. He was hailed as an educator, a “beacon of the era,” the savior of Russia, a man who opened the eyes of the common people to the European style of life and government. Remember the phrase “window to Europe”? So, it was Peter the Great who “cut through” it in spite of all the envious people.
Tsar Peter became a great reformer; his changes in state foundations at first frightened the nobility, and then aroused admiration. This is a personality who influenced the course of history by the fact that, thanks to him, progressive discoveries and achievements were introduced into “hungry and unwashed” Russia Western countries. Peter the Great managed to expand the economic and cultural borders of his empire and conquered new lands. Russia was recognized great power and appreciated its role in the international arena.
Alexander II
After Peter the Great, this was the only tsar who began to carry out such large-scale reforms. His innovations completely renewed the appearance of Russia. Like others famous personalities who changed the course of history, this ruler deserved respect and recognition. The period of his reign falls on the 19th century.
The tsar's main achievement was in Russia, which hampered the economic and cultural development of the country. Of course, Alexander the Second’s predecessors, Catherine the Great and Nicholas the First, also thought about eliminating a system very similar to slavery. But none of them decided to turn the foundations of the state upside down.
Such drastic changes occurred quite late, since a rebellion of dissatisfied people was already brewing in the country. In addition, reforms stalled in the 1880s, which angered revolutionary youth. The reformer Tsar became the target of their terror, which led to the end of the reforms and completely influenced the development of Russia in the future.
Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich, a famous revolutionary, a personality who influenced the course of history. Lenin led a revolt in Russia against the autocracy. He led the revolutionaries to the barricades, as a result of which Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown and the communists came to power, whose rule spanned a century and led to significant, dramatic changes in the lives of ordinary people.
Studying the works of Engels and Marx, Lenin advocated equality and strongly condemned capitalism. The theory is good, but in reality it was difficult to implement, since the representatives of the elite still lived in luxury, while ordinary workers and peasants worked hard around the clock. But that was later, during Lenin’s time, at first glance, everything turned out the way he wanted it.
The period of Lenin's reign included such important events as the First world war, Civil War in Russia, the cruel and absurd execution of the entire royal family, the transfer of the capital from St. Petersburg to Moscow, the founding of the Red Army, the complete establishment of Soviet power and the adoption of its first Constitution.
Stalin
People who changed the course of history... On their list, the name of Joseph Vissarionovich glows in bright scarlet letters. He became the "terrorist" of his time. The establishment of a network of camps, the exile of millions of innocent people there, the execution of entire families for dissent, artificial famine - all this radically changed people's lives. Some considered Stalin to be the devil, others to be God, since it was he who at that time decided the fate of every citizen Soviet Union. He was neither one nor the other, of course. The intimidated people themselves put him on a pedestal. The cult of personality was created on the basis of universal fear and the blood of the innocent victims of the era.
The personality who influenced the course of history, Stalin, distinguished himself not only by mass terror. Of course, his contribution to Russian history also has a positive side. It was during his reign that the state made a powerful economic breakthrough and began to develop scientific institutes and culture. It was he who stood at the head of the army that defeated Hitler and saved all of Europe from fascism.
Nikita Khrushchev
This is a very controversial personality who influenced the course of history. His versatile nature is well demonstrated by the tombstone erected for him, which was simultaneously made of white and black stone. Khrushchev, on the one hand, was Stalin’s man, and on the other, a leader who tried to trample on the cult of personality. He began radical reforms that were supposed to completely change the bloody system, released millions of innocent prisoners from the camps, and pardoned hundreds of thousands of those sentenced to death. This period was even called the “thaw”, as persecution and terror ceased.
But Khrushchev did not know how to bring big things to the end, so his reforms can be called half-hearted. His lack of education made him a narrow-minded person, but his excellent intuition, natural common sense and political instincts helped him stay in the highest echelons of power for so long and find a way out in critical situations. It was thanks to Khrushchev that it was possible to avoid a nuclear war during and also turn the bloodiest page in the history of Russia.
Dmitry Mendeleev
Russia gave birth to many great generalists who improved various areas of science. But Mendeleev is worth highlighting, since his contribution to its development is invaluable. Chemistry, physics, geology, economics, sociology - Mendeleev managed to study all this and open new horizons in these fields. He was also a famous shipbuilder, aeronaut and encyclopedist.
The person who influenced the course of history, Mendeleev, discovered a way to predict the emergence of new chemical elements, the discovery of which continues to this day. His table is the basis of chemistry lessons at school and university. Among his achievements is also a complete study of gas dynamics, experiments that helped to derive the equation of state of gas.
In addition, the scientist actively studied the properties of oil, developed a policy for injecting investment into the economy and proposed optimizing the customs service. Many ministers of the tsarist government used his invaluable advice.
Ivan Pavlov
Like all individuals who influenced the course of history, he was a very smart person, had a broad outlook and inner intuition. Ivan Pavlov actively used animals in his experiments, trying to isolate common features vital activity of complex organisms, including humans.
Pavlov was able to prove the diverse activity of nerve endings in the cardiovascular system. He showed how he can regulate blood pressure. He also became the discoverer of trophic nervous function, which consists in the influence of nerves on the process of regeneration and tissue formation.
He later became involved in the physiology of the digestive tract, as a result of which he received the Nobel Prize in 1904. His main achievement is considered to be the study of the functioning of the brain, the highest nervous activity, conditioned reflexes and the so-called human signaling system. His works became the basis of many theories in medicine.
Mikhail Lomonosov
He lived and worked during the reign of Peter the Great. Then the emphasis was placed on the development of education and enlightenment, and the first Academy of Sciences was created in Russia, in which Lomonosov spent many of his days. He, a simple peasant, was able to rise to incredible heights, run up the social ladder and turn into a scientist, whose trail of fame stretches to this day.
He was interested in everything related to physics and chemistry. He dreamed of freeing the latter from the influence of medicine and pharmaceuticals. It is thanks to him that modern physical chemistry was born as a science and began to actively develop. In addition, he was a famous encyclopedist, studied history and wrote chronicles. He considered Peter the Great an ideal ruler, a key figure in the formation of the state. In his scientific works, he described him as an example of a mind that changed history and turned the idea of the management system upside down. Through the efforts of Lomonosov, the first university in Russia was founded - Moscow. Since that time, higher education began to develop.
Yuri Gagarin
People who influenced the course of history... It is difficult to imagine their list without the name of Yuri Gagarin, the man who conquered space. Star space has attracted people for many centuries, but only in the last century did humanity begin to explore it. At that time, the technical base for such flights was already well developed.
The space age was marked by competition between the Soviet Union and the United States. The leaders of giant countries tried to show their power and superiority, and space was one of best options demonstrate this. In the middle of the 20th century, competition began over who could send a person into orbit the fastest. The USSR won this race. We all know the landmark date from school: April 12, 1961, the first cosmonaut flew into orbit, where he spent 108 minutes. This hero's name was Yuri Gagarin. The day after his journey into space, he woke up famous throughout the world. Although, paradoxically, I never considered myself great. Gagarin often said that during that hour and a half he did not even have time to understand what was happening to him and what his feelings were.
Alexander Pushkin
He is called "the sun of Russian poetry." He has long become a national symbol of Russia, his poems, poems and prose are highly valued and revered. And not only in the countries of the former Soviet Union, but throughout the world. Almost every city in Russia has a street, square or square named after Alexander Pushkin. Children study his work at school, devoting him not only during school hours, but also outside of school hours in the form of themed literary evenings.
This man created such harmonious poetry that it has no equal in the whole world. It was with his work that the development of new literature and all its genres began - from poetry to theatrical plays. Pushkin is read in one breath. He is characterized by accuracy and rhythm of lines, they are quickly remembered and easily recited. If we also take into account the enlightenment of this person, his strength of character and deep inner core, then we can say that he is truly a person who influenced the course of history. He taught the people to speak Russian in its modern interpretation.
Other historical figures
There are so many of them that it would be impossible to list them all in one article. Here are examples of a small part of Russian figures who changed history. How many others are there? This is Gogol, and Dostoevsky, and Tolstoy. If we analyze foreign personalities, we cannot help but note the ancient philosophers: Aristotle and Plato; artists: Leonardo da Vinci, Picasso, Monet; geographers and discoverers of lands: Magellan, Cook and Columbus; scientists: Galileo and Newton; politicians: Thatcher, Kennedy and Hitler; inventors: Bell and Edison.
All these people were able to completely turn the world upside down, create their own laws and scientific discoveries. Some of them made the world a better place, while others almost destroyed it. In any case, every person on planet Earth knows their names and understands that without these individuals our life would be completely different. Reading the biographies of famous people, we often find idols for ourselves, from whom we want to take an example and be equal in all our deeds and actions.
Algorithm for writing part C.
Introduction. 3-4 sentences. Questions and water on the topic are asked.
The main problem (question, task).
- This is exactly what the story (full name) makes us think about, in which he touches on the problem...
- The author draws attention to the fact that...(hereinafter quoted from the text)
- The main problem discussed in this text is...
- The problem may be relevant or not(be sure to write why it is relevant or not)
- Is the problem traditional or new?
- She met in the works of...(Tolstoy, Nekrasov...any name)
Problem categories: moral and ethical(almost all problems given in the Unified State Exam fall into this category), philosophical, political, environmental, social, topical, acute, urgent, serious, burning, priority, main, requiring immediate solution, etc.(in general, you shouldn’t be afraid to choose non-standard variants of problems)
Your opinion. Two arguments (one from your personal life, come up with anything, just know when to stop, the second we take from the “arguments for writing” section)
Conclusion. 3-4 sentences. In conclusion, I want to say that... the problem expressed by the author...
Additional material:
Quotes.
As a true citizen of his fatherland, the author did not remain indifferent to this problem.
In an effort to make the reader his ally, the author claims that...
In an effort to make the reader think about the problem, the author...
In an effort to show the relevance of the topic he is considering, the author...
In an effort to emphasize the severity of the problem, the author...
Trying to understand why...
It's interesting to write about old problems...
Inviting us to talk about the difficult problems of our lives, the author...
Ironically (sarcastically, indignantly) telling about heroes and events, the author ...
It is with concern that...
Trying to explain why...
Encourage, seek the truth...
Give new life old problems...
- positive,
- negative,
- sarcastic,
- ironic,
- judgmental,
- ambiguous,
- dual,
- not indifferent,
- harsh,
- skeptical,
- humorous
Arguments for essay
The problem of injustice in the social structure of society
1. I. S. Turgenev. "Mumu." Heroes: the mute serf Gerasim, Tatyana - his beloved, a lady who decides the fates of the people entrusted to her by fate.
2. I. S. Turgenev. "Notes of a Hunter." Story "Biryuk": main character forester nicknamed Biryuk. The miserable life of the peasants. Injustice of the social structure of life.
3. V. G. Korolenko. "In bad company." Vasya, a boy from a rich family, makes friends with outcast children - Valek and Marusya. The beneficial influence of kindness on a young hero.
4. N. A. Nekrasov. Poem "Railroad". Dispute between the general and the author about who built railway. Condemnation of the unjust structure of life.
The poem “Reflections at the Front Entrance”: peasants came from distant villages with a petition to the nobleman, but they were not accepted and driven away. Condemnation of the authorities.
5. N. S. Leskov. "Lefty." The main character is Lefty, he shod the “Aglitsky” flea, but his talent is not appreciated in his homeland: he dies in a hospital for the poor.
6. A M Gorky. The story “Childhood”: a depiction of the “leaden abominations of life.” The fate of the Kashirin family.
7. N.V. Gogol. "Overcoat". Akaki Akakievich Bashmachkin is a “little MAN”, he defends his right to a dream.
8. L. N. Tolstoy “After the Ball.” After the ball, the hero in love sees his beloved’s father supervising the beating of a soldier with spitzrutens. The separation of two Russias - rich Russia and poor Russia.
What is the meaning of human life?
1.A. S. Pushkin. “Eugene Onegin” The search for the meaning of life by a young hero, an “extra person” - a person not accustomed to working.
2. M. Yu. Lermontov. "Hero of our time." Pechorin’s misfortune, by his own admission, is a lack of understanding of the meaning of his life, he says that he felt “immense forces” in his soul, but did not know what to apply them to, could not find a use for them.
3. And A. Goncharov. "Oblomov." A good, kind, talented person, Ilya Oblomov, was unable to overcome himself and did not reveal his best traits. The absence of a high goal in life leads to moral death. Even love could not save Oblomov.
4. L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace". The main thing in the best heroes of the novel - Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov - is the desire for moral self-improvement, the desire to “be quite good”, to bring good to people.
What should a good teacher (student) be like?
1. L. N. Tolstoy. “Childhood”, “Adolescence”, “Youth”. An autobiographical trilogy by L. Tolstoy, the main character Nikolenka Irtenev comprehends the world of adults, tries to analyze her own and others’ actions.
2. V. P. Astafiev. "A horse with a pink mane." Difficult pre-war years of the Siberian village. The formation of the hero's personality under the influence of the kindness of his grandparents.
3. V. G. Rasputin “French Lessons”. Formation of the protagonist's personality during difficult war years. The role of the teacher and her spiritual generosity in the life of a boy. Thirst for knowledge, moral fortitude, self-esteem of the hero of the story.
4. Fazil Iskander. "The Thirteenth Labor of Hercules." The teacher's influence on the formation of children's character.
5. “Teaching” by Vladimir Monomakh. Already in the chronicle sources, enormous influence was given to the problems of education: the “Instruction” talks about eternal moral values, love for the homeland, respect for elders, the need for kindness, fidelity...
6. And A. Goncharov. "Oblomov." One of the most important parts of the novel reveals the problems of upbringing: “Oblomov’s Dream” shows how the atmosphere of laziness, unwillingness to work and think disfigures the soul of a child.
7. A. S. Pushkin. "Eugene Onegin". The first chapter of the novel is devoted to the problem of shaping Onegin's character. The lack of a goal in life and the habit of working form a “superfluous person,” a “reluctant egoist.”
8. M. Yu. Lermontov. "Hero of our time." The lack of a goal in life and the habit of working form a “superfluous person,” a “reluctant egoist.” Pechorin himself realizes his selfishness and admits that he brings misfortune to everyone. This is how his upbringing made him.
The importance of work in human life
1. M. M. Prishvin “Pantry of the Sun” Mitrash and Nastya, small children who were left without parents during the Second World War, earned the respect of their fellow villagers through hard work.
2. A P. Platonov “In a beautiful and furious world.” Machinist Maltsev is completely devoted to work, his favorite profession. During a thunderstorm, he became blind, but his friend’s devotion and love for his chosen profession performed a miracle: he, having boarded his favorite locomotive, regained his sight.
3. A. I. Solzhenitsyn “Matrenin’s Dvor.” The main character has been accustomed to working all her life, helping other people, and although she has not acquired any benefits, she remains a pure soul, a righteous woman.
What influence does personality have on the course of history?
1. L. N. Tolstoy. “War and Peace” One of the central problems of the novel is the role of the individual in history. This problem is revealed in the images of Kutuzov and Napoleon. The writer believes that there is no greatness where there is no goodness and simplicity. According to Tolstoy, a person whose interests coincide with the interests of the people can influence the course of history. Kutuzov understood the moods and desires of the masses, therefore he was great. Napoleon thinks only about his greatness, therefore he is doomed to defeat.
The problem of individual freedom and human responsibility to society.
Problem of conscience
*One of the heroines of V. Rasputin’s story “Farewell to Matera” recalls the main testament of the fathers: “The main thing is to have a conscience and not suffer from conscience.”
*V. Rasputin’s “Fire” tells about the Arkharov tribe, devouring the spiritual values of a great people, already losing the idea of goodness and justice, of truth and lies.
*Famous scientist, publicist D.S. Likhachev believed that you should never allow yourself to compromise with your conscience, try to find an excuse for lying, stealing, etc.
* K. Akulinin spoke about one of the cases in his life when he wanted to skip the line to the doctor by paying the nurse, but the trusting eyes of the child awakened the conscience in the hero’s soul, and he realized that it was dishonest to solve his problems at the expense of other people.
The problem of patriotism
1.N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace". One of the central problems of the novel is true and false patriotism. Tolstoy’s favorite heroes do not speak high words about love for their homeland, they do things in its name: Natasha Rostova, without hesitation, persuades her mother to give carts to the wounded at Borodino, Prince Andrei Bolkonsky is mortally wounded on the Borodino field. But true patriotism, according to Tolstoy, lies in ordinary Russian people, soldiers who, in a moment of mortal danger, give their lives for their Motherland.
Man and nature
1) I.A.Bunin. “Antonov apples” (the closeness of man to nature, the subordination of everyday life to peasant concerns)
2) M.M. Prishvin “Golden Meadow”, “Forest Drops”, “Calendar of Nature” (human responsibility in relation to nature, the relationship of the human soul and nature, the influence of nature on humans)
3) V. Astafiev. The cycle of stories “The Horse with the Pink Mane” (morality in the answer to the question: why violent death? The story “Why did I kill the corncrake?”, “Belogrudka” - how the children destroyed the brood of the white-breasted marten, and she, mad with grief, takes revenge on the entire surrounding world , exterminating poultry in two neighboring villages, until she herself dies from a rifle charge.) Novels “Tsar Fish”, “Last Bow” (anxiety about her native land).
4) S.A. Yesenin. Poems about nature. (“Birch”, “Powder”, “Golden stars dozed off.” The feeling of the unity of man with the natural world, its plant-animal origin)
5) B. Vasiliev “Don’t shoot white swans” (the main character Yegor Polushkin loves nature infinitely, always works conscientiously, lives peacefully, but always turns out to be guilty. The reason for this is that Yegor could not disturb the harmony of nature, he was afraid to interfere with living things the world. But people did not understand him, they considered him unsuited to life. He said that man is not the king of nature, but her eldest son, in the end he dies at the hands of those who do not understand the beauty of nature, who are accustomed only to conquer it. a son is growing up who can replace his father and will respect and take care of his native land.)
6) Ch. Aitmatov “The Scaffold” (person with my own hands destroys the colorful and populous world of nature. The writer warns that the senseless extermination of animals is a threat to earthly prosperity. The position of the “king” towards animals is fraught with tragedy.
7) V. Rasputin “Fire” (contrasting harmonious nature with imperfect man. After the fire, spring collects everything that has not died and survived into one pile, but people do not understand this)
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