Chapter II. From the history of the formation and development of office work and secretarial service in Russia

Topic: From the history of the formation and development of office work and secretarial service in Russia.

Development of writing in Rus' in the X-XI centuries. gradually led to a fairly widespread spread of literacy. Judging by the chronicles, in Ancient Rus' there were schools where children were taught to read and write. In the 11th century libraries appeared in the country. In cathedrals and monasteries, as well as at princely courts, the positions of clerks were introduced, whose duties included recording orders or instructions of princely persons or spiritual hierarchs, rewriting ancient chronicles or foreign-language historical narratives.

Many ancient Russian chronicles were lost during the Mongol-Tatar invasion. Only about 80 handwritten books from the 11th to 13th centuries have survived to this day.

At the beginning of the 12th century. The monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Nestor compiled the largest chronicle collection of Ancient Rus', known as “The Tale of Bygone Years”. During the period of feudal fragmentation, chronicle writing was carried out in many cities of Rus'.

The further development of writing and culture, as well as the formation of statehood, was accompanied by an increase in the range of various documentation, a variety of information, legal, financial and other documents. In general, as is commonly believed, office work in old Russia went through three basic stages of development: orderly, collegiate and executive.

Starting from the end of the 15th century, the first orders appeared - bodies of princely power in charge of various state affairs. Locally there were administrative huts that managed affairs at a lower level. In the XV-XVIII centuries. The administrative office work was formed into a coherent system, which made it possible to centralize the management of the country.

There were such orders as local (in charge of land issues), discharge (in charge of military and defense affairs), ambassadorial (in charge of the development of external relations), stable (in charge of horse-drawn transportation), etc.

Gradually, subject to the requirements of state discipline, a uniform procedure for processing and passing various documents is established. Strengthening the Russian state in the middle and second half of the 16th century. led to an increase in the administrative bureaucracy and the expansion of document circulation in the country. (Starting from the 14th century, paper appeared in Russia, replacing expensive parchment). The most important documents were the decrees of the kings and the verdicts of the Boyar Duma. At the same time, letters and formal replies, as well as petitions - petitions from servants and ordinary people, were widely circulated.

Number of orders in the 16th century. reached 22, and the administrative bureaucracy turned into an influential class. In the 17th century the total number of orders reached 80. The orderly bureaucracy (Duma clerks, clerks and clerks) controlled many spheres of the country's life. Orders were divided into departmental and territorial, state and palace. In addition, under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (1645-1676), the Order of Secret Affairs was created, which actually directed the work of all other authorities, reporting directly to the tsar.

Under Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich (1676-1682), the order system underwent reforms: there were fewer orders, and their functions were more clearly divided. The centralized bureaucratic system gradually prepared the transition to an absolute monarchy.

Under Peter I, the highest governing body was organized - the Senate, which included nobles appointed by the tsar. The Senate exercised control over the central and local administration, developed laws, regulated taxes and fees, etc. Further in 1718 ᴦ. instead of the old orders, 12 boards were established, each of which was in charge of a certain branch of public administration. (Among the boards: foreign affairs, military, admiralty (in charge of fleet affairs), manufacturing board (dealt with issues of industrial development), spiritual, chamber board (responsible for collecting taxes), berg board (in charge of metallurgy), justice board , patrimonial, etc.).

February 27, 1720 ᴦ. A set of rules for the organization of government institutions, called the General Regulations, was published. He determined the structure, tasks, functions and operating procedures of the boards. This document, signed by Peter the Great, contains a chapter on the structure and functions of the office, as well as a section on the secretarial rank.

However, with the adoption of the State Regulations, offices and secretarial positions officially appeared in Russia. It is in this regard that February 27, 1720 ᴦ. is called the date of birth of the secretarial position in Russia. Within the framework of collegiate office work, administrative and legislative acts of state power were formalized by various decrees, commands, instructions, regulations, protocols and orders. Gradually, a large number of different forms of correspondence arose: reports, reports, letters, demands, news, statements, etc. It is worth saying that for some documents (diplomas, patents) general forms were created, ᴛ.ᴇ. samples according to which they were to be drawn up. The offices usually included secretaries, as well as copyists, scribes, registrars, actuaries, fiscals, archivists, etc.*

In 1720 ᴦ. A Chief Magistrate was established in St. Petersburg, to whom local magistrates, elected by “regular” citizens, were subordinate. merchants, industrialists and people of the “liberal professions” - doctors, pharmacists, artists, lawyers, etc.
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People who worked for hire did not have voting rights. The magistrates had their own offices, which conducted correspondence.

In 1722 ᴦ. class rights and privileges of the nobility were enshrined in the “Table of Ranks”. The nobles were divided into 14 “ranks” (according to their position in government or military service). People from other classes could acquire nobility by rising to a certain “rank.” The introduction of the “Table of Ranks” complicated the system of documentation and correspondence. Nevertheless, collegiate office work was undoubtedly more progressive compared to orderly office work. Orderly registration systems emerged, which were kept in special journals. Documents received from higher authorities were recorded in a separate journal. Also, a special registration book was kept for all outgoing papers. During this period, the foundations for organizing the accounting and storage of documents were laid. For the first time, document storage departments called archives appeared.

In accordance with the “Table of Ranks,” it was prescribed to maintain three types of noble lists: personal lists indicating ranks; personal names indicating service levels, personal merits and abilities for any service; family relationships. However, the beginning was made of the creation of a documentary system aimed at registering and recording membership in the nobility.

April 21, 1785 ᴦ. Catherine II approved the “Charter of Grant on the rights, liberties and advantages of the noble Russian nobility,” which contained a number of important points that regulated the position of the nobility in Russia. The procedure for documenting class affiliation with the nobility was determined, the methods of joining which were different: (1) - award; (2) - military service; (3) - civil service; (4) - titled family; (5) - ancient pedigree; (6) - foreign nobility.

The form of the list of nobles compiled in the county provided the following information: the name and surname of the nobleman who has real estate in the county; his marital status; names and ages of male children; number of serf souls; what rank the nobleman has, what service he is in or is retired.

Detailed genealogical books were kept. The lists were compiled by deputies and the provincial leader on the basis of district lists of nobles, where only persons who had “irrefutable evidence of the noble class” were included. These could be: diplomas of Russian tsars and “other crowned heads” granted noble dignity; patents for ranks with the assignment of nobility; evidence of awarding one of the highest Russian orders giving the right to nobility; special letters of commendation; decrees on the donation of lands and villages, etc.

Two exact copies were made of the genealogy book. The first of them, signed by the leader and deputies of the noble assembly, was to be stored in their archives. A second, similar copy was sent to the Senate for storage.

Maintaining such documentation, extracts from various instructions and orders constituted a significant amount of clerical work.

Existed at the beginning of the 18th century. The system of boards and offices should be presented as follows:

· Grassroots level: county office.

· Intermediate level: provincial office.

· High level: provincial office.

· Highest level: state colleges.

District and provincial offices were subordinate to the governors. Provincial ones were, accordingly, under the jurisdiction of governors. At the head of the state board was a high-level official called the president. It also included the vice president, advisers, assessors (college assessors corresponded to the 8th grade in the Table of Ranks), and office servants. All state boards were accountable to the Senate, which carried out its activities under the supervision of the prosecutor general, personally responsible to the emperor.

When passing any documents through the authorities, it was very important how the secretaries would formalize the relevant case and how they would present it to their superiors. Collegiate office work became more organized than administrative work, but it not only did not reduce, but even more increased the number of bureaucratic procedures and obstacles, promoting the practice of nepotism and corruption.

At the beginning of the 19th century. As a result of another government reform, the so-called executive office work was established in the country. The State Council became the highest legislative body (1810). A little earlier (1802 ᴦ.), instead of collegiums, 8 ministries were created (later their number increased). During this departmental reform, ministries were established in Russia: military forces, naval forces, foreign affairs, justice, internal affairs, commerce, finance, and public education.

Ministries had a complex multi-level structure: they consisted of departments, which were divided into departments, and departments into desks. The minister was the sole commander, and the ministry officials were the executors of his instructions. Ministers had the right to receive and sign only certain types of documents. From the tsar they received manifestos, rescripts, the highest decrees, the highest commands; from the Senate and other higher authorities - decrees and instructions. Ministers and leading ministerial officials, in turn, sent proposals, circulars, and requests to lower bodies. Correspondence was sent to higher institutions in the form of reports, reports and representations.

As a result of the introduction of the ministerial system, there was a clearer delineation of the competence of executive authorities. At the same time, there was further centralization and bureaucratization of the state apparatus. This led to the dominance of bureaucratic officials, veneration for rank, increased corruption, red tape, and various irregularities in office work.

It is important to note that for official correspondence, which gained additional scope, forms with a special corner stamp, made both by printing and by hand, were used. These stamps were a kind of “calling card” of the organization. Under the stamp, the contents of the letter were briefly stated, and they responded. Subsequent government reforms inevitably affected the improvement of secretarial work in Russia.

In 1861 ᴦ. Serfdom was abolished in the country, which contributed to the development of capitalist relations. In 1864 ᴦ. local government was introduced - zemstvo. Every three years, representatives of various classes elected a district zemstvo assembly. In turn, zemstvo assemblies sent delegates to provincial assemblies. At the same time, zemstvo and provincial councils existed.

Various local authorities had their own offices and a large staff of secretaries. Meanwhile, the directors of the largest enterprises, banks, factories and factories also had their own secretaries and clerks.
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The first personal secretaries began working in 1840. from the directors of the Putilov and Nevsky machine-building plants in St. Petersburg. Then their numbers began to increase noticeably: professional secretaries firmly took their places in the departments of banks, law firms, trading houses, large merchant shops, shipping companies, railway transport departments, etc.

In 1868 ᴦ. Courses for training professional secretaries were first founded in Kharkov. Subsequently, similar educational institutions were created in Moscow, St. Petersburg and other Russian cities. In the last two decades of the 19th century, or more precisely, starting from 1884, 8 specialized magazines were published in Russia, covering issues of clerical and secretarial work. Among them we can mention such publications as “Stenographer”, “Bulletin of Offices and Offices”, “Bulletin of the Clerk”, “Typescript”, etc.

In 1864 ᴦ. Judicial reform was carried out in Russia. Estate courts, burdened by red tape, bribery, and intimidation of the accused, were replaced by civil courts, where general cases were heard by elected magistrates, and more complex cases were transferred to district courts and judicial chambers. The investigation was no longer carried out by the police, as before, but by forensic investigators. Official defenders appeared - lawyers. The decision on the guilt of the defendant (verdict) began to be made by jurors (members of the public drawn to this duty by lot). Naturally, the number of secretaries in various courts has increased.

In 1870 ᴦ. a system of city self-government was created (in Russia at that time there were over 500 cities). Every four years, a city council was elected in any city, which formed the city government. The Duma and the council were led by the mayor. The city authorities had their own administrative offices, which employed dozens of secretaries who were in charge of correspondence, systematization and storage of various documents.

At the beginning of the 20th century. Russia was experiencing rapid growth in industrial development. The number of all kinds of societies, partnerships, clubs, banking associations and firms grew. Secretarial work is becoming even more widespread, and a significant part of business correspondence was related to the implementation of financial, construction, manufacturing, agricultural and other projects, as well as trade transactions.

In 1905-1910. The so-called Stolypin reform was carried out, as a result of which more than two million peasants received land plots as personal property. In general, in 1907-1913. Russia has made significant progress along the path of social and economic progress. During this period, the number of consumer societies increased more than 6 times, the number of rural cooperatives increased 12 times. The consumption of food and industrial goods increased, which contributed to the revival of the socio-economic and cultural life of the country.

Secretarial work gradually reached a new level of development. Various models of typewriters began to be used, and the range of office supplies expanded. Shorthand has become quite widespread.

After the October Revolution of 1917 ᴦ. The creation of a new state apparatus actually began in the country. The Bolshevik authorities were interested in ensuring that office work in the new proletarian state was orderly, fast, efficient and accessible to citizens. A draft decree was developed to improve “writing” and reduce correspondence. In 1918 ᴦ. The resolution of the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense "On the accurate and rapid execution of orders of the central government and the elimination of clerical red tape" was published. At the same time, in 1918-1919. draft decrees were prepared on the issues of simplifying office work in Soviet institutions. In 1921 ᴦ. The First All-Russian Conference on the Scientific Organization of Labor and Production took place, at which for the first time the tasks of the scientific organization of managerial work and work with documents, as well as the creation of bodies in the country that coordinate and direct this work were set. The organization created in 1922 was assigned to deal with issues of improving the secretarial service. People's Commissariat of Workers' and Peasants' Inspection (RKI).

During this period, such specialized journals as “Issues of Organization and Management”, “Stenography and Typewriting”, “Management Technology”, etc. began to be published.
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In 1926 ᴦ. The State Institute of Management Technology was created in the country. Issues of improving management, records management, and archival affairs were discussed at the highest government level. Demands were put forward that secretaries of senior officials of Soviet institutions mainly perform creative functions, act as consultants to directors, monitor the quality of preparation of official documents, assist managers in receiving visitors, and also constantly engage in self-education and strive for professional growth.

At the same time, further bureaucratization of the administrative apparatus at all levels had a negative impact on the development of domestic office work. In 1925 ᴦ. Secretaries were effectively put on par with typists, minor office workers and messengers.

In 1926 ᴦ. An attempt was made to systematize office work and make more efficient use of secretarial positions. It was proposed to call the secretaries assistant managers, but nothing came of it. Somewhat later, in 1932, a decision was made to divide secretarial positions into two groups: higher (with higher salaries) and lower (with much lower salaries). The first group included secretaries, who began to be called assistants and assistants to managers. The second group was formed by typist secretaries, divided into the first and second categories. They performed purely technical work: they typed out the texts of letters and documents, registered mail, filed various papers in folders according to their belongings.

During the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945), office work was carried out on a limited scale, although regular military clerical work was carried out at front-line and army headquarters. Secretaries continued to work in large ministries and departments. At the same time, thousands and thousands of clerical workers at various levels were drafted into the army and many of them died with weapons in their hands, defending our Motherland from fascist aggressors.

In the post-war period, there was a revival and improvement of the sphere of office work. State regulations were adopted regulating such areas of the apparatus’ work as the mechanization of documentation processes, the introduction of the achievements of NOT, incl. in the field of standardization and unification.

In July 1963 ᴦ. Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR N 829 “On measures to improve archival affairs in the USSR” was adopted, in accordance with which the “Basic rules for organizing the documentary part of office work and the work of archives” prepared by the Main Archive of the USSR were put into effect. The task was set to develop a Unified State Record Management System for enterprises, organizations and institutions.

An important stage in the further improvement of secretarial work and the training of relevant personnel was the opening in 1964 ᴦ. Faculty of State Administration at the Moscow State Historical and Archival Institute.

Two years later, in 1966, the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Documentation and Archival Science (VNIIDAD) was created, one of the basic tasks of which was the creation of a Unified State Record Management System (USSD).

Since the beginning of the 70s, uniform rules for the preparation and execution of documents began to apply in the country. In 1975 ᴦ. the state standard (GOST) was adopted - "Unified documentation systems. System of organizational and administrative documentation. Basic provisions", which determined the main requirements for unified funds of organizational and administrative documents.

Since 1977, a course in the basics of secretarial work has been introduced in some special educational institutions. A number of vocational schools have become involved in the training of office secretaries. At the party and state level, a resolution was adopted “On measures to improve and reduce the cost of the administrative apparatus.”

In 1984-1986. A new system of documentation support for administrative activities was developed, called the “Unified State System of Documentation Support for Management”.

At the same time, due to significant bureaucratization of all levels of the state administrative apparatus, this system was unable to realize its potential in practice. During the “perestroika”, the work of many management structures not only did not improve, but noticeably worsened.

The collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 90s of the last century and the formation of the state of the Russian Federation on a new basis led to significant changes in all spheres of the economy, incl. both in the field of archival and in the field of all office work. It was decided to create the State Archive (GARF), which arose on the basis of the State Archive of the RSFSR and the Central Archive of the October Revolution. Today GARF is one of the largest archives in the country. It is constantly being restocked: as of 2003 ᴦ. it stored over five million files. The archive employs 250 people, including 3 doctors of historical sciences and 9 candidates of sciences. Of course, all employees received an excellent archival education.

The archive has its own library, which contains more than half a million unique works. For example, it contains a selection of periodicals that is not found in either the State (formerly Lenin) or the Public libraries, the same can be said about the voluminous selection of emigrant publications. Of course, almost all archival work is concentrated there. Having a wonderful modern building (80 km of archival shelves), GARF has a wonderful exhibition hall, which constantly hosts not only its own exhibitions, but also those of other federal archives. For this reason, it is no coincidence that prominent Russian political figures hand over their archives to GARF.

Of course, the development of market relations in the country gave a new impetus to the rise and improvement of secretarial work. In modern conditions, the profession of a secretary is in full demand in both the public and private sectors. Secretaries at various levels carry out important preparatory and technical work in the apparatus of the Federal Assembly and the President of the Russian Federation, in all ministries and departments, as well as in hundreds and thousands of banks, industrial associations, industrial and commercial enterprises, joint-stock companies, cooperative organizations and small limited liability companies. Practice shows that the profession of a secretary at the beginning of the 21st century. is extremely important and prestigious. The work of a secretary is becoming more and more skilled, thanks to the improvement of organization and the development of printed and electronic devices, primarily personal computers (PCs).

The role of qualified secretaries in many enterprises, both large and small, cannot be overestimated. Often they are the closest assistants to top officials, and under certain circumstances they replace managers, organizing the activities of their firms and offices in their absence.
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The profession of a secretary provides enormous opportunities for creative and career growth, and the level of his qualifications, and, consequently, personal affirmation and career advancement, largely depends on each holder of this profession.

Topic: From the history of the formation and development of office work and secretarial service in Russia. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Theme: From the history of the formation and development of office work and secretarial service in Russia." 2017, 2018.

Secretary is one of the most common professions in the modern labor market. Today no organization can function without a secretary. A secretary is the first assistant to the manager, an employee who has operational information and is aware of the current affairs of the company, firm, organization, enterprise or institution. The secretary profession has undergone significant changes in recent years. If until recently the secretary was considered to be the “face of the company”, today he can already be called the right hand of the manager, regulating various production processes. The International Professional Club of Secretaries has given the following definition of the modern secretary: “This is an enterprising and judicious assistant to the chief, possessing all the professional skills necessary for the office, making decisions within his competence and, if necessary, taking control himself.”

Of course, it is difficult to say exactly when the secretary profession arose. But it can certainly be argued that the first statesmen and political figures in the history of mankind could hardly have done without these assistants.

In Russia, the birthday of the secretarial position can be considered February 27, 1720. The innovation belonged to Peter I. True, Russian secretaries had predecessors. At the end of the 15th century, the first orders appeared in Russia - central bodies of state power, administrative office work, as well as administrative huts that were administered locally. It was in the work of these bodies that work with documents originated, and a layer of professional officials - experts in their field - was gradually formed. The order of drawing up documents in the orders was as follows: according to the clerk’s instructions, the draft document - the “black letter” – was drawn up by a clerk of the “middle class”, the clerk “inked” it, that is, corrected it, and the “young” clerk “whitened” it, that is, wrote it clean.

We inherited the word “red tape” from those times and administrative office work. Documents pasted into columns up to 80 meters long were wound onto sticks into scrolls. The document tapes dragged while being read, hence the concept that means taking too long to resolve a problem was born.

Peter I, instead of the outdated system of orders, created twelve boards, each of which was in charge of its own industry or area of ​​​​government and was subordinate to the Senate. All work was thoroughly determined by the General Regulations of State Collegiums signed by Peter. This is where they first started talking about the “secretary rank.” “In such institutions, the position of the secretarial rank is that he should sign numbers on all incoming letters and reports, and on them numbers, when submitted, and write about them without any forgery or bias, but report by numbers and figures.” As you can see, Peter, having decided to fight red tape, first of all made high and strict demands on his secretaries. And this was no accident. To a large extent, the outcome of a particular case depended on how the secretary reported it. The person who held this position was required to know the laws well, be educated, be able to understand various situations, and know his business down to the subtleties.

In 1840, the first personal secretaries for managers appeared in Russia at the Putilov and Nevsky factories, the largest at that time. Soon, secretaries appeared in many other enterprises, which became recognition of their necessity in the work of entrepreneurs. Managers made such demands on secretaries that it became increasingly difficult to work without special training. In 1868, the first secretarial courses opened in Kharkov, while similar educational institutions appeared in the USA in 1879, and in England and France in 1900-1907.

The beginning of the 20th century was marked for secretaries by the introduction of many innovations related to scientific and technological progress. In those years, the secretariats used twenty-three models of typewriters, eight models of duplicating machines, two types of voice recorders and a large number of different office supplies, including new items - fountain pens.

Since 1884, eight (!) specialized magazines have been published in Russia, and personal secretaries regularly improved their skills at various courses. Unfortunately, the training programs of that time have not been preserved, but from articles in the magazines “Typewriting” and “Stenographic Sheet” you can learn that personal secretaries had to type at a speed of 4 pages in 60 minutes, take shorthand at a speed of 40-60 words per minute, it’s good to know at least one foreign language, work with a variety of correspondence in Russian and foreign languages, and master the techniques of communicating with visitors. Secretaries also knew how to actively defend their rights - with their participation, a trade union of people engaged in clerical work at commercial and industrial enterprises of the city was created in St. Petersburg.

But for some reason, secretaries of the Soviet era are most often presented almost in a caricature: a “comrade young lady” in a tunic and with a cigarette in her mouth, or a stupid, beautiful “doll”, or... In fact, the profession of a secretary experienced rapid development in the early 20s -s. The Soviet state apparatus included the position of “secretary,” to which great importance was attached. Many leaders of that time understood perfectly well that it was secretaries who first encountered those who applied to the authorities. Secretaries prepare materials for meetings and remind about deadlines for implementing decisions. Secretaries of executives often performed creative functions, sometimes acted as consultants of sorts to directors, monitored the quality of preparation of official documents, and assisted managers in receiving visitors. In those years, specialized magazines were published: “Stenography and Typewriting”, “Issues of Organization and Management”, “Management Technology”. The very names of the magazines speak about the role assigned to secretaries.

However, the heyday of the profession was short-lived. In 1925, secretaries were equated with typists and messengers, they began to be considered “clerical and technical specialists,” and then the secretaries were divided into two groups unequal in responsibilities and salaries: assistant assistants and typist secretaries, who performed purely technical functions. So, unfortunately, the prestige of the secretary profession was lost for a long time.

Its revival began in the 70s. The profession seemed to be born anew; it required multifaceted knowledge and professionalism. Now we had to learn from the USA, England and France. If not so long ago the level of training of secretaries, for example in Moscow, according to the standards of the International Association of Professional Secretaries did not rise above zero, today there are already many secretaries whose professionalism meets the highest requirements. This profession has a great future, and those who love their profession and strive for excellence will agree - the best pages in the history of the secretary profession will still be written.

How to get a profession?

Many work without higher education. In smaller companies, the requirements for this position are not so high, which makes secretary work a favorite way to earn extra money for students. However, to work in a serious company, special education is necessary.

You can learn the basics of the profession in numerous courses. Secretarial courses include office management, typing, shorthand and speed reading, business ethics and psychology. In addition, the courses will teach such necessary things as the ability to handle office equipment and mini-PBX, and skills in working in 1C.

In higher educational institutions you can obtain a specialty in “Documentation and Documentation Support of Management.” However, many employers consider such education to be insufficient and want to see a person with a higher philological or linguistic, and sometimes even psychological education, as a secretary. Financial companies are more willing to hire certified economists for the position of secretary.

Education
Today, the requirements for the level of knowledge of people in this profession are constantly increasing, and more and more often employers want to see their secretaries with higher education. In addition, you should know the computer at the user level and the basics of office work. Knowledge of a foreign language will be a definite plus.

Personal qualities
The specificity of the secretary's work is numerous contacts with people: the manager, employees, visitors, telephone subscribers. Therefore, goodwill, sociability and communication culture (delicacy and tact) are simply irreplaceable for a secretary. Any person after communicating with the secretary should be left with the feeling that the company will do everything possible to resolve his problem.

An important skill for a secretary is the ability to organize his work place and time. Lateness is completely unacceptable for people in this profession. This applies to both the time of arrival at work and the timeliness of preparing documents and reporting to their manager. This also includes professionalism, responsibility, diplomacy and a good memory.

Responsibilities

Professional responsibilities:

• reception of visitors;
• record keeping (registration of incoming and outgoing documentation);
• servicing the manager (often planning his working day);
• receiving telephone calls received by the manager;
• organizing receptions and meetings, booking hotels and air tickets (for the manager, as well as for all other employees);
• ordering stationery and other things necessary for the functioning of the office, sometimes providing the manager with food.

Today's term “secretary” refers to secretaries of various qualifications: telephone secretary, technical secretary, assistant secretary and assistant.

Secretary on the phone He may not have a higher education, he does not have to work in the latest computer editors, he can do without knowledge of a foreign language, but he must speak on the phone competently, intelligently, and kindly so as not to scare off the company’s clients and partners. How does his voice sound on the phone - sweet and pleasant? What about the ability to correctly place accents and cases? What about diction defects? As you can see, even the first level of secretarial skills may not be accessible to everyone.

Technical secretary starts with 145 characters per minute of Russian and Latin layouts using the blind ten-finger method. Naturally, all printed work is performed in modern computer editors. Work with office equipment - copier, fax, mini-automatic telephone exchange - should be brought to automation. The duties of such a secretary include telephone service.

Reception secretary - This is an administrative employee of the office. He meets visitors, offers them tea/coffee (if this is customary in the company), is responsible for calls received at the organization’s general telephone, works with couriers, and distributes correspondence. Now some of the functions of the secretary on the telephone have been taken over by answering robots, which direct the client’s call to the appropriate specialist by selecting it in the telephone menu. The receptionist is the person who greets you first when you enter the office. In some companies, the receptionist may be assigned additional responsibilities such as ensuring the functioning of the office (ordering water, stationery), ordering tickets and issuing visas for employees.

Secretary-assistant and assistant - This is the highest qualification of a secretary. They perform the duties of telephone secretary and technical secretary at a high level. Their work becomes more responsible, because they are given the right to make independent decisions. Expanding the functional responsibilities of secretaries requires compulsory higher education and knowledge of a foreign language.

Salary

The average salary of a secretary is 65,000 tenge . For many, this position becomes the first step in building a career. Applicants with a minimum of six months of work experience, proficiency with a PC at the user level, and knowledge of the basics of office work, can apply for a salary from 50,000 tenge or 300 USD e. If your work experience is at least one year, you speak both Russian and Kazakh languages ​​not only at the conversational level, but also at the level of business correspondence, then your salary level will be 60,000 - 65,000 tenge. Well, if in addition to all the listed requirements you also speak English at a good level, you have a higher education, you know the basics of Labor legislation, you have experience working in the personnel service, at least in initial positions, and you have 2-2 years of experience as a secretary. 3 years, then you can qualify for a salary of up to 70,000 tenge , and with the same requirements, but working in a large foreign company - up to 90,000 tenge .

Myths of the profession

Myth 1. A secretary does not require great intelligence and abilities. That is, anyone can become one.
To work as a secretary, it is not necessary to have a higher education; sometimes it is enough to complete specialized courses or obtain a diploma from a college where office management is taught. However, psychologists say that a person’s intelligence is not only a well-known IQ indicator, but also the so-called emotional intelligence. This term was recently introduced by an American scientist specializing in psychology. The term refers to the ability of an individual to subtly sense and correctly respond to the behavior of others. In other words, such individuals can be poetically called experts on human souls or sages in the science of life. To have a good understanding of this science, it is not at all necessary to have a bunch of higher education diplomas, you just need to be able to observe. Not everyone succeeds in this; sometimes the smartest and most certified people in everyday life and in terms of building relationships with others turn out to be, to put it mildly, not up to par. A good secretary has a very high level of emotional intelligence, he has a great understanding of people, is very tactful and responsible. Agree, no matter how much you want to call such a person stupid.

Myth 2. The secretary is a tall, long-legged blonde. Its main task is to be an office decoration.
This common myth was most likely invented by lovers of piquant anecdotes. In fact, beauty (according to generally accepted canons) is not important. To fill a vacancy, it is enough to have an ordinary pleasant appearance, since there are also such concepts as “sense of style” and “taste.” A good secretary has both, so he is the epitome of elegance, the business face of the company, and indeed serves to some extent as an ornament to the office. It is the secretary’s clothing style, his behavior, his ability to express himself competently, to act in accordance with the basic rules of etiquette that forms the first impression of the company, and business partners already at a subconscious level decide whether they will do business with this company. A manager who cares about prestige will never place in the reception room a beautiful but completely unprofessional lady who does not know how to organize the work of the boss and the office, because this is precisely one of the main responsibilities of the secretary.

Myth 3. Secretary is a very easy profession. His responsibilities only include making coffee, submitting documents for signature to the manager and answering phone calls.
Let's start with the fact that a secretary is, first of all, an emotionally exhausting job. Even if the secretary does not have much to do (although this happens extremely rarely, he is often loaded with the functions of an office manager, personnel officer, etc.), he is entrusted with the “sacred” duty of “cherishing” the boss. And the boss may, for example, be in a bad mood, and the first to fall under the “hot” hand is the secretary, who takes the brunt of the boss’s anger. In addition, a good secretary must capture the slightest shades of the boss’s mood and, preferably, prevent a possible “storm”. Some people will not agree with this formulation of the question. Indeed, it is unlikely that you will find a corresponding entry in the service instructions. But the fact is that, first of all, the level of interaction between the secretary and the manager depends on the ability to take a blow. The boss is initially higher in position, so the “key” to his behavior will have to be selected by the subordinate, and not vice versa.

In addition, the secretary must be able to find a common language with the team, establishing smooth, business-like relationships with everyone, and in no case singling out anyone. Why? Because the secretary is a kind of link between the directorate and the team, his attitude towards someone, friendly or not, will be identified with the attitude of management towards this employee. Therefore, it is not recommended for a secretary to make friends or be at odds with anyone at work.

In addition to this delicate psychological work, which, by the way, takes up quite a lot of emotional resources, the secretary’s responsibilities include planning the boss’s working day, conducting business correspondence, answering phone calls, receiving guests, monitoring the work of the reception area or even the entire office. And the secretary must always be correct, self-possessed, and extremely tactful. In large companies, two or three secretaries work in the reception area, since one employee cannot cope with a large amount of work simply physically.

Myth 4. Secretary is not a prestigious profession. The figure of the secretary in the company does not have any decisive significance; making important decisions does not depend on him.
To put it bluntly, a good secretary who has managed to gain authority among the team and is appreciated by his superiors is a “gray eminence” who invisibly but significantly influences the work of the company. Often it is he who is the last (and approving) authority to which the manager turns for advice. Because the secretary sometimes knows much better about everything and everyone than the boss and his deputies, and can give correct, verified advice. For example, it depends on the secretary whether you can get to your boss on time, how quickly your documents will be signed, etc., although a professional will never use his official position to harm anyone. Moreover, it is the secretary who sets the tone of the working day, because management is always pleased to see in the morning that the office is completely ready for the next working day, and on the table there are fresh newspapers, all the necessary reports, certificates, analytical information, etc. in neat piles.

Myth 5. Secretaries are deprived of career opportunities. This profession does not offer promotion.
The myth is partly true. Indeed, a leader will keep a good secretary close to him, figuratively speaking, on a leash, because he is both his right hand and his first assistant. The boss will try to delicately ignore all the hints from his secretary that he has long outgrown his position and can do something more meaningful, for example, head some department of the company. The question is who will replace the promoted secretary, since his promotion up the career ladder can directly affect the working comfort of the boss, who is already accustomed to being understood at a glance and steadfastly enduring any mood. And in general, the boss knows for sure that he can rely on his secretary in any circumstances. Where and when else can he find such a specialist? As we see, professionalism and dedication can play a cruel joke on a secretary. On the other hand, it is these qualities that can become the basis for career advancement within the same company.

Myth 6. Secretary is a purely female profession. Men do not hold such positions.
Indeed, it is mostly women who work as secretaries. This can be explained by the fact that, emotionally, ladies are more flexible, it is easier for them to adapt to the mood and character of the boss, resolve any conflicts, remain silent somewhere, etc. In addition, women know how to make the office more comfortable and make it feel cozy. business style for the office, which is important both for the work of the company and in order to impress visitors. Men are also quite capable of coping with the work of a secretary, especially since many large companies, or rather their bosses, prefer to hire representatives of the stronger half of humanity for this position, even renaming it “assistant manager.”

Pros and cons of the profession

Pros of the profession:

• wide circle of acquaintances;
• complete and reliable information about the affairs of the company;
• acquiring communication and working skills with specialists from different fields of activity and positions;
• organizational experience;
• the work is stable and does not involve much physical activity;
• can be combined with studies;
• face of the company.

Disadvantages of the profession:

• irregular working hours (come to work earlier than the boss and leave later);
• there is not always the opportunity to be realized;
• if the company is small, you may become bored from lack of work;
• the employer may have a negative attitude towards you doing homework at work;
• always look good, no matter the circumstances.

Contraindications

• neuropsychic;
• cardiovascular;
• musculoskeletal system;
• chronic infectious;
• upper respiratory tract;
• visual and auditory analyzers;
• voice apparatus.

Prospects

There are not many prospects in a career as a secretary. You can develop along lines corresponding to the two types of these workers. A receptionist can progress to an office manager, expanding their administrative functions in the office. The assistant secretary can become a personal assistant to the manager. It happens that an assistant manager has certain ambitions and aims to take the place of his boss. Be that as it may, you shouldn’t talk about your plans and make it clear to everyone that you won’t stay here for long. If you cannot accept the fact that your personality remains in the shadows, it is better not to take on secretarial work, but to look for something you like.

A secretarial career is usually not a goal for a person's professional development and serves as a temporary position in a particular area or company. One way or another, the secretary must delve into the nuances of the company’s activities, so choose areas in which you will be interested.

As a result of secretarial work, you can acquire useful connections and skills, as well as knowledge in the field of the company. This can be a good start for a career as a specialist or manager, because the secretary, like no one else, knows the entire inner workings of his company perfectly.

In the past, the secretarial profession was exclusively male. For example, in none of the documents of the 19th - early 20th centuries will you find a woman's surname. And among the secretaries, archival materials name quite famous people of that time, and all of them were male...

Mikhail Speransky
One of the smartest and fairest politicians, Russian reformer Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky was born in 1772. Being the son of a rural priest, he received his initial education at the Suzdal Theological Seminary. Then he studied at the St. Petersburg Main Seminary, transformed under Paul I into a theological academy. Having completed the course with flying colors, he remained to teach. Recommended as a household secretary to Prince Kurakin, Speransky, under his patronage, entered the office of the Prosecutor General, who appointed this nobleman, and became a titular adviser. At the same time, he brought to the Russian chancellery of the 18th century a straightened mind, the ability to work hard, and excellent ability to speak and write. The next stage of his secretarial career was the position of Secretary of State under Emperor Alexander I, who appreciated this widely erudite and unusually hardworking man. It was during that period that Speransky created his famous plan for state reforms, in which he recommended giving the state system the form of a constitutional monarchy. However, the nobility received this idea with dissatisfaction, and the reformer was sent into exile, in which he spent more than 6 years, and then returned to public service.

Gavrila Derzhavin
The famous political and literary figure Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin served as Catherine II’s personal secretary for about two years. Despite the fact that, due to his temperament, the work of an official was difficult for him, he was nevertheless distinguished by his particular zeal, bringing the Empress whole piles of papers and demanding her attention to complicated matters. Derzhavin enjoyed deep respect from his contemporaries also because he knew how to be the kind of “official” who could afford to “talk about God in spiritual simplicity and speak the truth to the kings with a smile.”

Mikhail Glinka
Among the representatives of the world of music, the position of secretary was once held by Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka, the great Russian composer. He was born on June 1, 1804 in the village of Novospasskoye, 100 versts from Smolensk, in the family of a landowner. By the age of 12, the vocation of the future composer was determined, and in 1817 he was sent to St. Petersburg, where he was assigned to the Noble boarding school at the Pedagogical Institute. The boy studied music with the best teachers in the capital. However, the profession of a musician, which exclusively interested the young man, was considered unthinkable in the circle of the nobility at the beginning of the 19th century. Therefore, yielding to his father’s wishes, Mikhail Glinka served for 4 years as secretary of the office of the Council of Railways. However, work responsibilities did not prevent the young man devoted to art from being creative. This period resulted in more than 20 romances and several quartets.

Mikhail Gazenkampf
Among the famous people who glorified the Military Academy of the General Staff, the name of Mikhail Aleksandrovich Gazenkampf is usually not mentioned. And little is known about him at the academy itself. Meanwhile, the activities of this man deserve to be known to a wider circle of people, for he can rightfully be considered the first press secretary in the Russian army. In the Russian-Turkish campaign of 1877-78, Hasenkampf kept a journal of military operations, compiled reports to the Tsar and was in charge of press affairs in the army. How the military campaign went, how war correspondents worked every day, can be judged from their memories. In particular, the correspondent of the “Government Bulletin” (the press organ of the Ministry of Internal Affairs), lieutenant of the Life Guards Uhlan Regiment Vsevolod Krestovsky, as well as Grigory Gradovsky, Nikolai Maksimov and others. As for the intricacies of the relationship between the military command and journalists, they are most fully reflected in Mikhail’s book Hasenkampf "My Diary".

Alexander Poskrebyshev
Born in 1891 into the family of a shoemaker, Alexander Nikolaevich Poskrebyshev worked in the Central Committee apparatus from 1922 - head of the Administration of the Affairs of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), assistant to I.V. Stalin, deputy head, head of the secret department, special sector of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (b) and Office of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. At the age of 40, he became the personal secretary and confidant of Comrade Stalin. He carried out his personal tasks, prepared documents, to each of which he attached a piece of paper proposing a specific solution, and in most cases Stalin agreed with his recommendations. Poskrebyshev’s role in the corridors of power was much more important than his official status due to the leader’s special disposition towards him. He was distinguished by his amazing efficiency. Poskrebyshev’s eldest daughter, Galina Aleksandrovna Egorova, recalled: “Whenever Stalin called Poskrebyshev, the bald head of his assistant was always bent over a pile of papers. This was a man with a computer memory. You could get help from him on any issue.” In 1953, Alexander Nikolaevich Poskrebyshev was removed from active political life and retired. In his speech at the 20th Congress of the CPSU, N.S. Khrushchev called him “Stalin’s faithful squire.” Yes, that’s how it was, in general.

Chingiz Aitmatov
Chingiz Torekulovich Aitmatov also worked as a secretary at one time. After finishing 6 classes, the boy became the secretary of the village council, solving complex and vital issues of the Kyrgyz village, since it was the time of the Great Patriotic War, when all adult men fought at the fronts. Later, already being a famous writer, Chingiz Aitmatov again joined the secretarial profession, only in a slightly different status. He worked for quite a long time as secretary of the Union of Cinematographers, as well as secretary of the Union of Writers - first of Kyrgyzstan, and then of the USSR.

Knowledge

Knowledge

Knowledge

Secretary-assistant

Lesson objectives:

• Repeat the meaning of the terms “Document” and “Office”;
• Get acquainted with the functions of documents and their classification;
• Get acquainted with the tasks of office work;
• Repeat Hardware and software level of office support;
• Find out how the work of the Resume Master is organized;
• Use the Resume Wizard to create your own Resume
• Knowledge control

Rules for TB in the computer science classroom

So that they work properly

All computers are always

We need to remember the main thing:

The main thing here is cleanliness.

There will be major problems: Dust ruins electrical circuits!

Do not touch the monitor -

The spots are immediately visible here,

Don't grab for support

Are you for electrical cords? .

With mains voltage

Oh, buddy, don't joke!

These tips are not complicated...

But at the very threshold

Remember them

Follow them strictly.

And the computer is a good friend

Will lead you into the world sciences!

Did you know

1. What material for writing documents was most used in Ancient Rus'?

1) Birch bark

2) Paper

3) Parchment

4) Papyrus

5) Wax tablet

Centuries passed

and all the documents

wrote by hand.

Hundreds of clerks

worked in government

institutions. And only

V end XIX century

in the business of creation

document

came mechanization

Did you know

2. At what time did the secretarial profession emerge in Russia?

1) During the reign of Ivan the Terrible

2) During the reign of Peter I

3) During the reign of Catherine II

4) During the reign of Alexander III

5) During the reign of Stalin

In russian language

term "Document"

appeared thanks to

Petru I ,

which

simultaneously

introduced the corresponding

regulation of work

with documents.

Did you know

3. The first country to introduce secretarial courses?

1) USA

2) England

3) Russia

4) France

First secretarial courses

opened in Russia

in Kharkov

Did you know

4. Which concept of “secretary” is the most modern?

1) Secretary - This is a girl sitting in the director’s reception area, answering phone calls.

2) The secretary is the clerk; a person whose duties include writing letters and papers.

3) The secretary is an proactive and sensible assistant manager who has all the professional skills.

Document classification

By media type

Paper

Magnetic

Primary

Office tasks:

• Creation of documents and their execution
• Document storage
• Ensuring authorized access to documents
• Finding the required documents

FEDERAL LAW OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION “On information, informatization and information protection” (Adopted by the State Duma on January 25, 1995)

• Article 11.

Information about citizens (personal data)

Hardware

Devices

input

Devices

output

Devices

processing

information

Devices

storage

information

Main classes of software

Word processors

Table processors

MS EXCEL

DBMS

MS ACCESS

Optical text recognition programs using a scanner

FineReader 7.0

Electronic dictionaries and translators

STILUS Lingvo

Wizards for creating forms

CALENDARS

Exercise:

Checkout using

Masters Resume

your resume

Summary – non-cl., cf.,

short conclusion

from what was said, written report

I.I.Ozhegov

Russian language dictionary

Summary – non-cl., cf.,

summary of the article,

speeches, autobiographies, etc.

Big

encyclopedic Dictionary

Key Words from letters "SNAKE"

Option #1

Option #1

Option #1

• Algorithm
• Internet
• Gigabyte

• Algorithm
• Internet
• Gigabyte

• Algorithm
• Internet
• Gigabyte

8) Carrier

15) Document

8) Carrier

15) Document

8) Carrier

15) Document

Option No. 2

3)Program

6) Processor

9)Stuck

10) Computer

26) Heading

1. Stages of development of the secretarial service under Peter 1.

The centuries-old experience of Russian statehood formed the apparatus of civil officials, in which secretaries were not given the last place.

It is impossible to understand the features of the work of today's secretary without considering its origins, which are associated with the development of the system of government institutions. Service begins in the orders of the 16th-17th centuries.

Documenting management functions has always been accompanied by many actions that, from a modern perspective, can be classified as purely secretarial.

Peter 1 carried out profound transformations of the state apparatus.

Administrative reform began with the creation of the Near Chancellery, the predecessor of the government Senate - the highest government institution with judicial, administrative and legislative functions.

A close-knit group of associates formed around the tsar (P. Gordon, F. Lefort, J. Bruce, A. M. Golovin, A. D. Menshikov, the Apraksin brothers), next to them grew the young shoots of the service bureaucracy, where secretaries played one of the main roles. The Office of the Senate was headed by the Chief Secretary. Ordinary secretaries “pulled a cart” of daily boring work with current affairs.

The Cabinet Secretary reported to the Tsar the most important documents of state policy and private letters addressed to the Tsar.

The main legislative act adopted in 1720 was the “General Regulations,” which established the order of consideration of cases and the functions of officials, including secretaries.

The secretary of the board reported cases for hearing, kept records of “top” and “non-top” cases, and kept the seal of the board (office).

Chapter 29 of the “General Regulations” was called “On Secretarial Administration”. For the first time, a requirement for the secretary's courtesy was recorded. The safety of documents is also the “care” of the secretary.

The secretary came to work earlier than other members of the board, “laziness and oversight” were punished with fines, more serious offenses were punished even more severely, up to “deprivation of the stomach and belongings.”

Under Peter 1, the moral code “An Honest Mirror of Youth” was drawn up - requirements for a secretary: friendliness, humility and courtesy.

In 1722, the “Table of Ranks” was adopted, a law according to which the service was divided into civil and military. The "Table" consisted of 14 classes or ranks of officials. An employee who receives a rank before the eighth grade becomes a hereditary nobleman; from the ninth to the fourteenth grade only personal nobility was given. Secretaries belonged to the fourth class by position, and, therefore, occupied a high place in the service bureaucracy. The civilian collegiate secretary corresponded to the military position of regiment commander.

Since 1704, the most important state functions have been performed by the cabinet and personal office of the tsar. During the reign of Peter 1, cabinet secretary Makarov, according to the historian S. M. Solovyov, was “a man without an opinion, without a voice, but powerful in his proximity to the sovereign, all nobles turn to him with respect, counting on the favor of the sovereign when he Makarov will report."

Its functions are not very clear. The office received reports from diplomatic representatives. Petitioners represented a special group of cabinet affairs. After the death of Peter 1, the cabinet was abolished.

Some functions of the cabinet secretary were performed by different persons under the followers of Peter 1.

Since 1763, the cabinet of His Imperial Majesty has been revived.

2. Stages of development of the secretarial service under Catherine 2.

Empress Catherine 2 had many trusted persons as cabinet secretaries: Bezborodko, Elagin, Teplov. All of these were gifted people: in addition to officials, among them there were writers and poets who brought “a light style to office affairs” (R. G. Derzhavin)

Since 1763, the position of secretaries of state was introduced, whose main duty was to “receive petitions in the highest name.” Appointments to this position were based on letters of recommendation and high patronage.

According to the “Table of Ranks,” they belonged to the fourth category with the address “Your Excellency,” had high salaries, lump sum payments, personal pensions, and were awarded orders, medals, and badges. The cabinet had large financial resources, which were used to build estates, palaces, civil buildings, prisons, and so on in the name of the empress.

The extracts were kept by the Secretary of State, and copies were given to the petitioner. Work with petitions was regulated by instructions, which defined a clear procedure for handling petitions. They were submitted in person to the office, more often by mail. Sometimes brave dignitaries (“under the cover”) - with a signature (“in their own hands”), often along with letters of recommendation. Most of the petitions were transferred to the Secretary of State in the Senate, “for resolution according to the laws.”

Many issues set out in petitions addressed to the highest name were resolved out of turn, depending on the patronage of noble persons. The speed of consideration of the issue often depended on the identity of the submitter. There is a resolution from Catherine 2 to the requests of the Swedish ambassador: “Do not hesitate, as in the old days, so that strangers do not know,” according to our Russian custom.

The Office of the Secretaries of State was a good school for bureaucratic service; prominent statesmen went through it. Subsequently, many became senators.

The office of each secretary of state was autonomous. There were two or three more secretaries on the staff. These were educated people, they knew languages, they were smart and knew how to grasp the essence of the issue. There were also young people from noble families for “courier parcels to foreign lands.” In Russia, their functions were to verify the facts stated in the petitions. The class composition of petitioners is the nobility, foreign ambassadors, and merchants. Peasants were exiled to Siberia for complaints against their landowners.

Twice a week at eight in the morning, Catherine 2 had an audience with secretaries of state. The private correspondence of Catherine 2 also passed through their hands.

Secretaries of State were members of numerous commissions on foreign settlements, on unrest in Little Russia, and in preparing the draft law “On the Establishment of the Province.”

The archives of the secretaries of state are a valuable historical source for studying the policy of absolutism in Russia.

In local government bodies, secretaries played the main role in the presence; for each case received, secretaries drew up memos on which decisions were made.

At the end of the 18th century, there were manuals for drafting documents that secretaries used. (“Cabinet or merchant secretary” by I. Sokolsky). Along with the statutory rules, they included elements of legal relations between the employee and the state, business and “parquet” etiquette.

The reorganization of the central apparatus and the creation of ministries met the interests of the Russian monarchy of the 19th century.

The hierarchical principle increasingly permeated the system of governing bodies. This is manifested in the organization of the civil service on the basis of Peter’s “Table of Ranks” and on the basis of the “Regulations on Ministries”.

The “Establishment of Ministries” of 1811 strictly established the structure of ministries and the “way of conducting affairs.” The ministries were represented by departments, the council of the minister, the general presence of departments, and offices.

3. The meaning of a secretary in the early 19th century.

The meaning of secretary in the early 19th century changes somewhat. Strict regulation of the procedure for passing documents through the authorities required a strict distribution of responsibilities between officials at all levels of management. Each case was considered from the point of view of the importance of the issues involved, the presence of urgent and secret resolutions from senior officials.

Each issue corresponded to an official occupying a certain level in the government system.

In accordance with the “General Establishment of Ministries”, many of the functions of the secretary were performed respectively by fellow ministers, directors of departments.

The functions of secretaries are quite clearly visible in the departmental branches of the provincial presences. Moreover, in the offices there were three levels of secretarial service: chief secretary, secretary, assistant secretary.

The work of secretaries was regulated by instructions containing a list of responsibilities for working with documents. The drafting of documents in the 19th century went through a stage of strict regulation: the composition of information, the sequence of presentation of questions, summaries, which facilitated the work of secretaries.

In addition, the “audit of affairs” assigned secretaries additional responsibilities for monitoring the execution of documents.

The 19th century differed little from the 18th in terms of promoting secretaries to high positions.

The brilliant Russian reformer M. M. Speransky made a brilliant career, going in four years from the home secretary of a noble nobleman to a prominent dignitary of the Russian Empire.

Ordinary secretaries of the office bore the brunt of the huge office work; they served the time bureaucracy for a small salary.

In the second half of the 19th century, new management structures (banks, trusts, syndicates, special supervisory bodies, committees, commissions, councils) required the involvement of a large number of officials, including secretaries, in the civil service.

In 1868, special training courses for secretaries were created in Kharkov. Technology appears that simplifies work: duplicating machines, typewriters, shorthand.

Special magazines were published in 1884 - “Bulletin of Offices and Offices”, “Bulletin of the Clerk” and others.

For many years, issues of official etiquette, relationships with the boss, and the art of mastering good manners occupied a large place in the organization of the secretarial service. The science of studying characters and adapting to them was not given to everyone. The tone of relationships, work style and lifestyle were determined by the conditions created in each specific institution, the size of salaries and the very spirit of the times.

April 23 is International Secretary's Day. It began to be celebrated in 1952 in the USA. Today, this holiday is celebrated not only by secretaries, but also by all those on whom the work of the office depends - these are assistant directors, office managers, assistants, assistants, stenographers. The secretary is the main and irreplaceable assistant to any leader.

The main tasks of the secretary:

• drafting and execution of documents, orders, contracts and other business papers,
• solving organizational issues.

The company secretary today is the face of the company, who must be attractive and sympathetic, although previously the requirements for the secretary were completely different.

AiF.ru has collected several interesting facts about this profession.

Confidant

In ancient Rome, secretaries were trusted persons. Initially, this profession was purely male. The word "secretary" comes from the medieval French word "secretaire" and originally meant a confidant (in French secret - secret).

First Russian chancellery

In Russia, the position of secretary appeared in the 18th century, first as the position of the emperor's personal secretary. February 27, 1720 Peter I issued the “General Regulations of State Collegiums,” according to which an office was created and the position of secretary was approved. The strictest requirements were imposed on secretaries:

• he must have come from noble nobles,
• must be a man
• educated person
• give your master valuable advice in all areas of life.

Catherine the Great further improved the law on secretaries. In her understanding, there should be several such secretaries, and they had to be different from their fellow officials, they had to know the laws well, be educated, and be able to understand various situations.

Clerks and chroniclers

Although the innovation belonged to Peter I, Russian secretaries still had predecessors. At the end of the 15th century, the first orders, administrative office work, and administrative huts appeared. The work with documents originated in the work of these bodies. Clerks and chroniclers, as today's secretaries were called at that time, wrote royal decrees and orders from dictation, and introduced narrations of various worldly affairs.

Secretarial courses

The first secretarial courses, where professional secretaries were trained, were opened in Kharkov in 1868. Similar training courses appeared in the USA in 1879, and in England and France in 1900-1907.

Four pages in 60 minutes

Since the 1880s (with the invention of the typewriter), secretarial work has predominantly been done by women. By the end of the First World War, there were practically no male secretarial assistants left. Gradually they began to demand from secretaries:

• print at a speed of four pages in 60 minutes,
• write shorthand at a speed of 40-60 words per minute,
• good knowledge of at least one foreign language,
• work with a variety of correspondence in Russian and foreign languages,
• master the techniques of communicating with visitors.

Secretaries also knew how to actively defend their rights - with their participation, a trade union of people engaged in clerical work at commercial and industrial enterprises of the city was created in St. Petersburg.

Secretary in the state apparatus

In the early 20s of the twentieth century, the position of “secretary” was included in the Soviet state apparatus:

• they prepared materials for meetings,
• reminded about deadlines for execution of decisions,
• Secretaries of executives often performed creative functions,
• were consultants to directors,
• monitored the quality of preparation of official documents,
• assisted managers in receiving visitors.

Operator, assistant, assistant

Today there are many types of secretarial profession in different companies:

• a telephone operator who receives all telephone calls and connects with the necessary subscribers.
• telephone secretary who takes telephone orders and messages and provides necessary information over the telephone
• technical secretary who works with office equipment
• receptionist who receives letters, faxes, e-mails, and answers telephone calls
• office secretary who receives correspondence, prepares draft documents, organizes work with documents, carries out instructions from the head and his deputies
• office manager, who is the chief administrator and performs various administrative and business functions
• assistant manager, who is an assistant who organizes the activities of the first manager, draws up documents for him, organizes meetings and negotiations.
• a referent who performs the functions of document support, organization of document flow, storage and use of documents

Long-legged beauty

Today, when hiring, one of the indispensable qualities of a secretary is considered to be “pleasant appearance.” Many people perceive the secretary as a person representing the company. In addition to beautiful appearance, a secretary must have a sense of style and good taste. The ability to dress beautifully, speak competently, behave in society - all this forms the first impression of the company among clients. By first communicating with the secretary, some decide whether to deal with the company or not. Therefore, when hiring an employee, a company director who is interested in the prestige of his company will never place a beautiful but incompetent secretary in the reception room.

Secretary salary

Today, a secretary's salary can vary - from 15 to 45 thousand rubles. Income depends on the employee’s duties and the region in which he works. The average salary of a secretary-assistant is 30 thousand rubles. In the USA and Western European countries, the job of a certified secretary is highly paid. Secretaries are trained in specialized educational institutions with a high level of teaching. Many countries have introduced a special exam for the title of professional secretary, without passing which it is impossible to count on a high secretarial position.