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Currently, an increasing number of premises on the ground floors of residential buildings are planned, built or repurposed as non-residential. And if in the city center, with the exception of the main streets, office premises have the advantage, then in residential areas on the ground floors, as a rule, there are various kinds of shops, cafes, sports and entertainment establishments. Since, compared to an ordinary apartment, such premises are certainly noisier, the current regulatory documents have long spelled out the corresponding requirements for sound insulation indices of building structures that separate these premises from apartments. Table 1 shows the values ​​of the required airborne noise insulation indices for cases where residential premises are adjacent to the premises of shops, gyms, cafes and restaurants. Also for comparison, this table contains standard sound insulation indices for walls and ceilings between the apartments themselves. As can be seen from the table, the difference in the amount of required sound insulation, for example, for interfloor ceilings between apartments, and between an apartment and a restaurant, is on average 10 dB. And this is a very serious value, in some places difficult to achieve. But the saddest thing is that in practice, during construction, no fundamental differences were made between inter-apartment floors and floors above non-residential premises from the point of view of sound insulation, just as they are not provided for to this day.

A common solution, when reinforced concrete hollow-core slabs 220 mm thick are used as floor slabs between the first non-residential floor and apartments on the second floor, provides a calculated airborne noise insulation index of Rw = 52 dB. Installing a clean floor on the side of the apartment according to standard schemes can add (according to calculations) a maximum of 4 dB. Thus, provided that all cracks and technological holes are properly sealed, the maximum sound insulation value of such a floor structure is a maximum of Rw = 56 dB. But even for buildings of the lowest comfort category, for the “quiest” option in terms of building codes (when a store is adjacent to an apartment), the airborne noise insulation index by the ceiling must be at least Rw = 57 dB. That is, even with a fairly favorable version of the floor arrangement, non-compliance with building codes is obvious. If 140 mm hollow-core reinforced concrete slabs are used as an interfloor floor above the first floor, the difference between the required sound insulation and the actual one turns out to be even greater, and, as always, not for the better.

However, in contrast to the chronically hopeless situation with a “neighbor who is always arguing behind the wall,” in cases related to ensuring proper sound insulation of public premises, the Sanitary and Epidemiological Inspection authorities come to the aid of residents, who monitor maximum permissible noise levels. It is no secret that the vast majority of residential buildings were built with obvious violations of certain soundproofing standards. It is also obvious that, as a rule, there is really no one to make claims on this matter, much less demand that the shortcomings be eliminated. Even in the case of a newly built house, when the developer still bears warranty obligations, questions of insufficient sound insulation still remain unanswered. At least, reliable facts of satisfaction of such claims are not known.

Against this background, the presence of a real owner or tenant who has a strong desire to turn the former premises of a laundry reception center into a cafe is a very good basis for presenting requirements to him to bring the soundproofing indicators of the walls and ceilings of this premises to current standards. It should be noted that if a grocery store has been located in this premises for decades, this in no way guarantees that the sound insulation of this interfloor ceiling will meet the requirements of the SNiP in force all this time and will be at least Rw = 57 dB.

The situation is no better when the establishment of, for example, a restaurant on the ground floor of a building was initially planned during construction. The hassle of bringing the soundproofing characteristics of a room to standard values ​​ultimately still falls on the shoulders of the owner of the establishment after the construction of the building itself is completed. Unfortunately, builders and designers here still produce semi-finished products.

However, the issue of ensuring the required sound insulation between public and residential premises is highlighted by stricter control by inspection organizations. There are numerous cases where not only small restaurants, but also fairly large entertainment complexes faced the threat of closure by municipal authorities due to increased noise. The formal reason for this was the excess of the maximum permissible noise levels in residential premises located in the same building.

In addition, it is useful to look at this problem from one more angle. As has been repeatedly noted, the values ​​of maximum permissible noise levels in residential premises and clearly audible sounds are not the same things. For residential premises, the permissible noise level at night is 25 dBA, and this is the maximum value for buildings of the highest comfort category (category A). The overwhelming majority of the housing stock has comfort categories B and C, and accordingly, in such residential premises, the standards for maximum noise levels can only be softer - no higher than 30 dBA. However, the clearly discernible noise level, which especially at night can cause certain psychological inconveniences, does not exceed 20 dBA. Unlike neighbors behind the wall, who after a big and noisy holiday may not show signs of life for several months, a properly functioning fitness center or restaurant with its daily show programs does not allow you to forget about yourself. Albeit within the permitted noise level, but always present. Then, unable to directly demand a radical solution to this problem from a restless neighbor, residents indirectly try to influence the operating hours and functioning of the entire establishment as a whole. For this purpose, the activities of various inspection commissions are inspired, drawing the attention of other competent authorities to this institution. And although formally no violations may be identified, this inevitably creates a nervous environment around such an establishment that is in some way not conducive to business prosperity.

Therefore, when the issue of ensuring soundproofing of public premises is being resolved, the problem statement is as follows: at a minimum, to ensure compliance with the requirements of regulatory documents, and at a maximum, to make the process of functioning of a given institution practically inaudible for neighbors. If you set this task in a timely manner (preferably at the stage of design or redevelopment of the premises), the chances of solving it to the maximum become much greater.

In the previous issue of the magazine, in the article “Sound insulation of interfloor floors,” the design of additional sound insulation of the floor from the side of the room below was examined in detail. Once again I would like to note that the design of a suspended ceiling made of gypsum fiber sheets described there with filling the internal space with sound-absorbing boards "Shumanet-BM" and the installation of an additional acoustic ceiling "Akusto" is, of course, one of the most effective at the moment. The use of this design allows you to actually increase the sound insulation index of the floor by up to 14 dB. However, the main and very significant drawback of the above design is its significant thickness (from 500 to 800 mm). If the initial height of the ceilings of the ground floor premises does not exceed 3 meters, the use of such a design becomes almost impossible.

An effective option for solving the problem of additional sound insulation of floors in the case of restrictions associated with insufficient ceiling heights is the use of additional sound insulation panels ZIPS. ZIPS panels are sandwich panels that have a thickness of 40 to 130 mm and are framelessly mounted to the floor slab from the side of the lower room. For example, the value of additional sound insulation of ZIPS-7-4 panels with a thickness of 70 mm is Rw = 9 dB. Thus, the floor structure, consisting of a hollow-core reinforced concrete slab 220 mm thick and ZIPS-7-4 panels mounted on it from the lower room side, provides an airborne noise insulation index of Rw = 61 dB. This satisfies the requirements for the amount of sound insulation of the floor between the premises of the apartment and the store in buildings of any comfort category. When installing a fairly simple clean floor structure on the apartment side, the floor insulation index can be increased to 62 dB, which already meets the maximum existing SNiP requirements for enclosing structures of public premises bordering apartments.

When carrying out soundproofing measures in relation to public premises, as, indeed, any other objects, an integrated approach to solving the problem is necessary. This is a widespread error that is a direct consequence of blind execution of the formal requirements of SNiP. If the entire first floor of a residential building is occupied by non-residential premises, then with regard to soundproofing measures, the main attention is paid to ensuring the required soundproofing of the floor between this room and the apartment located on the floor above. Indeed, in this case, all the requirements of building codes come down to ensuring proper sound insulation of only one floor, since there are no residential premises behind the walls on the same floor. However, the impact of indirect noise transmission in different types of buildings can be very different from each other. For example, in a pre-revolutionary building, the thickness of almost all the walls on the ground floor exceeds a meter of brickwork, and the ceilings can be made on metal beams and covered with wooden flooring. In this case, it is possible with a high degree of confidence to predict a favorable result of soundproofing measures when carrying out work with only one floor. A fundamentally different example is a residential building of the P-44 series, where the first floor, occupied by non-residential premises, is no different from the residential floors, and the walls have the same thickness as the floors - 140 mm. Additional sound insulation of the floor slab between the first and second floors will not provide the desired result here and the noise will not be reduced in apartments on the second floor. The reason for this is sound vibrations, which will still penetrate the apartments through the walls, even with the ceiling on the first floor completely soundproofed. For the same reason, there are complaints from neighbors on the second floor about the sounds of furniture being moved on the floor of the first floor - for example, chairs in a cafe. Despite the fact that this seems to be a classic example of “impact” noise and the neighbors below should suffer from it first of all, due to good indirect sound transmission, the noise of a moving chair (especially on ceramic tiles) is transmitted through the floor covering from the cafe premises to the walls and along he gets into the apartments. In this case, the problem is solved not only by additional insulation of the walls and ceiling of the cafe, but also by constructing a so-called “floating” floor in the service hall.

All of the above is absolutely true in relation to bowling alleys and entertainment establishments, on the playing lanes of which it is proposed to knock down fairly heavy pins with fairly heavy balls. Throwing the ball and hitting the pins are the main moments of the game, during which a strong impact noise is produced. The vast majority of bowling alleys located in residential buildings are located in built-in or attached premises. Moreover, some buildings have intermediate technical floors in front of the apartments. However, many of these entertainment centers have enormous problems with residents due to the increased noise that occurs during games. Moreover, residents of apartments located not only on the second floors, but also much higher, suffer. The reason for this is insufficient impact noise insulation or the absence of it at all under the bases of the tracks and pin collection mechanisms. As a result of this, due to the structural distribution of noise along the structural elements of the building, the residents of the house, regardless of the time of year, regularly hear sounds similar to distant rumbles of thunder. And the closer the apartment is to the bowling alley, the louder it is. All this could have been avoided at the design stage by introducing technically competent solutions to sound insulation issues.

A few words about the relationship between design solutions for the interior of public premises and the issue of ensuring the required sound insulation. Unfortunately, the vast majority of architects in their decisions prefer a maximum of hard and smooth finishing surfaces. Such as plasterboard sheets, glass, marble, ceramic tiles, painted plaster, etc. I don’t presume to discuss how justified this is from a design point of view, but to ensure the required sound insulation and create acoustic comfort in rooms, using a large number of sound-reflecting surfaces is not the best option. It is worth citing only one fact. By adjusting the design solutions for the decorative finishing of the ceiling and walls in the restaurant hall, taking into account the use of special sound-absorbing materials, it turned out to be possible to reduce the noise level in the apartments located on the floor above by 8 dBA. Moreover, without carrying out additional work to increase the sound insulation of walls and ceilings.

When installing a suspended ceiling in rooms where it is important to provide the required sound insulation, instead of purely decorative ceilings, it is recommended to use models with a high sound absorption coefficient. Almost every major manufacturer of suspended ceilings has such products in its assortment. Among the companies that specialize only in acoustic ceilings we can mention "Akusto-Ecophon" and "Rockfon".

Sound-absorbing wall panels can also be used to solve problems of reducing noise in rooms and indirectly help increase the sound insulation of their enclosing structures. Acoustic wall panels "SoundLux" made in Russia, having a perforated metal surface, in addition to good sound-absorbing properties and aesthetic appearance, are characterized by high mechanical strength and fire safety. It is this resistance to mechanical stress, which is not typical for finishing sound-absorbing materials, that contributes to the widespread use of SoundLux panels in the interior design of public premises when it is necessary to solve the assigned acoustic problems.

Izolon-Trade LLC is the official dealer of Izhevsk Plastics Plant JSC in Moscow.

At all times, people have built, are building, and will continue to build homes for themselves. A home as a place of relaxation, raising a family, and a sense of self-sufficiency is a value for all time. A house is a place in front of which you need to plant a tree, raise a child in it - and the minimum life program is completed.
When building a house, from ancient times until now, the builder solves the same problems: the house must be insulated, it must be quiet and dry.

Thermal insulation of the house, its walls, floor, roof- the most important task facing the builder. Insulation reduces heat loss from the house to the environment. Thermal insulation material is characterized by a porous structure, low density and low thermal conductivity.

Organic polyethylene foam insulation Isolon- a promising thermal insulation polymer insulation. Foamed polyethylene is affordable, it has equal performance and technical characteristics with polyurethane foam and polystyrene foam. The Russian brand of polyethylene foam Isolon (Isolon) is the highest quality line of materials, with the largest range. Many types and brands are produced: radiation (physically) cross-linked polyethylene foam, that is, cross-linked by irradiation at the molecular level, Isolon 500 (Izolon PPE), Isolon 500 SV foam (Izolon PSEV), chemically cross-linked Isolon 300 (Izolon PPE NX) and gas-foamed polyethylene Isolon 100 (Izolon NPE).

Physically and chemically foamed polyethylene foams Isolon have excellent thermal insulation properties, they are vapor-tight, with a practically zero coefficient of water absorption and an operating temperature of up to plus 100 degrees Celsius. They are superior to expanded polystyrene in terms of noise insulation and vibration insulation qualities and service life. At the same time, Izolon is much cheaper than polyurethane foam.
Gas-filled polyethylene foams (the best known brands are Isolon NPE, Plenex, Isonel, Teploflex, Energoflex, Tepofol, Penolin) are foamed from high-pressure polyethylene with propane-butane gas, etc.

Based on Isolon polyethylene foam, reflective insulation is also produced - heat-reflecting foil materials PPE (Isolon 500 LA) and NPE (Isolon 100 LA) with aluminum foil or metallized film welded to them. Has good heat-reflecting and heat-insulating properties. At low thickness, reflective insulation complements solid insulation such as mineral wool and extruded polystyrene foam. Presented in Russia by the brands Isolon 500 LA foil and materials of a lower quality, in terms of characteristics, level: Penofol, Teplofol, Energofol, Tepofol, etc. It is necessary to distinguish between foil materials based on NPE (Penofol, Teplofol, Energofol, Tepofol, etc.) and Isolon foil based on PPE (foil isolone). The foil material Isolon 500 LA is an order of magnitude superior to them in its characteristics.

Noise insulation

Soundproofing the house- the most important requirement for comfort. Both at home and at work, extraneous noises constantly irritate us. Street noise, sounds of renovations next door and stomping on the staircase, TV noise and annoying, not at all to your taste, music from neighbors late at night. At work, noise also interferes with work, making it difficult to concentrate. In England, studies were conducted on the effects of noise on health, and it turned out that every year approximately three thousand people die from heart disease caused by excessive noise.

The soundproofing materials we presented Isolon (Izolon) for screed and parquet boards and laminate, self-adhesive Isolontape (Isolontape), Isolon backing for wallpaper Ecohit and Polyfom for wallpaper (not produced today) solve the problems of sound insulation and vibration insulation of premises, increasing the quality of your life.

Isolon 500, Isolon 300, EcoHeat underlay under the screed or Isolon blocks, laid as a soundproofing elastic gasket in the Floating Floor and Warm Floor systems, will reduce the echo of your room and eliminate scandals with your neighbors, because by using Isolon you will receive reliable insulation of your apartment from neighboring ones . Izolon or EcoHeat underlay for floor coverings laid under laminate work on a smaller scale, but in the same way.

Self-adhesive polyethylene foam Isolontape perfectly soundproofs building structures and utilities of houses, apartments and offices: walls, roofs, air ducts of all types, etc. Easy installation of Isolontape is ensured by the excellent adhesive properties of this material, and the modification Isolontape LA provides improved thermal insulation.

EcoHeat underlay for wallpaper made of Izolon 500 not only provides additional insulation, but also provides sound insulation for the walls. This thermal insulation backing for wallpaper is very popular due to the decline in the quality of capital housing construction and when insulating old houses by the residents themselves.

All insulation materials are divided into two groups according to their type: those produced from organic and inorganic raw materials.

Inorganic materials for insulation, advantages and disadvantages:

1. Fiber insulation of the “mineral wool” type, consisting of thin mineral fibers. Thermal insulation type mineral wool, divided into glass fiber wool, so-called glass wool; wool from rocks and slag wool, with a base of metallurgical slag and industrial waste.

Mineral wool insulation is traditional, and its use is widespread. It has good thermal insulation characteristics, is resistant to alkaline and acidic environments, is non-flammable and operates at temperatures up to plus 700 degrees Celsius (for basalt wool, the melting point of which is 900 degrees Celsius).

The disadvantages of mineral wool thermal insulation are excessive hygroscopicity (additional vapor barrier is required), harmful phenol-formaldehyde binders it contains, and shrinkage after some time of operation. When insulating a house, mineral wool generates dust, causing irritation on the skin.

2. Others: foam glass, aerated concrete, perlite, vermiculite, etc. They have good thermal insulation parameters, but are not widespread.

Organic materials for insulation, advantages and disadvantages:

1. Thermal insulation from plant materials: cork, reeds (reeds); shevelin (tow); fiberboard (chips, wood shavings, straw); isolmin (50% tow, 50% mineral wool); thermal insulation boards made of peat; wood concrete (waste lumber mixed with liquid glass, water and cement), etc. They have good thermal insulation parameters and are environmentally friendly. But they are generally flammable, have high water absorption (mandatory vapor barrier with vapor barrier films is required), are susceptible to rotting and are not widely distributed.

2. Modern effective polymer cellular insulation based on hydrocarbons: expanded polystyrene (foam plastic) type PSB and PSB-S and extruded polystyrene foam (extruded polystyrene foam), polyurethane foam and polyethylene foam, called thermal insulating plastics or foam plastics. These are low-density insulation materials with a closed-porous structure consisting of cavities that do not communicate with each other and are filled with air or gas.

Polyethylene foam insulation (see above).

Insulation polystyrene foam (foam) PSB and PSB-S brands are produced in slabs with good thermal insulation properties, operating at temperatures up to plus 70 degrees Celsius. The disadvantage is fragility and water absorption; when insulating with foam plastic, mandatory vapor barrier with vapor barrier films is required.

Extruded polystyrene foam- light foam plastic, with good thermal insulation properties, operates at temperatures up to plus 75 degrees Celsius and has low water absorption. Extruded polystyrene foam is used at high humidity (foundations, roofs in use), it is more resistant to mechanical loads than PSB and PSB-S foam, does not rot, and is non-toxic. It is best known in Russia for the brands Penoplex and Styrodur (STYRODUR).

Polyurethane foam is produced by reacting liquid polymer diphenylmethane diisocyanate (polyisocyanate) with liquid polyol by extrusion, casting, or molding.
Lightweight, mechanically strong foam with high thermal insulation properties and a long service life (at least 25 years). Polyurethane foam is used in the form of shells for thermal insulation of pipelines, gas pipelines and oil pipelines. Polyurethane foam is widely used as the middle layer in sandwich panels. It does not burn, is not hygroscopic, mechanically strong and durable.

System of regulatory documents in construction

SET OF RULES
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

SOUND INSULATION DESIGN
ENCLOSING STRUCTURES
RESIDENTIAL AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS

SP 23-103-2003

STATE COMMITTEE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
ON CONSTRUCTION AND HOUSING AND COMMUNAL COMPLEX
(GOSSTROY RUSSIA)

Moscow

2004

PREFACE

1 DEVELOPED by the Research Institute of Building Physics (NIISF RAASN) (candidates of technical sciences) Klimukhin A.A., Angelov V.L., Shubin I.L.), Moscow Research and Design Institute of Typology, Experimental Design (eng. Lalaev E.M., Fedorov N.N.) with the participation of the Central Research and Design Institute for Standard and Experimental Housing Design (TsNIIEP Dwelling) (Ph.D. Kreitan V.G.) and Moscow State Civil Engineering University (MGSU) (candidate of technical sciences) Gerasimov A.I.)

INTRODUCED by the Department of Technical Standardization, Standardization and Certification in Construction and Housing and Communal Services of the Gosstroy of Russia

3 INSTEAD of Guidelines for the calculation and design of sound insulation of building envelopes

INTRODUCTION

This Code of Practice is a further development of instructive and normative documentation on the issues of calculation and design of sound insulation of building enclosures. It supplements and clarifies a number of provisions contained in SNiP 23-03-2003 “Protection from Noise”, and also provides a number of specific examples for the calculation and design of sound insulation of building envelopes.

Particular attention should be paid to the fact that in connection with the introduction of a new system for assessing sound insulation in SNiP 23-03-2003 “Protection from Noise”, corresponding to standard 717 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), there has been a change in the numerical values ​​of the airborne noise insulation indices and indices of reduced impact noise levels determined according to SNiP II-12-77, and accordingly all calculations are adjusted to new indices values.

To be able to compare the data given in the technical literature in previously used sound insulation characteristics with the new system for assessing sound insulation, the following ratios should be used:

Rw= I c + 2 dB;

Lnw =I y - 7 dB,

Where Rw And Lnw - index values ​​according to the new SNiP;

I in and I y - index values ​​according to SNiP II-12-77.

SP 23-103-2003

CODE OF RULES FOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

DESIGN OF SOUND INSULATION OF ENCLOSURES
STRUCTURES OF RESIDENTIAL AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS

PROJECTION OF SOUND INSULATION OF SEPARATING CONSTRUCTIONS
IN DOMESTIC AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS

1 REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR SOUND INSULATION OF ENCLOSING STRUCTURES

1.1 The standardized parameters for sound insulation of internal enclosing structures of residential and public buildings, as well as auxiliary buildings of industrial enterprises are indices of airborne noise insulation by enclosing structures Rw, dB, and reduced impact noise level indices Lnw, dB (for floors).

The normalized parameter for sound insulation of external enclosing structures (including windows, glazing) is sound insulation R A tran, dBA, which represents the insulation of external noise produced by the flow of city traffic.

1.2 Standard values ​​of airborne noise insulation indices by internal enclosing structures Rw and indices of the reduced impact noise level Lnw for residential, public buildings, as well as for auxiliary buildings of industrial enterprises are given in Table 1 for building categories A, B and C.

Set of rules
Noise protection and hall acoustics.
Updated version of SNiP 23-03-2003

1 area of ​​use
These norms and rules establish mandatory requirements that must be met during the design, construction and operation of buildings for various purposes, planning and development of populated areas in order to protect against noise and ensure standard parameters of the acoustic environment in industrial, residential, public buildings and in residential areas.
2 Normative references
These rules and regulations contain references to the following regulatory documents:
GOST 12.1.023-80 SSBT. Noise. Methods for establishing the values ​​of noise characteristics of stationary machines
GOST 17187-81 Sound level meters. General technical requirements and test methods
GOST 27296-87 Noise protection in construction. Sound insulation of building envelopes. Measurement methods
SNiP 2.07.01-89 Urban planning. Planning and development of urban and rural settlements
SP 23-103-2003 Design of sound insulation of enclosing structures of residential and public buildings
3 Terms and definitions
Terms with corresponding definitions used in these rules and regulations are given in Appendix A.
4 General provisions
4.1 Noise protection by construction and acoustic methods should be provided by:
a) at workplaces of industrial enterprises:
- a rational solution from an acoustic point of view for the general plan of the facility, a rational architectural and planning solution for buildings;
- use of building envelopes with the required sound insulation;
- the use of sound-absorbing structures (sound-absorbing linings, wings, piece absorbers);
- the use of soundproof observation and remote control cabins;
- the use of soundproofing casings on noisy units;
- use of acoustic screens;
- the use of noise suppressors in ventilation, air conditioning systems and aerogas-dynamic installations;
- vibration isolation of technological equipment;
b) in residential and public buildings:
- rational architectural and planning solution of the building;
- the use of enclosing structures that provide standard sound insulation;
- use of sound-absorbing cladding (in public buildings);

- vibration insulation of engineering and sanitary equipment of buildings;
c) in residential areas:
- compliance with sanitary protection zones (according to noise factor) of industrial and energy enterprises, roads and railways, airports, transport enterprises (sorting stations, tram depots, bus depots);
- application of rational methods of planning and development of residential areas and areas;
- use of noise-proof buildings;
- use of roadside noise barriers;
- the use of noise protection strips of green spaces.
4.2 Acoustic improvement, creation of optimal acoustic conditions in classrooms, auditoriums of theaters, cinemas, palaces of culture, gyms, waiting rooms and operating rooms of railway, air and bus stations should be ensured by:
- rational space-planning solution of the hall (volume, ratio of linear dimensions);
- use of sound-absorbing materials and structures;
- the use of sound-reflecting and sound-diffusing structures;
- the use of enclosing structures that provide the required sound insulation from internal and external noise sources;
- use of noise silencers in forced ventilation and air conditioning systems;
- use of sound reinforcement, warning and information transmission systems.
4.3 Projects must include noise protection measures:
- in the “Technological Solutions” section (for manufacturing enterprises), when choosing process equipment, preference should be given to low-noise equipment, the noise characteristics of which are established in accordance with GOST 12.1.023. The placement of technological equipment should be carried out taking into account noise reduction at workplaces in premises and areas through the use of rational architectural and planning solutions;
- in the section “Construction solutions” (for manufacturing enterprises), based on the acoustic calculation of the expected noise at workplaces, if necessary, construction and acoustic measures for noise protection should be calculated and designed;
- in the section “Architectural and construction solutions” of housing and civil construction projects, their design solutions must be justified based on the calculation of sound insulation of building envelopes;
- in the “Engineering Equipment” section, based on calculations for vibration and sound insulation of engineering equipment, the corresponding design decisions must be justified.
4.4 The section “Noise Protection” should be included in the urban planning documentation for the planning and development of cities, towns, rural settlements, as well as individual urban microdistricts in accordance with SNiP 2.07.01.
This section should include:
- at the stage of the technical and economic foundations of city development (feasibility study), master plan of the city, settlement: noise maps of the road network, railways, water and air transport, industrial zones and individual industrial and energy facilities;
- at the stage of the project planning for the industrial zone of the city and the master plan for a group of enterprises: noise maps of industrial enterprises, architectural, planning and construction and acoustic measures to reduce the impact of noise on residential areas;
- at the stage of a detailed planning project for a city area: noise maps on the territory, calculations of expected noise at the facades of buildings (residential, administrative, preschool institutions, schools, hospitals), at recreation areas; types and location of noise protection buildings on main streets; installation of noise barriers on sections of highways; installation of noise protection strips in green spaces; the use of noise-proof windows on the facades of buildings facing main streets.
4.5 Acoustic calculations must be carried out in the following sequence:
- identification of noise sources and determination of their noise characteristics;
- selection of points in premises and areas for which it is necessary to carry out calculations (calculation points);
- determination of noise propagation paths from the source(s) to the design points and sound energy losses along each path (reduction due to distance, shielding, sound insulation of enclosing structures, sound absorption, etc.);
- determination of expected noise levels at design points;
- determination of the required reduction in noise levels based on a comparison of expected noise levels with acceptable values;
- development of measures to ensure the required noise reduction;
- verification calculation of expected noise levels at design points, taking into account the implementation of construction and acoustic measures.
4.6 Acoustic calculations should be carried out according to sound pressure levels L, dB, in eight octave frequency bands with geometric mean frequencies 63, 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 and 8000 Hz or according to sound levels according to frequency correction “A” L A, dBA . The calculation is carried out with an accuracy of tenths of a decibel, the final result is rounded to whole values.
4.7 In noise protection projects, the technical and economic indicators of the decisions made must be determined.
4.8 Soundproofing, sound-absorbing, vibration-damping materials used in projects must have appropriate fire and hygiene certificates.
5 Noise sources and their noise characteristics
5.1 The main source of noise in buildings for various purposes is technological and engineering equipment.
The noise characteristics of technological and engineering equipment that create constant noise are sound power levels L w , dB, in eight octave frequency bands with geometric mean frequencies of 63-8000 Hz (octave sound power levels), and equipment that creates intermittent noise are equivalent sound levels power L w eq and maximum sound power levels L w max in eight octave frequency bands.
5.2 The noise characteristics of technological and engineering equipment must be contained in its technical documentation and attached to the “Noise Protection” section of the project. The dependence of the noise characteristics on the operating mode, the operation being performed, the material being processed, etc. should be taken into account. Possible options for noise characteristics should be reflected in the technical documentation of the equipment.
5.3 The main sources of external noise are traffic flows on streets and roads, railway, water and air transport, industrial and energy enterprises and their individual installations, intra-block noise sources (transformer substations, central heating points, utility yards of shops, sports and playgrounds and etc.).
5.4 The noise characteristics of external noise sources are:
- for traffic flows on streets and roads - equivalent sound level L A eq, dBA, at a distance of 7.5 m from the axis of the first lane (for trams - at a distance of 7.5 m from the axis of the near track);
- for railway train flows - equivalent sound level L A eq, dBA, and maximum sound level L A max, dBA, at a distance of 25 m from the axis of the track closest to the design point;
- for water transport - equivalent sound level L A eq, dBA, and maximum sound level L A max, dBA, at a distance of 25 m from the side of the vessel;
- for air transport - equivalent sound level L A eq, dBA, and maximum sound level L A max, dBA, at the design point;
- for industrial and energy enterprises with a maximum linear dimension up to 300 m inclusive - equivalent sound power levels L w eq and maximum sound power levels L w max in eight octave frequency bands with geometric mean frequencies 63-8000 Hz and radiation directivity factor in the direction design point Ф (Ф = 1, if the directivity factor is unknown). It is allowed to present noise characteristics in the form of equivalent adjusted sound power levels L wA eq., dBA, and maximum adjusted sound power levels L wA max., dBA;
- for industrial zones, industrial and energy enterprises with a maximum linear dimension in plan of more than 300 m - equivalent sound level L A eq.gr., dBA and maximum sound level L A max.gr., dBA, at the border of the enterprise territory and residential territory in the direction design point;
- for intra-block noise sources - equivalent sound level L A eq. and maximum sound level L A max. at a fixed distance from the source.
6 Permissible noise standards
6.1 The normalized parameters of constant noise at design points are sound pressure levels L, dB, in octave frequency bands with geometric mean frequencies of 31.5, 63, 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 and 8000 Hz. For approximate calculations, it is allowed to use sound levels L A, dBA.
6.2 The standardized parameters of non-constant (intermittent, fluctuating over time) noise are the equivalent sound pressure levels L eq., dB, and the maximum sound pressure levels L max. , dB, in octave frequency bands with geometric mean frequencies of 31.5, 63, 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 and 8000 Hz.
It is allowed to use equivalent sound levels L A eq, dBA, and maximum sound levels L A max., dBA. Noise is considered within normal limits when it, both in terms of equivalent and maximum levels, does not exceed the established standard values.
6.3 Permissible sound pressure levels, dB, (equivalent sound pressure levels, dB), permissible equivalent and maximum sound levels at workplaces in industrial and auxiliary buildings, on the sites of industrial enterprises, in the premises of residential and public buildings and in residential areas should be taken according to table 1.
7 Determination of sound pressure levels at design points
7.1 Design points in production and auxiliary premises of industrial enterprises are selected at workplaces and (or) in areas where people are constantly present at a height of 1.5 m from the floor. In a room with one noise source or with several sources of the same type, one calculation point is taken at the workplace in the zone of direct sound of the source, the other - in the zone of reflected sound at the place of permanent residence of people not directly related to the work of this source.

Table 1

Continuation of Table 1

Continuation of Table 1

End of table 1

In a room with several noise sources, the sound power levels of which differ by 10 dB or more, design points are selected at workplaces at sources with maximum and minimum levels. In a room with group placement of equipment of the same type, design points are selected at the workplace in the center of groups with maximum and minimum levels.
7.2 The initial data for acoustic calculations are:
- plan and section of the premises with the location of technological and engineering equipment and design points;
- information about the characteristics of the building envelope (material, thickness, density, etc.);
- noise characteristics and geometric dimensions of noise sources.
7.3 Noise characteristics of technological and engineering equipment in the form of octave sound power levels L w, adjusted sound power levels L wA, as well as equivalent L wA eq and maximum L wA max. adjusted sound power levels for intermittent noise sources must be specified by the manufacturer in the technical documentation.
It is allowed to present noise characteristics in the form of octave sound pressure levels L or sound levels at the workplace L A (at a fixed distance) with equipment operating alone.
7.4 Octave sound pressure levels L, dB, at design points of commensurate rooms (with the ratio of the largest geometric size to the smallest not exceeding 5) when operating one noise source should be determined by the formula
(1)
where is the octave sound power level, dB;
- coefficient taking into account the influence of the near field in cases where the distance r is less than twice the maximum size of the source (r< 21 макс) (принимают по таблице 2);
Ф - directivity factor of the noise source (for sources with uniform radiation Ф = 1);
– spatial angle of source radiation, rad. (accepted according to table 3).
r is the distance from the acoustic center of the noise source to the calculated point, m (if the exact position of the acoustic center is not known, it is assumed to coincide with the geometric center);
k – coefficient taking into account the violation of the diffuseness of the sound field in the room (accepted according to Table 4 depending on the average sound absorption coefficient);
B is the acoustic constant of the room, m2, determined by the formula
, (2)
where A is the equivalent sound absorption area, m 2, determined by the formula
, (3)
where is the sound absorption coefficient of the i-th surface;
– area of ​​the i-th surface, m2;
– equivalent sound absorption area of ​​the j-piece absorber, m2;
– number of j-piece absorbers, pcs;
- average sound absorption coefficient, determined by the formula
, (4)
where S limit is the total area of ​​the enclosing surfaces of the room, m 2.
table 2

Table 3

Table 4

7.5 Boundary radius, m, in a room with one noise source - the distance from the acoustic center of the source at which the energy density of direct sound is equal to the energy density of reflected sound, is determined by the formula
. (5)
If the source is located on the floor of the room, the boundary radius is determined by the formula
. (6)
Calculation points at a distance of up to 0.5 can be considered to be within the range of direct sound. In this case, octave sound pressure levels should be determined by the formula
, dB. (7)
Calculation points at a distance of more than 2 can be considered to be within the range of reflected sound. In this case, octave sound pressure levels should be determined by the formula
, dB. (8)
7.6 Octave sound pressure levels L, dB, at design points of a commensurate room with several noise sources should be determined using the formula
, (9)

- the same as in formulas (1) and (6), but for the i-th source;
m is the number of noise sources closest to the design point (located at a distance r i £ 5r min, where r min is the distance from the design point to the acoustic center of the nearest noise source);
n is the total number of noise sources in the room;
k and B are the same as in formulas (1) and (8).
If all n sources have the same sound power L w 1, then
. (10)
7.7 If the noise source and the design point are located on the territory, the distance between them is greater than twice the maximum size of the noise source and there are no obstacles between them that screen noise or reflect noise in the direction of the design point, then the octave sound pressure levels L, dB, at the design points should be determined :
with a point source of noise (separate installation on the territory, transformer, etc.) according to the formula
, (11)
with an extended source of limited size (the wall of an industrial building, a chain of ventilation system shafts on the roof of an industrial building, a transformer substation with a large number of openly located transformers) - according to the formula
, (12)
where is the same as in formulas (1) and (7);
– sound attenuation in the atmosphere, dB/km, taken according to Table 5.
Table 5

At distance r £ 50 m sound attenuation in the atmosphere is not taken into account.
7.8 Octave sound pressure levels L, dB, at design points in an insulated room, penetrating through the enclosing structure from an adjacent room with a noise source(s) or from the territory, should be determined using the formula
, (13)
where is the octave sound pressure level in a room with a noise source at a distance of 2 m from the fence separating the room, dB, (determined by formulas (1), (8) or (9)).
When noise penetrates into the isolated room from the territory, the octave sound pressure level outside at a distance of 2 m from the enclosing structure is determined using formulas (11) or (12);
R – insulation of airborne noise by the enclosing structure through which it penetrates
noise, dB;
S – area of ​​the enclosing structure, m2;
– acoustic constant of the insulated room, m2;
k – the same as in formula (1).
If the enclosing structure consists of several parts with different sound insulation (for example, a wall with a window and a door), R is determined by the formula
, (14)
where S i is the area of ​​the i-th part, m 2 ;
R i – airborne noise insulation by the i-th part, dB.
If the building envelope consists of two parts with different sound insulation (R 1 > R 2), R is determined by the formula
. (15)
When >>with a certain ratio of areas, instead of sound insulation of the enclosing structure R, when calculating using formula (13), it is allowed to introduce sound insulation of the weak part of the composite fence and its area .
The equivalent and maximum sound levels L A , dBA, created by an external transport port and penetrating into the premises through an external wall with a window (windows), should be determined by the formula
, (16)
where is the equivalent (maximum) sound level outside two meters from the fence, dBA;
- insulation of external traffic noise outside the window, dBA;
- area of ​​the window(s), m2;
- acoustic constant of the room, m 2 (in the octave band 500 Hz);
k is the same as in formula (1).

For premises of residential and administrative buildings, hotels, dormitories, etc. with an area of ​​up to 25 m 2 L A, dBA, is determined by the formula
. (17)
7.9 Octave sound pressure levels in a noise-protected room in cases where noise sources are located in another building should be determined in several stages:
1) determine the octave levels of sound power of noise, dB, passing through the external fence (or several fences) into the territory, according to the formula
, (18)
where is the octave sound power level of the i-th source, dB;
- acoustic constant of the room with the noise source(s), m 2 ;
S - fence area, m2;
R - airborne noise insulation by fencing, dB;
2) determine octave sound pressure levels for an auxiliary design point at a distance of 2 m from the outer fence of the room protected from noise using formulas (10) or (11) from each of the noise sources (IS 1 and IS 2, Figure 1). When calculating, it should be taken into account that for calculated points within 10° from the plane of the building wall (in Figure 1 - complex noise source ISh 1), a correction is introduced for the directivity of the radiation dB.
3) determine the total octave sound pressure levels, dB, at an auxiliary design point (two meters from the outer fence of the room protected from noise) from all noise sources according to the formula
, (19)
where is the sound pressure level from the i-th source, dB;
4) determine the octave sound pressure levels L, dB, in a room protected from noise according to formula (13), replacing it with .
7.10 For unstable noise, octave sound pressure levels, dB, at the design point should be determined using formulas (1), (7), (8), (9), (11), (12) or (13) for each time period, min., during which the level remains constant, replacing in the indicated formulas with .

R.T. – design point
R.T.1 – auxiliary design point
IS 1 and IS 2 – buildings – noise sources
Figure 1 – Calculation scheme
Equivalent octave sound pressure levels, dB, for the total exposure time T, min, should be determined by the formula
, (20)
where is the time of exposure to level, min;
- octave level over time, dB.
The total time of exposure to noise T is taken as follows: in production and office premises - the duration of the work shift; in residential and other premises, as well as in areas where standards are established separately for day and night, the duration of the day is 7.00-23.00 and the duration of the night is 23.00-7.00 hours.
In the latter case, it is allowed to take the exposure time T during the day as a four-hour period with the highest levels, at night as a 1-hour period with the highest levels.
7.11 Equivalent sound levels of intermittent noise, dBA, should be determined using formula (20), replacing by and by .
8 Determination of required noise reduction
8.1 The required reduction in noise levels, dB, in octave frequency bands or in sound levels, dBA, should be determined for each design point selected in accordance with 7.1. When calculating noise from the traffic flow of streets and roads, railways and tram lines, water and air transport, as well as from industrial zones and individual enterprises, the required reduction in noise levels is determined in sound levels at all stages of design.
8.2 When calculating noise at the stage of feasibility study at workplaces in production and auxiliary buildings and on the sites of industrial enterprises, at design points of premises of residential and public buildings, the required reduction in noise levels can be determined in sound levels.
8.3 The required reduction in noise levels at design points at the stage of a detailed design or project of an enterprise, housing and civil construction projects is determined in octave bands of the standardized frequency range.
8.4 The required reduction in octave sound pressure levels, dB, (or sound levels, dBA) at the calculated point on the territory from each noise source (traffic flow of streets and roads, railway transport, intra-block noise source, industrial enterprise, etc.) is determined by formula
, (21)
where is the octave sound pressure level or sound level from the i-th source, calculated at the design point, dB (dBA);
- permissible octave sound pressure level, dB, or sound level, dBA (determined according to Table 1);
n is the total number of noise sources taken into account when calculating the total level at the design point.
8.5 The required reduction in octave sound pressure levels, dB, or sound level, dBA, at the design point in the room should be determined:
a) with one noise source according to the formula
, (22)
where L is the octave sound pressure level, dB, or the sound level from this noise source, dBA, calculated at the design point;
- the same as in formula (21);
b) with several similar simultaneously operating noise sources (for example, a weaving shop) - according to the formula
, (23)
where are octave sound pressure levels dB or sound level at the design point, dBA, calculated using formulas (9) and (10);
- the same as in formula (21).
c) with several noise sources operating simultaneously and located in groups, greatly varying in sound power levels (more than 10 dB):
- at the design point in the center of the noisiest group - according to formula (23), where - octave sound pressure levels or sound levels calculated according to formula (9); - the same as in formula (21);
- at the calculated point in the center of groups of quieter noise sources - according to formula (23);
d) in rooms without noise sources according to the formula
, (24)
where is the octave sound pressure level, dB, or sound level, dBA, calculated separately by 7.8 from each external noise source;
n is the total number of external noise sources;
- the same as in formula (21).
8.6 In areas, as well as in rooms where sources with widely varying sound power levels are installed, noise attenuation should begin with the noisiest sources.
9 Sound insulation of building envelopes
9.1 The regulated parameters of sound insulation of internal enclosing structures of residential and public buildings, as well as auxiliary buildings of industrial enterprises are indices of airborne noise insulation by enclosing structures, dB, and indices of reduced impact noise level, dB, (for floors).
The standardized parameter for sound insulation of external enclosing structures (including windows, shop windows and other types of glazing) is sound insulation, dBA, which is the insulation of external noise produced by the flow of urban traffic.
9.2 Standard values ​​of airborne noise insulation indices by internal enclosing structures and reduced impact noise level indices for residential, public buildings, as well as for auxiliary buildings of industrial enterprises are given in Table 6 for building categories A, B and C (see 6.4).
Standard values ​​for living rooms, hotel rooms, dormitories, offices and workrooms of administrative buildings, hospital wards, doctors' offices with an area of ​​up to 25 m2 are given in Table 7 depending on the calculated level of traffic noise at the building facade. For intermediate values ​​of design levels, the required value should be determined by interpolation.
Table 6

Table 7 - Regulatory requirements for sound insulation of windows

9.3 Airborne noise insulation index R w , dB, of a building envelope with a known (calculated or measured) frequency characteristic of airborne noise insulation is determined by comparing this frequency characteristic with the evaluation curve given in Table 8, pos. 1.
To determine the airborne noise insulation index Rw, it is necessary to determine the sum of unfavorable deviations of a given frequency response from the evaluation curve. Deviations downward from the rating curve are considered unfavorable.
If the sum of unfavorable deviations is as close as possible to 32 dB, but does not exceed this value, the value of the R w index is 52 dB.
If the sum of the unfavorable deviations exceeds 32 dB, the evaluation curve is shifted down an integral number of decibels so that the sum of the unfavorable deviations does not exceed this amount.
If the sum of unfavorable deviations is significantly less than 32 dB or there are no unfavorable deviations, the rating curve is shifted upward by an integral number of decibels so that the sum of unfavorable deviations from the shifted rating curve is as close as possible to 32 dB, but does not exceed this value.
The value of the index R w is taken to be the ordinate of the estimated value shifted up or down
curve in a third octave band with a geometric mean frequency of 500 Hz.
9.4 The index of the reduced impact noise level L nw for an overlap with a known frequency characteristic of the reduced impact noise level is determined by comparing this frequency characteristic with the evaluation curve given in Table 8, item 2.
To calculate the L nw index, it is necessary to determine the sum of unfavorable deviations of a given frequency response from the evaluation curve. Deviations upward from the rating curve are considered unfavorable.
If the sum of unfavorable deviations is as close as possible to 32 dB, but does not exceed this value, then the value of the L nw index is 60 dB.
If the sum of unfavorable deviations exceeds 32 dB, the evaluation curve is shifted upward (by an integer number of decibels) so that the sum of unfavorable deviations from the shifted curve does not exceed the specified amount.
If the sum of the unfavorable deviations is significantly less than 32 dB or there are no unfavorable deviations, the evaluation curve is shifted down (by a whole number of decibels) so that the sum of the unfavorable deviations from the shifted curve is as close as possible to 32 dB, but does not exceed this value.
The value of the index L nw is taken to be the ordinate of the evaluation curve shifted up or down in a third octave band with a geometric mean frequency of 500 Hz.
9.5 The amount of sound insulation of a window, dBA, is determined based on the frequency characteristics of airborne noise insulation by a window using the reference noise spectrum of urban traffic flow. The levels of the reference spectrum, corrected according to the frequency correction curve “A” for noise with a level of 75 dBA, are shown in Table 8, pos. 3.
To determine the amount of sound insulation of a window based on the known frequency characteristic of airborne noise insulation, it is necessary to subtract the amount of airborne noise insulation R i by a given window design from the level of the reference spectrum L i in each third of the octave frequency band. The resulting level values ​​should be added energetically and the result of the addition subtracted from the reference noise level equal to 75 dBA.
The amount of window sound insulation, dBA, is determined by the formula
, (25)
where L i are the sound pressure levels of the reference spectrum in the i-th third octave frequency band, dB, corrected according to the frequency correction curve “A” (accepted according to Table 8, item 3);
R i - airborne noise insulation by a given window design in the i-th third octave frequency band, dB.
9.6 The required sound insulation of internal enclosing structures in industrial buildings, as well as enclosing structures separating rooms protected from noise from rooms with noise sources not typical for the rooms listed in Table 6, should be determined in the form of airborne noise insulation R tr, dB, in octave bands frequencies of the normalized range (6.1 and 6.2).
9.7 The required sound insulation of airborne noise R tr, dB, in octave frequency bands of the enclosing structure through which noise penetrates, should be determined when noise propagates into the room protected from noise, from an adjacent room with noise sources, as well as from the adjacent territory according to the formula
, (26)
where L w, S, B and, k are the same as in formula (13).
In cases where the enclosing structure consists of several parts with different sound insulation (a wall with a window and a door), the values ​​determined by formula (26) refer to the total value of sound insulation R avg.tr of this composite enclosing structure. The required sound insulation of the individual components of this fence R i tr should be determined by the formula
, (27)
where R avg.tr. - the same as R tr. in formula (26).
n is the total number of elements of the enclosing structure with different sound insulation.
If the enclosing structure consists of two parts with very different sound insulation (R 1 >>R 2), then the required sound insulation can be determined only for the weak part of the enclosing structure using formula (26), substituting R tr.2 instead of R tr. and S 2 instead of S .
9.8 The required sound insulation of external enclosing structures (including windows, shop windows and other types of glazing) of premises with an area of ​​more than 25 m2, as well as premises not listed in Table 8, in buildings located near transport routes should be determined by the formula
, (28)
Where , - the same as in formula (16);
- permissible equivalent (maximum) sound level in the room, dBA.
The required sound insulation should be determined based on ensuring permissible values ​​of penetrating noise both at the equivalent and at the maximum level, i.e. The larger of the two values ​​is taken.
9.9 Calculation of sound insulation of enclosing structures should be carried out when developing new structural solutions for fencing, using new building materials and products. The final assessment of the sound insulation of such structures should be carried out on the basis of full-scale tests in accordance with GOST 27296.
9.10 Calculation of sound insulation of enclosing structures should be carried out on the basis of SP 23-103-2003.
Recommendations for the design of enclosing structures,providing standard sound insulation
9.11 It is recommended to design fencing elements from materials with a dense structure that does not have through pores. Fences made of materials with through porosity must have outer layers of dense material, concrete or mortar.
It is recommended to design internal walls and partitions made of brick, ceramic and slag concrete blocks with joints filled to the full thickness (without empty space) and plastered on both sides with non-shrink mortar.
9.12 Enclosing structures must be designed so that during construction and operation there are no or even minimal through gaps and cracks at their joints. Cracks and cracks that arise during the construction process, after clearing them, must be eliminated by constructive measures and sealing with non-drying sealants and other materials to the full depth.
Interfloor ceilings
9.13 The floor on the soundproofing layer (gaskets) should not have rigid connections (sound bridges) with the load-bearing part of the floor, walls and other building structures, i.e. must be "floating". A wooden floor or a floating concrete floor base (screed) must be separated along the contour from the walls and other building structures by gaps 1-2 cm wide, filled with soundproofing material or product, for example, soft fibreboard, porous polyethylene moldings, etc. P. Skirting boards or fillets should only be attached to the floor or only to the wall. The connection of the floor structure on the soundproofing layer to the wall or partition is shown in Figure 2.
When designing a floor with a base in the form of a monolithic floating screed, a continuous waterproofing layer (for example, glassine, waterproofing, roofing material, etc.) should be placed over the soundproofing layer with an overlap of at least 20 cm at the joints. At the joints of soundproofing slabs (mats) there should not be there may be cracks and gaps.
9.14 In floor structures that do not have a sound insulation reserve, it is not recommended to use linoleum floor coverings on a fiber base, which reduce airborne noise insulation by 1 dB according to the R w index. . It is allowed to use linoleum with foam layers that do not affect the insulation of airborne noise and can provide the necessary insulation of impact noise with the appropriate parameters of the foam layers.


1- load-bearing part of the interfloor ceiling; 2 - concrete floor base
5 - flexible plastic plinth; 6 - wall; 7 - wooden fillet;
8 - plank floor on joists
Figure 2 - Scheme of the design solution for the floor connection unit on
soundproofing layer to the wall (partition)
9.15 Interfloor floors with increased requirements for airborne noise insulation (R w = 57–62 dB), separating residential and built-in noisy rooms, should be designed, as a rule, using monolithic reinforced concrete slabs of sufficient thickness (for example, frame-monolithic or monolithic construction first floor). The sufficiency of sound insulation of such a design is determined by calculation.
Another possible design option when placing noisy rooms on the first non-residential floors is the construction of an intermediate (technical) 2nd floor. In this case, it is also necessary to perform calculations confirming sufficient sound insulation of residential premises. In all cases of placing premises with noise sources on the first non-residential floors, it is recommended to install suspended ceilings in them, which significantly increase the sound insulation of the floors.
Internal walls and partitions
9.16 Double walls or partitions are usually designed with rigid connections between elements along the contour or at individual points. The gap between structural elements must be at least 4 cm.
In the designs of frame-sheathing partitions, it is necessary to provide for point fastening of sheets to the frame with a pitch of at least 300 mm. If two layers of sheathing sheets are used on one side of the frame, they should not stick together. The pitch of the frame posts and the distance between its horizontal elements is recommended to be at least 600 mm. The filling of the gap with soft sound-absorbing materials recommended above is especially effective for improving the sound insulation of frame-sheathing partitions. In addition, to increase their sound insulation, independent frames are recommended for each of the sheathings, and in necessary cases, it is possible to use two- or three-layer sheathing on each side of the partition.
9.17 To increase the insulation of airborne noise by a wall or partition made of reinforced concrete, concrete, brick, etc., in some cases, it is advisable to use additional cladding on the side.
The following can be used as sheathing material: plasterboard sheets, solid wood-fiber boards and similar sheet materials attached to the wall along wooden slats, along linear or point beacons made of gypsum mortar. It is advisable to make the air gap between the wall and the cladding 40-50 mm thick and fill it with soft sound-absorbing material (mineral wool or fiberglass boards, mats, etc.).
9.18 Entrance doors of apartments should be designed with a threshold and sealing gaskets in the vestibules.
Joints and nodes
9.19 The joints between internal enclosing structures, as well as between them and other adjacent structures, must be designed in such a way that during construction there are no through cracks, crevices or leaks that sharply reduce the sound insulation of the fences.
Joints in which during operation, despite the design measures taken, mutual movement of the joined elements under the influence of load, temperature and shrinkage deformations, are possible, should be constructed using durable sealing elastic materials and products glued to the joined surfaces.
9.20 The joints between the load-bearing elements of the walls and the floors resting on them should be designed with filling with mortar or concrete. If the joints may open as a result of loads or other influences, the design must take measures to prevent the formation of through cracks in the joints.
The joints between load-bearing elements of internal walls are designed, as a rule, filled with mortar or concrete. The mating surfaces of the joined elements must form a cavity (well), the transverse dimensions of which ensure the possibility of densely filling it with mounting concrete or mortar to the entire height of the element. It is necessary to provide measures to limit the mutual movement of joined elements (arrangement of keys, welding of embedded parts, etc.). Connecting parts, fittings, etc. should not interfere with filling the joint cavity with concrete or mortar. It is recommended to fill joints with non-shrinking (expanding) concrete or mortar.
When designing prefabricated structural elements, it is necessary to adopt such a configuration and dimensions of the joining areas that ensure placement, gluing, fixing and the required compression of sealing materials and products when their use is envisaged.
Elements of enclosing structures associated with engineering equipment
9.21 Passing pipes for water heating, water supply, etc. through inter-apartment walls is not allowed.
Pipes for water heating, water supply, etc. must be passed through interfloor ceilings and interior walls (partitions) in elastic sleeves (made of porous polyethylene and other elastic materials), allowing temperature movements and deformation of pipes without the formation of through gaps (Figure 3).
Cavities in panels of internal walls intended for connecting pipes of embedded heating risers must be sealed with non-shrinking concrete or mortar.


1 - wall; 2 - non-shrinkable concrete or mortar; 3 - gasket (layer) made of soundproofing material; 4 - concrete floor base; 5 - load-bearing part of the floor; 6 - elastic sleeve; 7 - heating riser pipe
Figure 3 - Scheme of the design solution for the heating riser passage unit
through the interfloor ceiling
9.22 Hidden electrical wiring in inter-apartment walls and partitions should be located in separate channels or grooves for each apartment. The cavities for installing junction boxes and plug sockets must be non-through. If the formation of through holes is due to the production technology of wall elements, these devices should be installed in them only on one side. The free part of the cavity is sealed with gypsum or other non-shrinking mortar with a layer of at least 40 mm thick.
It is not recommended to install junction boxes and plug sockets between apartment frame-sheathing partitions. If necessary, you should use plug sockets and switches, the installation of which does not cut holes in the sheathing sheets.
The wire outlet from the ceiling to the ceiling lamp should be provided in a non-through cavity. If the formation of a through hole is due to the manufacturing technology of the floor slab, then the hole should consist of two parts. The upper part of the larger diameter should be sealed with a non-shrinking mortar, the lower part should be filled with sound-absorbing material (for example, super-thin fiberglass) and covered from the ceiling with a layer of mortar or a dense decorative cover (Figure 4).


1 - floor panel; 2 - electrical channel; 3 - hook (welded to a round steel plate); 4 - solution (sealing the lower part of the hole is not shown)
Figure 4 - Scheme of a design solution for releasing wires from the ceiling
to the downlight (ceiling with a through hole)
9.23 The design of ventilation units must ensure the integrity of the walls (the absence of through cavities or cracks) separating the channels. The horizontal joint of ventilation units must exclude the possibility of noise penetration through leaks from one channel to another.
Ventilation openings of vertically adjacent apartments should communicate with each other through prefabricated and passing ducts no closer than through the floor.
Sound insulation of the enclosing structures of observation booths,remote control, shelters, casings
9.24 Soundproof booths should be used in industrial workshops and areas where permissible levels are exceeded to protect workers and maintenance personnel from noise. Remote controls should be located in soundproof booths

control and management of technological processes and equipment, workplaces of foremen and shop managers.
Soundproofing cabins are divided into four classes based on their sound insulation.
Airborne noise insulation values ​​in octave frequency bands R, depending on the cabin class, must be no lower than those given in Table 9.
Table 9

The required sound insulation of individual elements of cabin enclosures should be determined using formulas (26) and (27), taking for L w - the calculated octave sound pressure level L at the cabin installation location, determined in accordance with 7.4, 7.5 or 7.6, L additional - permissible octave level at the workplace in the cabin; B and – acoustic constant of the cabin.
9.25 Depending on the required sound insulation, cabins can be designed from conventional building materials (brick, reinforced concrete, etc.) or have a prefabricated structure assembled from prefabricated structures made of steel, aluminum, plastic, plywood and other sheet materials on a prefabricated or welded frame.
Soundproof cabins should be installed on rubber vibration isolators to prevent the transfer of vibrations to the enclosing structures and cabin frame.
9.26 The internal volume of the cabin must be at least 15 m 3 per person. The height of the cabin (inside) is at least 2.5 m. The cabin must be equipped with a ventilation or air conditioning system with the necessary noise silencers. The internal surfaces of the cabin must be lined with 50-70% sound-absorbing materials.
Cabin doors must have sealing gaskets in the rebate and locking devices that ensure compression of the gaskets. Class 1 and 2 cabins must have double doors with a vestibule.
9.27 Soundproofing enclosures of machines and technological equipment, soundproofing casings made of thin-sheet materials (metals, plastics, glass, etc.) should be used to reduce noise levels at workplaces located directly at the noise source, where the use of other construction materials -acoustic measures are inappropriate. The acoustic efficiency of the casing design is assessed by its sound insulation Rk, dB.
9.28 The use of a casing on a unit (machine) is advisable in cases where the noise it creates at the design point exceeds the permissible value by 5 dB or more in at least one octave band, and the noise of all other technological equipment is in the same octave band (in the same design point) 2 dB or more below the permissible level.
The required sound insulation of the casing enclosures should be determined in octave frequency bands using the formula
R tr.k = L – L additional – 10× log α region + Δ + 5, (29)
where L is the calculated octave sound pressure level created by this unit at the design point, dB;
L add – permissible octave sound pressure level, dB;
α region – sound absorption coefficient of the inner lining of the casing;
Δ – correction determined according to Table 10 depending on the ratio of the calculated noise level from the operation of equipment without this unit L f and the permissible sound pressure level L permissible, dB.
Table 10

If the value of R tr.k does not exceed 10 dB at medium and high frequencies, the casing can be made of elastic materials (vinyl, rubber, etc.). The casing elements must be mounted on the frame.
If the value of R pipe exceeds 10 dB at medium and high frequencies, the casing should be made of sheet structural materials.
9.29 The metal casing should be covered with vibration-damping material (sheet or in the form of mastic), and the thickness of the coating should be 2-3 times the thickness of the wall. On the inside of the casing there should be a layer of sound-absorbing material 40–50 mm thick. To protect it from mechanical influences, dust and other contaminants, use a metal mesh with fiberglass or a thin film 20–30 microns thick.
The casing should not have direct contact with the unit or pipelines. Technological and ventilation openings must be equipped with mufflers and seals.
10 Sound-absorbing structures, screens, partitions
10.1 Sound-absorbing structures (suspended ceilings, wall cladding, rocker and piece absorbers) should be used to reduce noise levels in workplaces and in areas where people are constantly occupied in industrial and public buildings. The area of ​​sound-absorbing linings and the number of piece absorbers are determined by calculation.
10.2 Piece absorbers should be used if the cladding is not enough to achieve the required noise reduction, as well as instead of a sound-absorbing suspended ceiling when its installation is impossible or ineffective (high height of the production room, the presence of overhead cranes, the presence of light and aeration lanterns).
10.3 As a mandatory measure to reduce noise and ensure optimal acoustic parameters of premises, sound-absorbing structures should be used:
- in noisy workshops of manufacturing enterprises;
- in computer rooms of computer centers and machine counting stations, machine bureaus;
- in the corridors and halls of schools, hospitals, hotels, boarding houses, etc.;
- in operating rooms and waiting rooms of railway, air and bus stations;
- in gyms and swimming pools;
- in soundproof cabins, boxes and shelters.
10.4 Screens installed between the noise source and the workplaces of personnel (not directly associated with servicing this source) should be used to protect workplaces from direct sound (7.5). The use of screens is quite effective only in combination with sound-absorbing structures.
10.5 A partition is a screen that surrounds the noise source on all sides. It is advisable to use partitions for a noise source(s) whose sound power levels are 15 dB or more higher than those of other noise sources.
Options for screens and partitions are presented in Figure 5.


IS - noise source; 1 - screen; 2 - design point; 3 - partition
Figure 5 - Shapes of acoustic screens
Sound-absorbing structures
10.6 The amount of reduction in sound pressure levels at design points, dB, located in the reflected sound zone should be determined by the formula
, (30)
where k and B are the same as in 7.4;
k 1 and B 1 – the same, but after the installation of sound-absorbing structures.
It should be taken into account that the maximum possible reduction in sound pressure levels in the area of ​​reflected sound at a distance from the source r ≥2r deg. according to 7.5 it is 8–10 dB. In the intermediate zone (at 0.5r deg. 10.7 Sound-absorbing structures should be placed on the ceiling and on the upper parts of the walls. It is advisable to place sound-absorbing structures in separate sections or strips. At frequencies below 250 Hz, the effectiveness of sound-absorbing cladding increases when it is placed in the corners of the room.
Screens and partitions
10.8 Screens should be used to reduce sound pressure levels at workplaces in the direct sound zone (7.5) and in the intermediate zone. Screens should be installed as close to the noise source as possible.
10.9 Screens should be made of solid sheet materials or separate panels with mandatory lining of the surface facing the noise source with sound-absorbing materials. The additional sound absorption introduced by the screens should be taken into account when determining the acoustic constant of the room B using formula (2), the equivalent absorption area A using formula (3) and the average sound absorption coefficient α cf. – according to formula (4).
10.10 Screens can be flat in plan (Figure 5a) or U-shaped (Figure 5b), in which case their efficiency increases. If the screen surrounds the noise source, it turns into a partition (Figure 5c), in which case its efficiency approaches that of an infinite screen with a height of H. The linear dimensions of the screens must be at least three times larger than the linear dimensions of the noise source.
11 Engineering equipment of buildings
11.1 Engineering equipment of buildings that has a significant impact on noise conditions includes:
- ventilation, air conditioning and air heating systems;
- built-in transformer substations (TS);
- elevators;
- built-in individual heating points (IHP);
- roof boiler rooms.
11.2 Sources of noise in ventilation, air conditioning and air heating systems are fans, air conditioners, fan coil units, heating units (heaters), control devices in air ducts (throttles, dampers, valves, gate valves), air distribution devices (grills, lampshades, anemostats), turns and branching air ducts, pumps and air conditioning compressors.
The noise characteristics of noise sources must be contained in the passports and catalogs of ventilation equipment.
11.3 To reduce fan noise:
- choose a unit with the lowest specific sound power levels;
- ensure fan operation in maximum efficiency mode;
- reduce the network resistance and do not use a fan that creates excess pressure;
- ensure smooth air supply to the fan inlet.
11.4 To reduce the noise from the fan along the path of its propagation through the air ducts, you should:
- provide central (directly at the fan) and end (in the air duct in front of the air distribution devices) noise silencers;
- limit the speed of air movement in networks to a value that ensures the noise levels generated by control and air distribution devices are within acceptable values ​​in the premises served.
11.5 Tubular, plate, cylindrical and chamber, as well as air ducts lined with sound-absorbing materials on the inside and their turns can be used as noise suppressors for ventilation systems.
The design of the muffler should be selected depending on the size of the air duct, the required reduction in noise levels, and the permissible air speed based on calculations according to the relevant set of rules.
11.6 To prevent the penetration of increased noise from engineering equipment into other rooms of the building, you should:
- do not locate near ventilation chambers, TP, ITP, elevator shafts, etc. premises that require increased protection from noise;
- vibration-isolate units using spring or rubber vibration isolators;
- use sound-absorbing linings in ventilation chambers and other rooms with noisy equipment;
- use floors on an elastic base (floating floors) in these rooms;
- use enclosing structures of rooms with noisy equipment with the required sound insulation.
11.7 Floors on an elastic base (floating floors) should be made over the entire area of ​​the room in the form of a reinforced concrete slab with a thickness of at least 60–80 mm. It is recommended to use fiberglass or mineral wool slabs or mats with a density of 50–100 kg/m 3 as an elastic layer. With a material density of 50 kg/m3, the total load (weight of the slab and unit) should not exceed 10 kPa, with a density of 100 kg/m3 - 20 kPa.
11.8 It is advisable to locate elevator shafts in the stairwell between flights of stairs. When making an architectural and planning decision for a residential building, it should be provided that the built-in elevator shaft is adjacent to rooms that do not require increased protection from noise (halls, corridors, kitchens, sanitary facilities). All elevator shafts must have an independent foundation and be separated from other building structures by an acoustic seam of 40–50 mm.
11.9 In the pipeline systems of built-in pumping stations, ITPs, and boiler houses, flexible inserts in the form of rubber-fabric hoses (if necessary, reinforced with metal spirals) should be provided. Flexible connectors should be located as close to the pumps as possible.
12 Residential areas of cities and towns
12.1 The planning and development of residential areas of cities, towns and rural settlements should be carried out taking into account the provision of permissible noise levels in accordance with Section 6 of these standards.
12.2 Design points on recreation sites of residential districts and groups of residential buildings, on sites of preschool institutions, on school and hospital sites should be selected at the site boundary closest to the noise source at a height of 1.5 m from the ground surface. If the site is partially located in the zone of sound shadow from a building, structure or some other shielding object, and partially in the zone of direct sound, then the calculated point must be outside the zone of sound shadow.
12.3 Design points in the area directly adjacent to residential buildings and other buildings, in which the levels of penetrating noise are standardized by Section 6 of these rules and regulations, should be selected at a distance of 2 m from the facade of the building facing the noise source, at a level of 12 m from the surface land; for low-rise buildings - at the level of the windows of the top floor.
12.4 At the stage of developing a feasibility study and master plan for a residential area, in order to reduce the impact of noise on the residential area, the following measures should be applied:
- functional zoning of the territory with the separation of residential and recreational areas from industrial, communal and warehouse areas and main transport communications;
- routing of highways for high-speed and freight traffic, bypassing residential areas and recreation areas;
- differentiation of the road network according to the composition of traffic flows, highlighting the main volume of freight traffic on specialized highways;
- concentration of traffic flows on a small number of high-capacity main streets, passing, if possible, outside residential buildings (along the boundaries of industrial and municipal warehouse zones, in railway right-of-way);
- consolidation of areas between highways to distance the main development areas from transport highways;
- creation of a car parking system on the border of residential areas and groups of residential buildings;
- formation of a citywide system of green spaces.
12.5 At the stage of developing a detailed planning project for a small settlement, residential area, microdistrict, the following measures should be taken to protect against noise:
- when a small settlement is located near a main road or railway at a distance that does not provide the necessary noise reduction, the use of noise barriers in the form of natural or artificial elements of the terrain: slopes of excavations, embankments, walls, galleries, as well as their combination (for example, an embankment -wall). It should be borne in mind that such screens provide a sufficient effect only in low-rise buildings;
- for residential areas, microdistricts in urban development, the most effective is the location in the first echelon of development of main streets of noise-proof buildings as screens protecting the intra-block space from traffic noise.
12.6 Non-residential buildings can be used as screen buildings: shops, garages, public service enterprises; however, these buildings typically have no more than two floors, so their shielding effect is small. The most effective are multi-storey noise-proof residential and administrative buildings.
12.7 The following can be used as noise-proof residential buildings:
buildings with a special architectural and planning solution, providing for orientation towards the noise source (highway) of the utility rooms of apartments (kitchens, bathrooms, toilets), outside apartment communications (staircases and elevators,
corridors), as well as no more than one room in apartments with three or more living rooms,
- buildings with noise-proof windows on the façade facing the highway, providing the required noise protection,
- buildings of a combined type - with a special architectural and planning solution and noise-proof windows in rooms facing the highway.
12.8 Noise-proof buildings must be designed and connected with mandatory consideration of the requirements of insolation and standard air exchange, i.e. buildings with a special planning solution are unsuitable for developing the northern side of streets with a latitudinal orientation. Noise-proof windows must have ventilation devices combined with noise mufflers. The latter requirement does not apply to buildings with forced ventilation or air conditioning systems.
12.9 To ensure maximum shielding effect, noise-protective buildings must be sufficiently high and extensive and located as close as possible to the noise source. They should be located at a minimum distance from main streets and railways, taking into account urban planning standards and soundproofing characteristics of external enclosing structures.
12.10 In the intra-block space, in areas close to the transverse axes of buildings of the first echelon of development, buildings of kindergartens, schools, clinics, and recreation areas should be located.
In areas located opposite gaps in buildings of the first echelon of development, trade, public catering, public utility, communications, etc. should be located.
12.11 To increase their effectiveness, noise barriers must be installed at the minimum permissible distance from a highway or railway, taking into account the requirements for traffic safety, operation of the road and vehicles.
12.12 Materials for the construction of screen walls must be durable, resistant to atmospheric factors and exhaust gases.
Sound-absorbing materials used for cladding screens must have stable physical, mechanical and acoustic characteristics, be bio- and moisture-resistant, and not emit harmful substances.

Appendix A
(required)

Basic terms and definitions
penetrating noise: Noise arising outside a given room and penetrating into it through enclosing structures, ventilation, water supply and heating systems.
constant noise: Noise, the sound level of which changes over time by no more than 5 dBA when measured on the time characteristic of a “slow” sound level meter according to GOST 17187.
intermittent noise: Noise, the sound level of which changes over time by more than 5 dBA when measured on the time characteristic of a “slow” sound level meter according to GOST 17187,
tonal noise: Noise in the spectrum of which there are audible discrete tones. The tonal nature of the noise is determined by measuring in one-third octave frequency bands based on the level in one band exceeding the neighboring ones by at least 10 dB.
impulse noise: Non-constant noise, consisting of one or a number of sound signals (pulses) whose sound levels (which), measured in dBAI and dBA, respectively, on the time characteristics of the “pulse” and “slow” sound level meter according to GOST 17187, differ from each other by 7 dBA or more.
Sound pressure level: Tenfold decimal logarithm of the ratio of the square of the sound pressure to the square of the threshold sound pressure (P o = 2 · 10 -5 Pa) in dB.
octave sound pressure level: Sound pressure level in the octave frequency band in dB.
sound level: Sound pressure level of noise in the standardized frequency range, corrected according to the frequency response A of the sound level meter according to GOST 17187, in dBA.
equivalent (energy) sound level: U The sound level of a continuous noise that has the same root mean square sound pressure as the non-continuous noise under study during a specified time interval, in dBA.
maximum sound level: U the sound level of non-constant noise corresponding to the maximum reading of a measuring, directly indicating device (sound level meter) during visual reading or the sound level exceeded during 1% of the duration of the measuring interval when recording noise by an automatic evaluation device (statistical analyzer).
impact noise insulation by ceiling: The value characterizing the reduction of impact noise by the ceiling.
airborne noise insulation (sound insulation) R, dB: The ability of a building envelope to reduce sound passing through it. In general, it represents ten logarithms of the ratio of sound energy incident on the fence to the energy passing through the fence. In this document, airborne sound insulation means a reduction in sound pressure levels in dB provided by a fence separating two rooms, reduced to the conditions of equality of the area of ​​the enclosing structure and the equivalent sound absorption area in the protected room.
(A.1)
where is the sound pressure level in the room with the sound source, dB;
- sound pressure level in the protected room, dB;
S is the area of ​​the enclosing structure m2;
A is the equivalent sound absorption area in the protected room, m2.
reduced impact noise level under the ceiling Ln, dB: The value characterizing the insulation of impact noise by the ceiling is the sound pressure level in the room under the ceiling when working on the ceiling of a standard impact machine, conventionally reduced to the equivalent sound absorption area in the room A o = 10m 2.
A standard impact machine has five hammers weighing 0.5 kg, dropped from a height of 4 cm with a frequency of 10 blows per second.
frequency response of airborne noise insulation: The amount of airborne noise insulation R, dB, in one-third octave frequency bands in the range 100-3150 Hz (in graphical or tabular form).
frequency response of the reduced level of impact noise under the ceiling: The value of the given levels of impact noise under the overlap L n dB, in one-third octave frequency bands in the range 100 - 3150 Hz (in graphical or tabular form).
airborne noise insulation index R w: B is a value used to evaluate the soundproofing ability of a fence in one number. Determined by comparing the airborne sound insulation frequency response to a specific dB rating curve.
index of reduced impact noise level L nw: A value used to evaluate the insulating ability of a floor against impact noise in one number. Determined by comparing the frequency response of the reduced impact noise level under the floor with a special rating curve in dB.
soundproofing window R Atran. : A value used to evaluate the insulation of airborne noise by a window. Represents the insulation of external noise created by the flow of city traffic in dBA.
sound power: The amount of energy emitted by a noise source per unit time, W.
Sound power level: Tenfold decimal logarithm of the ratio of sound power to threshold sound power (w o =10 -12 W).
sound absorption coefficient a: The ratio of the amount of sound energy not reflected from the surface to the amount of incident energy.
equivalent absorption area(surface or object): The area of ​​a surface with a sound absorption coefficient a=1 (completely absorbing sound), which absorbs the same amount of sound energy as the given surface or object.
average sound absorption coefficient a av: Ratio of the total equivalent absorption area in the room A sum. (including absorption of all surfaces, equipment and people) to the total area of ​​all surfaces of the room, S sum.
. (A.2)
noise maps of the road network, railways, air transport, industrial zones and individual industrial and energy facilities: Maps of territories with noise sources with plotted lines of different sound levels on the ground in dBA with an interval of 5 dBA.
noise protection buildings: Residential buildings with a special architectural and planning solution, in which the living rooms of one- and two-room apartments and two rooms of three-room apartments face the direction opposite to the city highway.
soundproof windows: Windows with special ventilation devices that provide increased sound insulation while simultaneously ensuring adequate air exchange in the room.
noise barriers: Structures in the form of a wall, earthen embankment, galleries installed along roads and railways to reduce noise.
reverberation: The phenomenon of a gradual decrease in sound energy in a room after the sound source stops operating.
reverberation time T: V The time it takes for the sound pressure level to drop by 60 dB after turning off the sound source.