As a rule, many in the army or in their student years learn various ways of "handicraft" use of electrical energy. Such methods are the "goat" and a home-made boiler. The following description of these two very dangerous devices is not given for you to “experiment” with electricity on your own, but to explain how rude and unprofessional electricity is used in this case and what unpleasant consequences such ingenuity can entail.
In all cases, the thermal effect of electric current is used. As already mentioned, Electric Energy capable of heating the conductor through which it passes. Therefore, if an electric current is passed through the appropriate material, a thermal effect can be achieved. They work on this principle "goat" and homemade boiler.
"Goat" is an asbestos pipe mounted on metal legs, which are easy to make yourself. A door spring is wrapped around the pipe, to the different ends of which a two-wire wire is connected. When plugged into the outlet, the "goat" gets very hot, it can be used as a heating device.
"Goat" can often be found in warehouses, industrial premises, and outbuildings. This is due to the fact that it is more difficult to take into account the energy consumption there than in a separate apartment, so the energy intensity of such a device is simply not attached of great importance. The organization pays for electricity costs, as for a large organization this is a relatively small amount.
Another thing is the apartment. The inclusion of the "goat" is very noticeable in the operation of the electricity meter, which in this case is spinning like crazy. In addition, it often knocks out traffic jams, since a home-made device consumes a lot of energy.
The negative quality of the "goat" is that it is very flammable. If a household heater has a housing that protects against fires, then the “goat” does not have such a housing, and if it tips over, which happens quite often due to drunkenness, negligence, a fire is possible.
Moreover, in life there are such individuals who do not understand that this heating device is dangerous, and treat it with disdain, placing it close to furniture, wallpaper, and flammable materials.
Another homemade device is the boiler. It can be built with two blades, two matches, a thread pulled out of clothing, a piece of wire. The tradition of arranging such boilers came to us from the army and from correctional labor institutions.
The blades are connected to each other so that there is a distance between them (so that they do not touch each other). This is easy to achieve if you put matches between them. Then the twin-core wire is attached to the blades. Placed in water, such a boiler heats water quite regularly.
If you assemble a boiler from a more serious metal, for example, from window latches, you get a very frightening picture: can you imagine a boiler from which sparks are beating all over the house, a three-liter can of water boils in a minute and a half?
Naturally, the energy intensity of such a boiler is impressive. The boiler is especially dangerous if the water is salty. When plugged into the network, an explosion is instantly heard, as a result of which most of the water splashes out. Now imagine what happens if you pour salt into boiling water?
If you ever have to deal with such devices, it is better to refuse immediately, as you are exposed to several dangers at once. Firstly, you spoil state property, for which there is a corresponding liability under the law. Secondly, you risk your life: you can be electrocuted or splashed with boiling water. Be careful, don't put your life in danger!
Ivan Dubrovin. Electrician's advice
The kettle is an indispensable everyday item. But if in modern life we often use other devices to boil water, for people who do not have an electric kettle at hand, an assembly of two razor blades will become simply indispensable.
Many got acquainted with this type of equipment when they served in the ranks of the Soviet army or in any other conditions where it was necessary to boil water, but there was no suitable device for this purpose.
The following items are needed to create a cauldron:
- 2 blades.
- Matches.
- Double wire.
In order to make such a boiler unit, it is necessary to attach wires to two heating elements (in this case, blades). They should not touch each other, so between them it is necessary to install matchsticks. Next, the finished device can only be lowered into water and brought to the point where it starts to boil.
Principle of operation
In fact, the principle of operation is quite simple. The main condition for the operation of this electrode boiler (and this is exactly what it is called) is a heated body, in this case it is water. The liquid that is between the two electrodes must have electrical conductivity. That is why a homemade boiler is not able to boil distilled water, since there are no conditions suitable for electrical conductivity. This is due to the fact that a conductor is required for the flow of an electrical impulse. That is why distilled water is very often used as experiments between the plates.
To prevent an electrical circuit, several wooden spacers must be inserted between the two blades, which must then be fixed with threads. Yes, this is a rather painstaking process, but the result is worth it.
Safety first
In order for your homemade boiler to fulfill its direct duties, and not burn all the wiring in the electrical network, you must follow some rules:
- Never leave the switched on device unattended.
- Due to the fact that the blades themselves and some of the wires remain bare, you need to be as careful as possible, because any careless movement can lead to electric shock. Do not touch water, bare parts and boil water in metal dishes, as this can be life-threatening.
- The quality of water boiled in this way is very questionable. This is due to the fact that a large amount of metals gets into it in the process.
Separately, it is worth noting that the power of such a boiler directly depends on the distance between the supplied blades and the salinity of the water.
Caution - danger!
In fact, this design of the boiler is much more great danger than it seems at first glance. For example, if you assemble a unit from bolts for a window, such a design, lowered into water, will bring it to a boil in just a minute and a half, but in this case the light will flash throughout the house, and sparks can beat from the water.
It is very simple to make it, but it is worth paying attention to the energy intensity of such a unit - it is impressive. Under no circumstances should the appliance be immersed in salt water. In this case, an explosion may occur, after which, in addition to the spilled water, it will also knock out the plugs. And if you pour salt into already boiling water, the consequences will be much more dangerous.
Finally, I would like to say that in any possible case it is better to refuse to use a boiler of two blades. Even if you do it according to all the rules, there will always be danger. Be careful and try once again not to endanger your health and the health of your loved ones.
Previously, in every home of a Soviet northerner, there was such a home-made boiler. With it, it was possible to quickly heat a bucket of water for drinking livestock, poultry, or melt imported frozen drinking water for people, which was usually stored in 200 liters. iron barrel.
Appearance.
Video of the boiler in operation.
The design of the boiler turned out to be very simple, reliable, maintainable and easily repeatable, all parts (at that time) are easily accessible, every store always had a large selection of nichrome spirals for tiles, heaters, and there were plenty of blown fuses (for the body) in every production.
I propose to repeat this design and make a "turbo" boiler with the maximum possible power for this size of the body.
Item 1. For manufacturing, we need.
Materials and tools:
Nichrome spiral or wire (preferably d = 1 mm).
Industrial fuse PN2 or its ceramic case.
Wood screws 20 mm long - 8 pcs.
Wire with a plug (section not less than 4 mm2).
Spiral winder ().
Knife, screwdriver.
Point 2. Calculation of the power of the incandescent spiral.
For all calculations we need these formulas:
1. Determining the current strength I = P / U
2. Spiral resistance R = U / I
3. The length of the required wire R = ρ l / S
4. Wire cross section S = π d²/4 or S = 0.8 d²
Photo. A coil of nichrome wire.
First you need to decide which nichrome spiral or wire you can get, if any, then your possibilities are simply endless: wink:. The thicker the diameter (section) of the wire, the more powerful the heater, boiler will turn out.
We measure the diameter of nichrome with a caliper and look at the table below.
In the line with the resulting diameter, in the last column, the value of the maximum current for this wire is indicated.
When using a heater in a liquid, this value can be further increased by 1.2 - 1.5 times.
I found a wire d = 1 mm. (S=0.8mm2), according to the table it turns out that for 1000C Current I=19.2A.
We apply the coefficient for liquid (water) 1.4, we will not take the maximum.
(1) It turns out: I \u003d 19.2A * 1.4 \u003d 26.88A. maximum current for the future boiler I = 26.9A.
Let's see what it will be in kW.: P \u003d I * U \u003d 26.9A * 220v \u003d 5918.6 W. \u003d 5.9 kW.
This is how a powerful boiler should turn out, about 6 kW.
(2) We calculate the required resistance for the wire: R \u003d U / I \u003d 220v / 26.88A \u003d 8.18 Ohm.
(3) Now let's calculate the required wire length for winding it into a spiral: l = R S / ρ = 8.18 Ohm * 0.8 / 1.11 = 5.89 m.
ρ - take from the bottom table.
All the necessary data has been obtained, you can bite off 6 meters of nichrome wire and twist it into a spiral on a special device ().
Item 3. Making a boiler.
We take such a fuse PN2 (usually 100A or more).
Their main place of application, these are shields with a handle.
Having unscrewed eight self-tapping screws, pour sand from the inside (by the way, very good quartz sand, maybe someone is looking for this: winked :), we will completely disassemble the PN2 fuse, we get such a ceramic case for our boiler.
Take the other eight, longer self-tapping screws and screw them into place, it should remain under-twisted by about 5 mm.
We put the spiral inside the insulator and bend the end around one of the screws.
We do the same, with a snake, a little with a stretch, around all the screws, on the last one we finish the spiral. If there is too much left, we bite off, if it is short, then we evenly stretch the entire spiral.
We connect a wire with a plug to the starting points of the spiral, be sure to use a wire of large cross section, 4 mm2 is the minimum, which will still heat up noticeably.
Dear visitors!!!
Often in everyday life there are such unforeseen circumstances when there is no hot water in the apartment - due to any plumbing work in the boiler room and so on. Of course, for such cases it is necessary to have a good boiler available. How to make a boiler yourself without wasting a lot of your time? This issue is easily and simply solved.
The photo shows a factory-made boiler. Any heating elements burn out over time, the same thing happens with a store-bought boiler. Buy a new boiler or make a homemade boiler - the choice is yours.
How to make a boiler
For example, you have an old electric kettle leaking that cannot be repaired - due to damage to the body of the electric kettle or you just want to replace the old electric kettle with a new one. Do not rush to throw away the old electric kettle.
Check the heating element of the electric kettle, if the heating element is working, then it will be the basis for the future boiler.
What do I need to do? Need to:
- remove the heating element from the electric kettle;
- clean the contacts of the heating element;
- solder the wires of the two-core cable PVA 2 * 0.75 to the contacts of the heating element;
- Connect the plug to the other end of the cable.
And you will get a wonderful boiler, the power of which is calculated as for an ordinary electric kettle. Water in a zinc bucket is heated by such a boiler in just five to ten minutes. I supplied my relatives and my acquaintances with such boilers - no one complained.
Materials used for the manufacture of the boiler
To make a boiler you will need:
- soldering iron;
- soldering tin;
- pliers;
- ten electric kettle;
- soldering acid;
- plug;
- PVA cable 2*0.75.
Soldering wires
The ends of the cable wires are pre-cleaned from insulation, etched with alcohol-rosin flux or soldering acid, a layer of tin is applied to the ends of the wires. The heating element contacts are also etched and soldered to the ends of the cable wires. The cable length is up to you.
For a reliable contact connection with the plug, the ends of the cable wires are also etched, followed by tin application.
Contact isolation
As an insulating material for connecting a wire to a heating element, a cambric is first put on a separate wire, then after soldering the wires, the cambric is put on the contacts of the heating element.
Photo and description
To provide information in a more visual way, the topic will be supplemented with personal photographs.
Photo No. 1 shows a homemade boiler that we have been using for more than ten years. To make such a boiler, you will need about fifteen minutes.
In this image \photo No. 2 \ it is clearly seen that terminal blocks are connected to the contacts of the heater from a used electric kettle.
The two wires of the network cable are respectively also connected to the terminal blocks. Everything is quite simple, an unnecessary network cable with a plug and any heating element is taken - a heating element for heating water.
Measurement of resistance-heating element
Diagnostics of the heating element for our example with a boiler is carried out in the following way:
Device The multimeter is set in the range for measuring resistance, two probes of the device can be connected to the plug pins as shown in photograph No. 3. The display of the device in the photograph shows the total resistance - the resistance of the network cable and the heating element \heater\.
Resistance value at given dimension is - 27 ohms.
When measuring the resistance of a separate heating element - a heating element \ photo No. 4 \, the resistance is - 38.1 Ohm.
For both methods of measuring resistance, we can conclude that the reading of the device is satisfactory and corresponds to the resistance of this heating element.
How to check the network cable
Checking a single network cable, both for a boiler and for any type of household appliances, is carried out by the following methods:
For example, we need to check the network cable \ electric cord \ with a plug. To do this, you can short-circuit two wires of the network cable \photo No. 5 \ and connect two probes of the device \ photo No. 6 \ to the pins of the plug.
Photo #6
In this indication of the device \photo No. 6 \, with the integrity of the two wires of the network cable, the device display shows a very low resistance, the resistance in its value is equal to the short circuit mode.
This will mean that there is no break in the network cable and that the cable is suitable for its operation.
Photo #7
The following method for diagnosing the network cable is shown in the image of photograph #7. That is, we also short-circuit one end of the network cable \ photo No. 5 \ and touch one of the pins of the plug with a probe.
In the same way, each individual wire of the network cable is checked:
- for connection \phase, neutral\;
- earth \ ground wire \.
And as a reminder to all that has been said, such diagnostics are carried out in a passive way \ without connecting to an external source of alternating voltage \. When diagnosing any electrical circuit - a boiler, an electric kettle, and so on, if the resistance value is zero, the electrical connections should be reviewed.
That's all for now. follow the rubric
The modern range of household appliances has practically deleted the word “boiler” from our lexicon. For office (and sometimes home) use, there are all kinds of coffee makers and electric kettles. And if you ended up in a hotel, a hostel, finally, in a garage (in autumn or winter)? You can take this useful device with you.
However, most often at the right time there is no electrical appliance for heating water at hand, but you want to drink tea. Remembering the students, a simple (albeit a little dangerous) technology comes to mind: a boiler made of two blades.
Attention!
The information in this article is provided for informational purposes only. Nowadays, there is no longer a concept of "deficit" and inexpensive boilers, as well as kettles and other similar household appliances are sold everywhere. Do not use these methods in practice, buy a boiler in the store and use it!
Elementary knowledge of the school physics course, and more often - adopting the experience of the "older" generations, allows you to boil a glass of water in 1 minute, literally using improvised materials.
How it works
Electric current flows between points of different potentials. Of course, the medium must be conductive. Water is far from a dielectric, the resistance is quite low (unless, of course, it is a distillate). If two electrodes with a sufficient potential difference are immersed in a glass of water, the current strength will be very high. So much so that the heating temperature will cause the water to boil. For comparison, a similar current flows through the coil of an incandescent lamp. The metal is hot.
Why doesn't a glass of water explode? The resulting vapor bubbles are a kind of dielectrics that protect the system from short circuits. We will not go into the calculations of voltage and current strength, let's turn to practice.
How to make a homemade device for boiling water
Why blades, and not, say, spoons, nails, and other metal objects? The optimal ratio of consumer characteristics.
- Firstly, this method has been shaved for decades, and in "those times" almost the entire male population shaved with a safe blade. The material was always at hand. So the tradition...
- Secondly, the surface area of the resulting electrodes was miraculously suited to balance characteristics. Not too much load on the electrical wiring, at the same time, the water boiled pretty quickly.
- Finally, material. Blades are made from high quality steel. They serve for a long time, and practically do not pollute the water.
Let's take a closer look at the last point. There is such a thing as electrolysis. When an electric current occurs between electrodes in a liquid medium, particles of material move along with the electrons. A significant part remains in the water, not reaching the opposite electrode. Naturally, the water does not taste any better, and if you have a homemade boiler made of nails, it is not drinkable at all. So blades (especially high quality ones) are an ideal donor for a heater.
Manufacturing technology
We will need the following materials:
- Power cable with plug (preferably with a cross section of at least 0.75).
- Two safety blades. The sharpness of the edge does not matter, usually just blunt, used ones were used. It will be better if both electrodes are the same (for even wear). In the case of blades - one company, preferably from one package.
- Dielectric for installation between blades. Usually matches were used. It is impossible to simply lower the electrodes in a freely suspended state. They can touch (moving while boiling) and a short circuit will occur.
- Thread for fixing structural elements. As practice has shown, this is the safest method of fastening. Glue cannot be used, the rest of the fasteners simply do not fit.
We assemble a homemade boiler from blades
We attach the stripped wires to both blades. The use of solder is meaningless, so we perform a strong twist. It is desirable that the bare part of the wire be as short as possible. Remember electrolysis.
Next, you need to fix the canvases at a short distance from each other. From 2–3 mm to 1–2 cm. The boiling rate depends on this, and, as an inverse relationship, the power consumption. The farther the blades are from each other, the more economical the device. Accordingly, the longer the water boils.
Information:
In this case, profitability is a colloquial concept. It takes the same amount of energy to heat a certain volume of water to a certain temperature, regardless of the distance between the blades.
This means that a low-power boiler simply will not give a large load on the network, but the meter will wind up the same value of electricity consumption.
There are two ways to assemble a boiler with your own hands. Install a match dielectric gasket, and tie the structure with threads.
This is the most common design: the boiler is powerful, quickly heats the water. Power requires a good outlet and reliable electrical wiring. Such a connection is reliable, the appliance is designed for repeated use.
The second option is easier to assemble and does not require threads. However, this is rather a one-time scheme - the “mount” is unreliable. But you can assemble such a boiler in a maximum of 5 minutes.
Advantages: no risk of short circuit, lower power consumption. The water takes longer to heat up.
Options with blades may sometimes not be suitable, because the amperage and power will be too low. Boiling will have to wait up to an hour.
Such "heaters" are called student, or prison: according to the main places of application. Having certain skills, with the help of such a boiler, you can cook dumplings (of course, in a glass jar, a metal pan will arrange a circuit). And boiling water for tea is generally a couple of trifles.
Alternatives
Another donor for contacts is heels for army boots and berets.
They are assembled in the same way as from blades: threads, matches. Performance and power are similar. Since the metal is of relatively high quality, water boiled with their help can be drunk.
Fasteners can act as a "garage" alternative. Two bolts are screwed into a piece of plastic, the issue of connecting wires is solved reliably and elegantly: nuts are simply tightened. "Electrodes" are located at a distance of 5 cm.
The efficiency of this design is very high: a liter jar boils in less than a minute.
The only problem is hygiene. Stainless bolts are difficult to find, and galvanized models quickly lose their coating, again due to electrolysis. Therefore, this option is more suitable for technical heating of water than for food purposes.
The use of "semi-finished products"
If you have a heating element from an electric kettle or boiler, it is enough to attach the power wires to it, and the “factory boiler” is ready. But this design does not apply to the question "how to make a boiler with your own hands", since the main element is made industrial way. Nevertheless, home craftsmen often use spare parts from damaged electrical appliances.
When assembling such a boiler, soldering should not be used. Only the terminal connection of the supply wire.
Homemade boiler for 12 volts
Despite the fact that there are various options for electric kettles and water heaters for use in a car, making a 12-volt water heater with your own hands is not so simple. It is impossible to create a heating element on your own, except to use ceramic PEV resistors.
In addition, with a boiler power of 300 W, a current of 25 amperes will be required. Too much for a battery. However, the resistance of the resistor for such a boiler can be calculated using the formula:
where P is the required power in watts and R is the resistance in ohms. For example, if 300 watts of power is required, then a 0.5 ohm resistor is needed. If this cannot be found, then you can connect two 1 ohm resistors in parallel. Recall that with a parallel connection, the resistance is divided by the quantity, and with a series connection, it is multiplied.
The main problem is that it will not be possible to obtain high-quality drinking water, since the water will come into contact with an electrical product.
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