IV.1931-11.XI.2016)- Russian theoretical physicist academician. USSR Academy of Sciences (1976, corresponding member 1968). R. in Moscow. Graduated from Moscow University (1954). Works at the Physical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (head of the rum department), since 1969 - also a professor, since 1978 - head. Department of Moscow University. Advisor to the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chairman of the National Committee of Russian Physicists. Son of L.V. Keldysh, nephew of M.V. Keldysh and Yu.V. Keldyshey. Grandson V.M. Keldysh. He was brought up in the family of his mother and her second husband P.S. Novikova, half-brother of S.P. Novikova.
Research in the field of quantum theory of many particle systems solid state physics semiconductor physics quantum radiophysics. Constructed (1957 - 58) a systematic theory of tunneling phenomena in semiconductors. For the first time (1957), he carried out a correct calculation of the probability of a tunnel transition, taking into account the band structure of the materials used. Predicted the so-called indirect (with the participation of phonons) tunneling effect (1957) and the effect of shifting absorption bands in semiconductor crystals under the influence of an electric field (Franz-Keldysh effect) (1958). He showed (1964) that the multiquantum photoelectric effect and the high-frequency tunnel effect are different limiting cases of the same process and built a general theory of these phenomena. For a series of theoretical works on semiconductor physics, he was awarded the Lenin Prize in 1974.
In 1962 he proposed using spatially periodic fields (superlattices) to control the electronic spectrum and electronic properties of crystals. Developed (1964) a very general and effective theoretical apparatus for considering strongly nonequilibrium states of quantum statistical systems. Predicted (1968) the condensation of excitons with the formation of electron-hole drops.
Recent works are devoted to the theory of condensed matter.
Member of the US National Academy of Sciences and the American Physical Society.
M.V. Lomonosov Prize of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1964), Lenin Prize (1974), Hewlett-Packard Prize of the European Physical Society (1975), Prize named after. Alexander Humboldt (1994). X-ray prof. University of Würzburg (1997). Prize of the President of the Russian Federation in the field of education for 2003 - for work for educational institutions of higher professional education “Educational and Scientific Center “Fundamental Optics and Spectroscopy” - a complex for training highly qualified personnel, new scientific and educational technologies. Gold medal named after S.I. Vavilov of the Russian Academy of Sciences (2005) - for a series of works “Creation of modern methods for describing nonequilibrium states in the theory of condensed matter.” Laureate of the International Prize in Nanotechnology RUSNANOPRIZE (2009) - for pioneering research into superlattices and tunneling effects in semiconductors. Prize named after I.Ya. Pomeranchuk (2014). Big gold medal of the Russian Academy of Sciences named after M.V. Lomonosov (2015).
Born on April 7, 1931 in Moscow in the family of physicist Veniamin Lvovich Granovsky and mathematician Lyudmila Vsevolodovna Keldysh (sister of Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences Mstislav Keldysh).
In 1954 he graduated from the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov (MSU). In 1957 - postgraduate studies at the Physics Institute. P.N. Lebedev Academy of Sciences of the USSR (FIAN, Moscow). Leonid Keldysh's scientific supervisor was the scientist Vitaly Ginzburg (Nobel Prize winner in physics, 2003).
Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (the academic degree was awarded in 1965 when defending a candidate's thesis at the Lebedev Physical Institute on the topic "Semiconductors in strong electric fields"). In 1968 he was elected a corresponding member, in 1976 - an academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (now the Russian Academy of Sciences, RAS).
After completing his postgraduate studies, he remained at the Physics Institute. P.N. Lebedev, worked in the Department of Theoretical Physics (now the I.E. Tamm Department of Theoretical Physics). He held the positions of junior (1957-1965), then senior researcher (1965-1968), head of the sector (1965-1989). From 1989 to 1993 he was director of the Lebedev Physical Institute. Since 1994, he has been the chief researcher of the Department of Theoretical Physics. Currently he is a member of the academic council of the department, as well as the scientific and dissertation councils of the institute.
Since 1962 he was a professor at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (now has the status of a state university).
In 1965 he became a professor at Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov. In 1978-2000 Head of the Department of Quantum Radiophysics (now the Department of Quantum Electronics) of the Faculty of Physics of the University. Since 2001, I taught the course “Interaction of Radiation with Matter” for several years.
In 1991-1996. served as Academician-Secretary of the Department of General Physics and Astronomy of the USSR Academy of Sciences (later RAS).
Advisor to the Russian Academy of Sciences, member of the Presidium of the Academy. Chairman of the National Committee of Russian Physicists (operates under the RAS). Editor-in-Chief of the Russian Academy of Sciences journal "Advances in Physical Sciences" (since December 2009).
Leonid Keldysh's main scientific works are devoted to the quantum theory of many-particle systems, solid-state physics, as well as semiconductor physics and quantum radiophysics. In 1957-1958 The scientist developed the theory of the tunnel effect in semiconductors and discovered a phenomenon called the Franz-Keldysh effect. Constructed a general theory of the behavior of atoms and solids in strong electromagnetic fields. Predicted a new type of collective excitation - phonoriton and studied its properties (1983-1986). He developed a special diagram technique for the theoretical description of the states and kinetics of highly nonequilibrium quantum systems, which has become classical and has found application in various fields of physics.
He was awarded the Lenin Prize (1974) and the Prize of the President of the Russian Federation in the field of education for 2003. He was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1975), the Order of the October Revolution (1985), and “For Services to the Fatherland”, IV degree (1999).
Winner of many awards: them. M.V. Lomonosov Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1964), Hewlett-Packard ("Hewlett-Packard") European Physical Society (1975), named after. Alexander Humboldt (1994; Germany), international prize in the field of nanotechnology RUSNANOPRIZE-2009, named after. AND I. Pomeranchuk (2014; awarded by the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow), Moscow State University Prize for outstanding contribution to the development of education (2014), etc.
Awarded medals of the Russian Academy of Sciences: gold named after. S.I. Vavilov (2005) and the Big Gold named after. M.V. Lomonosov (2015).
Honorary member of the Physico-Technical Institute named after. A.F. Ioffe RAS (St. Petersburg; 1992).
Foreign member of the US National Academy of Sciences (1995), member of the American Physical Society (1996). In 1997, the Russian scientist was awarded the honorary title of “X-ray Professor” at the University of Würzburg (Germany).
Published more than 200 scientific papers. Among them are “On the behavior of non-metallic crystals in strong electric fields” (1957), “On the influence of a strong electric field on the optical characteristics of non-conducting crystals” (1958), “Diagram technique for nonequilibrium processes” (1964), “Superconductivity in non-metallic systems” ( 1965), “Phonon wind and capillary instability of electron-hole drops” (1975), etc. He is the author of the textbook “Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter” (1989).
06.04.2006Anniversary of Academician L.V. Keldysh
ACADEMICIAN KELDYSH LEONID VENIAMINOVICH
L.V. Keldysh was born on April 7, 1931 in Moscow. In 1954 he graduated from the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov. Most of the scientist’s life is connected with the Physical Institute of the Academy of Sciences. P.N. Lebedev (FIAN). In 1957, Leonid Veniaminovich began working as a research assistant. After defending his doctoral dissertation in 1965, he became a senior researcher, and three years later - head of the sector. From 1989 to 1993 he was the director of the institute, and since 1994 he has been the chief researcher of the Department of Theoretical Physics of the Lebedev Physical Institute.
In 1968 L.V. Keldysh was elected a corresponding member, and in 1976 - an academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1991-1996, he served as Academician-Secretary of the Department of General Physics and Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences.Leonid Veniaminovich's scientific works in the 1950s were devoted to the problems of semiconductor electronics. They contributed to the development of so-called “inelastic tunneling spectroscopy.” Further experimental studies led to the creation of a new approach to studying the interaction of high-power laser radiation with atoms, molecules and solids. One of the scientist’s works caused a great resonance, predicting an unexpected phenomenon - a shift in the absorption edge in crystals in an electric field. Subsequently, it was confirmed experimentally and began to bear his name - the Franz-Keldysh effect.
For a theoretical description of the states and kinetics of highly nonequilibrium quantum systems, Leonid Veniaminovich Keldysh developed a special diagram technique. It has found wide application in the physics of low temperatures and quantum liquids, the physics of metals, semiconductors and nanostructures, laser physics, quantum field theory, and quantum cosmology.
Works by L.V. Keldysh played an important role in the development of solid state physics and served as the source and basis of a number of scientific directions. Currently, the scientist continues research in the field of condensed matter theory. For many years, Leonid Veniaminovich has been active in teaching and educational activities. In 1978, he headed the department of quantum radiophysics of the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov. More than one generation of theoretical physicists studied using the manuals he created. His brilliant course “Interaction of Electromagnetic Radiation with Matter” was published as a textbook in 1989. L.V. Keldysh trained more than 20 candidates and more than 10 doctors of science. Among his students there are famous scientists who have earned academic titles and awards.
A talented scientist, a recognized specialist in the field of solid state physics and semiconductors, the author of theoretical works that have become classics, Leonid Veniaminovich Keldysh was the first among Russian physicists in 2001 to be awarded the non-state national prize “Triumph”. Receiving this award was preceded by years of hard work, which required full dedication, determination, and loyalty to one’s work.
Leonid Veniaminovich Keldysh is a member of the editorial boards of several journals, a member of the Commission for State Prizes of the Russian Federation, a member of the Coordination Council for Scientific and Technical Programs in the Field of Fundamental Physics and Astronomy. He published more than 200 scientific papers and three monographs. His achievements have received wide recognition both in our country and abroad.
In 1975, the scientist was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, in 1985 - the Order of the October Revolution.
L.V. Keldysh is a laureate of the. M.V. Lomonosov Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1964), Lenin Prize of the USSR (1974), Hewlett-Packard Prize of the European Physical Society (1975), Prize named after. Alexander Humboldt (1994). In 1997 he was awarded the honorary title of X-ray Professor at the University of Würzburg.
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Leonid Veniaminovich Keldysh(born April 7, Moscow) - Russian theoretical physicist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (), Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences. Advisor to the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chairman of the National Committee of Russian Physicists, Editor-in-Chief of the journal “Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk”.
Biography
Scientific achievements
Research in the field of quantum theory of many particle systems, solid state physics, semiconductor physics, quantum radiophysics.
Constructed (1957-58) a systematic theory of tunneling phenomena in semiconductors. For the first time (1957), he carried out a correct calculation of the probability of a tunnel transition, taking into account the band structure of the materials used. Predicted the so-called indirect (with the participation of phonons) tunneling effect (1957) and the effect of shifting absorption bands in semiconductor crystals under the influence of an electric field (Franz-Keldysh effect) (1958). In 1962 he proposed using spatially periodic fields (superlattices) to control the electronic spectrum and electronic properties of crystals. He showed that the multiquantum photoelectric effect and the high-frequency tunnel effect are different limiting cases of the same process and built a general theory of these phenomena (1964).
For a theoretical description of the states and kinetics of highly nonequilibrium quantum systems, he developed a special diagram technique (1964). For the first time he proposed (together with Yu. V. Kopaev) (1964) the well-known model of the metal-semiconductor phase transition (exciton dielectric). Predicted the condensation of excitons to form electron-hole droplets (1968).
The works of L. V. Keldysh played an important role in the development of solid state physics.
Awards and prizes
Articles
see also
Write a review of the article "Keldysh, Leonid Veniaminovich"
Notes
Sources
- on the official website of the RAS
- // UFN, 2011, volume 181, Issue 4
An excerpt characterizing Keldysh, Leonid Veniaminovich
– ?!..- Do not be surprised. The father of that child is a descendant of Beloyar, and, of course, Radomir. His name was Svetozar. Or – the Light of Dawn, if you prefer. This (as they always have) is a very sad and cruel story... I don’t advise you to watch it, my friend.
The North was focused and deeply sad. And I understood that the vision that I was looking at at that moment did not give him pleasure. But despite everything, he was, as always, patient, warm and calm.
– When did this happen, Sever? Are you saying that we are seeing the real end of Qatar?
North looked at me for a long time, as if pitying.... As if not wanting to hurt me even more... But I stubbornly continued to wait for an answer, not giving him the opportunity to remain silent.
– Unfortunately, this is so, Isidora. Although I would really like to answer you something more joyful... What you are now observing happened in 1244, in the month of March. On the night when the last refuge of Qatar fell... Montsegur. They held out for a very long time, ten long months, freezing and starving, infuriating the army of the Holy Pope and His Majesty, the King of France. There were only one hundred real warrior knights and four hundred other people, among whom were women and children, and more than two hundred Perfect Ones. And the attackers were several thousand professional knight-warriors, real killers who received the go-ahead to destroy the disobedient “heretics”... to mercilessly kill all the innocent and unarmed... in the name of Christ. And in the name of the “holy”, “all-forgiving” church.
And yet, the Cathars held out. The fortress was almost inaccessible, and in order to capture it, it was necessary to know the secret underground passages, or passable paths, known only to the residents of the fortress or the residents of the area who helped them.
But, as usually happened with heroes, betrayal appeared on the scene... The army of murderous knights, out of patience and going crazy from empty inaction, asked for help from the church. Well, naturally, the church immediately responded, using its most proven method for this - giving one of the local shepherds a large fee for showing the path leading to the “platform” (that was the name of the nearest site where a catapult could be installed). The shepherd sold himself, destroying his immortal soul... and the sacred fortress of the last remaining Cathars.
My heart was beating wildly with indignation. Trying not to succumb to the overwhelming hopelessness, I continued to ask Sever, as if I still hadn’t given up, as if I still had the strength to watch this pain and the savagery of the atrocity that had once happened...
-Who was Esclarmonde? Do you know something about her, Sever?
“She was the third and youngest daughter of the last lords of Montsegur, Raymond and Corba de Pereil,” answered Sever sadly. “You saw them at Esclarmonde’s bedside in your vision.” Esclarmonde herself was a cheerful, affectionate and beloved girl. She was explosive and mobile, like a fountain. And very kind. Her name translated meant – Light of the World. But her acquaintances affectionately called her “flash,” I think, for her seething and sparkling character. Just don’t confuse her with another Esclarmonde - Qatar also had the Great Esclarmonde, Dame de Foix.
The people themselves called her great, for her perseverance and unshakable faith, for her love and help to others, for her protection and Faith of Qatar. But this is another, although very beautiful, but (again!) very sad story. Esclarmonde, whom you “watched,” became Svetozar’s wife at a very young age. And now she was giving birth to his child, which the father, according to an agreement with her and with all the Perfect Ones, had to somehow take away from the fortress that same night in order to save it. Which meant that she would see her child for just a few short minutes while his father prepared to escape... But, as you have already seen, the child was not born. Esclarmonde was losing strength, and this made her more and more panicked. A whole two weeks, which, according to general estimates, should have been enough for the birth of a son, came to an end, and for some reason the child did not want to be born... Being in a complete frenzy, exhausted from attempts, Esclarmonde almost didn’t believe it anymore. that she would still be able to save her poor child from terrible death in the flames of the fire. Why did he, an unborn baby, have to experience this?! Svetozar tried to calm her down as best he could, but she no longer listened to anything, completely plunging into despair and hopelessness.
Having tuned in, I saw the same room again. About ten people gathered around Esclarmonde's bed. They stood in a circle, all dressed identically in dark, and from their outstretched hands a golden glow gently flowed directly into the woman in labor. The flow became thicker, as if the people around her were pouring all their remaining Life Power into her...
– These are the Cathars, aren’t they? – I asked quietly.
– Yes, Isidora, these are the Perfect Ones. They helped her survive, helped her baby be born.
Suddenly Esclarmonde screamed wildly... and at the same moment, in unison, the heart-rending cry of a baby was heard! A bright joy appeared on the haggard faces surrounding her. People laughed and cried, as if a long-awaited miracle had suddenly appeared to them! Although, probably, it was so?.. After all, a descendant of Magdalene, their beloved and revered guiding Star, was born into the world!.. A bright descendant of Radomir! It seemed that the people filling the hall had completely forgotten that at sunrise they would all go to the bonfire. Their joy was sincere and proud, like a stream of fresh air in the vastness of Occitania scorched by fires! Taking turns welcoming the newborn, they, smiling happily, left the hall until only Esclarmonde’s parents and her husband, the person she loved most in the world, remained around.
With happy, sparkling eyes, the young mother looked at the boy, unable to utter a word. She understood perfectly well that these moments would be very short, since, wanting to protect his newborn son, his father would have to immediately pick him up in order to try to escape from the fortress before morning. Before his unfortunate mother goes to the stake with the others....
- Thank you!.. Thank you for your son! – Svetozar whispered without hiding the tears rolling down his tired face. - My bright-eyed joy... come with me! We will all help you! I can't lose you! He doesn’t know you yet!.. Your son doesn’t know how kind and beautiful his mother is! Come with me, Esclarmonde!..
He begged her, knowing in advance what the answer would be. He simply couldn't leave her to die. After all, everything was calculated so perfectly!.. Monsegur surrendered, but asked for two weeks, supposedly to prepare for death. In reality, they were waiting for the appearance of a descendant of Magdalena and Radomir. And they calculated that after his appearance, Esclarmonde would have enough time to get stronger. But, apparently, they say correctly: “we assume, but fate disposes”... So she made cruel decisions... allowing the newborn to be born only on the last night. Esclarmonde did not have the strength to go with them. And now she was going to end her short, not yet lived life at the terrible bonfire of the “heretics”...
The Pereyls hugged each other and sobbed. They so wanted to save their beloved, bright girl!.. They so wanted her to live!
My throat tightened - how familiar this story was!.. They had to see how their daughter would die in the flames of the fire. Just as I will apparently have to watch the death of my beloved Anna...
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