Albert Einstein was an exceptional genius. His theory of relativity formed the basis of modern physics, and he also played a special role in introducing new physical concepts and theories into scientific circulation. The 1921 Nobel Prize winner in physics has always attracted increased public attention not only to his scientific research, but everyone was also interested in his personal life. These amazing facts from Einstein's life will surprise you even more.
Einstein said that he believed in the “pantheistic” God of Benedict Spinoza, but not in a personified God - he criticized such a belief. “You believe in God, who plays dice, and I believe in complete law and order in the world that objectively exists and which I am trying to capture in a wildly speculative way. I am a firm believer, but I hope that someone will discover a more realistic path or framework than it was my lot to find. Even the great success of quantum theory will not make me believe in the fundamental game of dice, although I know very well that some of our young colleagues interpret this as a consequence of old age,” the scientist said.
The scientist rejected the label “atheist,” explaining his views: “I have repeatedly said that, in my opinion, the idea of a personified God looks childish. You may call me an agnostic, but I do not share the spirit of the crusades of professional atheists, whose fervor is mainly due to the painful liberation from the shackles of the religious training received in youth. I prefer a humility corresponding to the weakness of our intellectual awareness of nature and our own being.”
Even in his youth, Einstein noticed that socks quickly became worn through. The man solved this problem in a unique way - he simply stopped wearing them. For official events, Einstein wore high boots so that the absence of this detail would not be noticeable.
From his early youth, Albert Einstein was opposed to war. In 1914, radical students seized control of the University of Berlin and took the rector and several professors hostage. Einstein, who was respected by both students and teachers, was sent along with Max Born to negotiate with the “invaders” and he managed to find a compromise and resolve the situation peacefully.
Little Albert had such problems with speech that those around him were afraid whether he would even learn to speak. Einstein started talking only when he was 7 years old. Even today, some scientists believe that the genius had a form of autism, or at least he showed all the signs of Asperger's syndrome.
The scientist lived with his first wife Mileva Maric for 11 years. Not only was Einstein a womanizer, but he also put forward a number of conditions to his wife: she should not insist on intimate relationships and expect any manifestations of feelings from her husband, but she was obliged to bring food to the office and look after the house. The woman faithfully fulfilled all the conditions, but Einstein still divorced her.
Even before the wedding, Mileva Maric gave birth to their first child from Albert - daughter Lieserl. But the new father, due to financial difficulties, offered to give the baby up for adoption to a wealthy childless family of Mileva’s relatives. The woman obeyed her future husband, and the scientist himself hid this dark story.
An incident that occurred in a Berlin family prompted physicists Albert Einstein and Leo Szilard to create a new absorption refrigerator. Members of that family died due to a sulfur dioxide leak from a refrigerator. The refrigerator proposed by Einstein and Szilard had no moving parts and used relatively safe alcohol. How many problems of humanity could a scientist solve if he focused on inventing something new?
Einstein started smoking while still a student Polytechnic University in Zurich. Smoking a pipe, in his own words, helped him concentrate and tune in to work, so he did not part with it almost until the end of his life. One of its pipes can be seen in National Museum American history in Washington.
Einstein's youngest son Eduard showed great promise. But when he entered university, he suffered a serious nervous breakdown. During hospitalization, the young man was diagnosed with schizophrenia. Edward was admitted to a psychiatric hospital at the age of 21, where he spent most of his life. It was difficult for Einstein to come to terms with the fact that his child was sick. In one of the letters, the physicist even wrote that it would have been better if Edward had not been born.
In 1952, politician David Ben-Gurion invited Einstein to become president of Israel. Albert rejected the offer, explaining the refusal by lack of experience and an unsuitable mindset.
In February 1919, Einstein divorced his first wife Mileva Maric, and a few months later he married his cousin Elsa. During his second marriage, the physicist had many mistresses; Elsa was not only aware of all her husband’s adventures, but could also discuss his extramarital adventures with him.
In several of his letters, Einstein mentioned his mistress Margarita, whom he called a “Soviet spy.” The FBI seriously considered the theory that the girl was a Russian agent whose mission was to lure Einstein to work in the Soviet Union.
Elsa Leventhal was Einstein's maternal cousin. She was three years older, divorced, and had two daughters. Since childhood, Elsa and Albert were in good relations. The close relationship did not bother the lovers at all, and in 1919 they got married. They never had any children together, but Einstein lived with Elsa until her death.
In 1955, a 76-year-old physicist was admitted to Princeton Hospital complaining of chest pain. The next morning, Einstein died from massive hemorrhage after a ruptured aortic aneurysm. Einstein himself wanted to be cremated after his death. Without any permission, Einstein's brain was removed by pathologist Thomas Harvey. He photographed the brain from various angles and then cut it into approximately 240 blocks. For 40 years, he sent pieces of Einstein's brain to leading neurologists for study.
Albert Einstein, the greatest genius of our time, whose discoveries in the 20th century allowed mathematics and physics to take a significant step forward. Almost 20 universities around the world named this public figure and humanist their honorary doctor. He was a member of more than one academy of sciences. He is the author of almost three hundred works on physics, one hundred and fifty books from different scientific fields. He developed more than one physical theory. 
You won’t believe it, but all this is said about a person who did not do well at school. He not only did not shine with intelligence, someone even expressed doubts about his usefulness, and his own mother spoke about the child’s congenital deformity due to his excessively large head.
This withdrawn, lazy, slow and incapable of almost anything student would be a constant object of ridicule at school. The teachers were confident that nothing good would ever come out of him.
Einstein left the gymnasium without an education certificate. But in order to enter the Zurich Polytechnic (this is a Higher Technical School), I prepared on my own. He failed his first year exams, and when he finally entered, he preferred the latest scientific theories published in journals to lectures. 
With a diploma in hand, he was hired by the patent office. He had plenty of free time, which allowed him to develop his own theories.
When you mention him, the theory of relativity immediately comes to mind, as well as his shaggy hair. But there are many phenomena, events, inventions and, of course, theories that are also associated with the name of the brilliant scientist.
"Einstein Syndrome"
This is a special term that describes examples of speech delay in highly gifted people. Albert spoke only at the age of 3 (according to some sources - at 7). Among the people with this syndrome there are very famous scientists.
Compass
According to legend, a simple pocket compass began Einstein’s passion for science at the age of five. The very fact that a compass needle, driven by some force, always turns in a certain direction, amazed him so much that the boy wanted to know the forces that control this process.
Music
The five-year-old child, at the insistence of his mother, who played the piano excellently, had to take music lessons, even against his will. But this did not last long. Mozart changed his idea of music. Until the end of his life, playing the violin gave him extraordinary pleasure, serving as consolation and joy. He did this so skillfully that if he had not become a physicist, his career as a musician would have been guaranteed.
Mathematics
They say that it was mathematics that caused him to fail the university entrance exams. But this is just a myth. In fact, the humanities are to blame for this. Mathematics did not create problems for him. 
Sailing boats
This is his love. True, he had considerable problems with the skill of managing them. So the neighbors on Long Island no, no, and they had to undertake operations to rescue the unlucky sailor. Only this circumstance did not bother Einstein at all, and he set sail again.
Socks
They were his “headache” because they were constantly torn. His disheveled hair didn’t bother him at all, but he could never afford a torn sock. There was a time when he simply abandoned them and walked around Oxford without socks.
Nobel Prize
The scientist was firmly convinced that sooner or later it would be given to him. Since 1910, Albert Einstein has been nominated for the Nobel Prize almost every year. But it was not the theory of relativity that made him a laureate. It was considered too incredible at the time and did not have sufficient evidence for quite a long time. This was the theory of the photoelectric effect and some other works on theoretical physics. 
A tube
Einstein is known to have a very respectful attitude towards the pipe. He was even a life member of the Montreal Pipe Smoking Club.
Eco-friendly refrigerator
After news of a German family who died from toxic fumes released from a refrigerator. Together with one of his students, he created a unit that ran on compressed gas and in 1920 even received a patent for his invention. However, it could not compete with a less environmentally friendly refrigerator running on freon, which turned out to be more efficient.
Atomic bomb
Einstein did not happen to participate in the Manhattan Project, so the project atomic bomb he did not work. But what is certain is that he wrote to Franklin Roosevelt about the work of the uranium bomb. The goal of this was to get ahead of the Nazis and make the United States the leader in creating nuclear weapons. Einstein admitted later that he would not have done this if he had known that the Germans’ attempts would end in failure.
Brain
Einstein's body was cremated. This is what they themselves bequeathed. But first, with the permission of his son, the brain of the genius was taken out and subjected to study (1955). According to some sources, he had Einstein's own permission to study his brain after his death. The pathologist who performed the autopsy, one might say, stole it, considering it his scientific duty. But over the next 40 years, he sent pieces of it to leading neurologists for study. The results showed that areas of the brain involved in language and speech were smaller than usual, while those involved in information processing were larger. 
Family matters
Einstein's first wife Mileve Maric, it didn’t happen to please his parents. The father gave his consent to the wedding only when he was dying, but the mother still did not accept it. The only one who continued the Einstein family was the eldest son Hans. The youngest suffered from dementia since childhood and ended his life in a psychiatric clinic.
The marriage lasted eleven years. The scientist received a divorce only by promising in writing to give his wife all the money he would receive as a Nobel laureate. By the way, that’s what he did.
The second time he married his sister Elsa, a cousin on his mother’s side and a second cousin on his father’s side.
His name is familiar to everyone. Even schoolchildren are familiar with his main achievements. Perhaps now you know a little more about this outstanding man.
Albert Einstein is one of the most famous scientists of the twentieth century. It laid the foundation for a new branch of physics, and Einstein's E=mc 2 for the equivalence of mass and energy is one of the most famous formulas in the world. In 1921, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his contributions to theoretical physics and the evolution of quantum theory.
Einstein is also well known as an original free thinker who spoke on a range of humanitarian and global issues. Contributed to the theoretical development of nuclear physics and supported F. D. Roosevelt in launching the Manhattan Project, but Einstein later opposed the use of nuclear weapons.
Einstein, born into a Jewish family in Germany, moved to Switzerland as a young man and then, after Hitler came to power, to the United States. Einstein was a truly global man and one of the undisputed geniuses of the twentieth century. Now let's talk about everything in order.
Einstein's father, Hermann, was born in 1847 in the Swabian village of Buchau. Hermann, a Jew by nationality, had a penchant for mathematics and attended school near Stuttgart. He was unable to enter the university due to the fact that most universities were closed to Jews and subsequently began to engage in trade. Later, Hermann and his parents moved to the more prosperous city of Ulm, which prophetically had the motto “Ulmenses sunt mathematici”, which translated means: “the people of Ulm are mathematicians.” At the age of 29, Hermann married Pauline Koch, who was eleven years his junior.
Polina's father, Julius Koch, built a large fortune selling grain. Polina inherited practicality, wit, a good sense of humor and could infect anyone with laughter (she will successfully pass on these traits to her son).
German and Polina were a happy couple. Their first child was born at 11:30 am on Friday, March 14, 1879, in Ulm, a city that at that time joined, along with the rest of Swabia, to the German Reich. Initially, Polina and Hermann planned to name the boy Abraham, after his paternal grandfather. But then they came to the conclusion that this name would sound too Jewish and they decided to keep the initial letter A and named the boy Albert Einstein.
It is worth paying attention to an interesting fact that will forever be imprinted in Einstein’s memory and significantly influenced him in the future. When little Albert was 4 or 5 years old he fell ill and
the father brought him a compass so that the boy would not be bored. As Einstein would later say, he was so excited by those mysterious forces that made the magnetic needle behave as if it were influenced by hidden unknown fields. This sense of wonder and inquisitiveness of mind remained with him and motivated him throughout his life. As he said: “I still remember, or at least I believe I can remember, that that moment made a deep and lasting impression on me!”
Around the same age, his mother instilled in Einstein a love of the violin. At first he did not like harsh discipline, but after he became more familiar with the works of Mozart, music began to seem both magical and emotional to the boy: “I believe that love is a better teacher than a sense of duty,” he said, “at least at least for me.” From then on, according to statements from close friends, when the scientist was faced with difficult problems, Einstein was distracted by music and it helped him concentrate and overcome difficulties. During the game, improvising, he thought about problems, and suddenly “he suddenly stopped in the middle of the game and excitedly went to work, as if inspiration came to him,” as his relatives said.
When Albert turned 6 years old and had to choose a school, his parents did not worry that there was no Jewish school nearby. And he went to a large Catholic school nearby, in Petershule. Being the only Jew among seventy students in his class, Einstein studied well and took a standard course in the Catholic religion.
When Albert was 9 years old, he transferred to a high school near the center of Munich, the Leopold Gymnasium, which was known as an enlightened institution that intensively studied mathematics and science, as well as Latin and Greek.
In order to be accepted into the Federal Institute of Technology (later renamed ETH) in Zurich, Einstein passed the entrance exam in October 1895. However, some of his results were insufficient and, on the advice of the rector, he went to the "Kantonsschule" in the city of Aarau to improve his knowledge.
In early October 1896, Einstein received his school leaving certificate and shortly thereafter entered the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich as a teacher of mathematics and physics. Einstein was a good student and graduated in July 1900. He then worked as an assistant at the Polytechnic Institute in Shula and other universities.
Between May 1901 and January 1902 he studied in Winterthur and Schaffhausen. Soon he moved to Bern, the capital of Switzerland. In order to earn a living, he gave private lessons in mathematics and physics.
Albert Einstein personal life
Einstein was married twice, first to his former student Mileva Maric, and then to his cousin Elsa. His marriages were not very successful. In his letters, Einstein expressed the oppression he experienced in his first marriage, describing Mileva as a domineering and jealous woman. In one of his letters, he even admitted that he wanted his youngest son Edward, who had schizophrenia, to have never been born. As for his second wife Elsa, he called their relationship a union of convenience.
Biographers studying such letters considered Einstein a cold and cruel husband and father, but in 2006, about 1,400 previously unknown letters from the scientist were published and biographers changed their view of his relationship with his wives and family in a positive direction.
In more recent letters we can find that Einstein had compassion and sympathy for his first wife and children, he even gave them part of his money from winning the Nobel Peace Prize in 1921.
Regarding his second marriage, Einstein apparently discussed his affairs openly with Elsa, and also kept her informed of his travels and thoughts.
According to Elsa, she remained with Einstein despite his shortcomings, explaining her views in a letter: “Such a genius must be flawless in every way. But nature doesn’t behave like that, if it gives extravagance, then it shows up in everything.”
But this does not mean that Einstein considered himself an exemplary family man; in one of his letters, the scientist admitted that: “I admire my father for the fact that throughout his entire life he remained with one woman. In this matter I failed twice.”
In general, for all his immortal genius, Einstein was an ordinary person in his personal life.
Einstein interesting facts from life:
- From an early age, Albert Einstein hated nationalism of any kind and preferred to be a "citizen of the world." When he was 16 years old, he renounced his German citizenship and became a Swiss citizen in 1901;
- Mileva Maric was the only female student in the Einstein section at Zurich Polytechnic Institute. She was passionate about mathematics and science and was a good physicist, but she gave up her ambitions after marrying Einstein and becoming a mother.
- In 1933, the FBI began maintaining a file on Albert Einstein. The case has grown to 1427 pages various documents, dedicated to Einstein’s collaboration with pacifist and socialist organizations. J. Edgar Hoover even recommended that Einstein be expelled from America using the Alien Exclusion Act, but the decision was overturned by the US State Department.
- Einstein had a daughter, whom he, in all likelihood, never saw in person. The existence of Leatherly (the name of Einstein's daughter) was not widely known until 1987, when a collection of Einstein's letters was published.
- Albert's second son, Edward, whom they affectionately called "Tet", was diagnosed with schizophrenia. Albert never saw his son after he immigrated to the United States in 1933. Edward died at the age of 55 in a psychiatric clinic.
- Fritz Haber was a German chemist who helped Einstein move to Berlin and became one of his close friends. In World War I, Haber developed a deadly chlorine gas that was heavier than air and could flow into trenches, burning the throats and lungs of soldiers. Haber is sometimes called the "father of chemical warfare".
- Einstein, while studying James Maxwell's electromagnetic theories, discovered that the speed of light was constant, a fact unknown to Maxwell. Einstein's discovery was a direct violation of Newton's laws of motion and led Einstein to develop the principle of relativity.
- 1905 is known as Einstein's "Year of the Miracle". This year he presented his doctoral dissertation and 4 of his works were published in one of the most famous scientific journals. The published articles were titled: Equivalence of Matter and Energy, Special Theory of Relativity, Brownian Motion, and the Photoelectric Effect. These papers ultimately changed the very essence of modern physics.
Albert Einstein (German: Albert Einstein; March 14, 1879, Ulm, Württemberg, Germany - April 18, 1955, Princeton, New Jersey, USA) - theoretical physicist, one of the founders of modern theoretical physics, winner of the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics , public figure and humanist. Lived in Germany (1879-1893, 1914-1933), Switzerland (1893-1914) and the USA (1933-1955). Honorary doctor of about 20 leading universities in the world, member of many Academies of Sciences, including foreign honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1926).
Albert Einstein 1920
Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in the southern German city of Ulm, into a poor Jewish family. His parents married three years before their son was born, on August 8, 1876. Father, Hermann Einstein (1847-1902), was at that time a co-owner of a small enterprise producing feather stuffing for mattresses and featherbeds.
Herman Einstein
Mother, Pauline Einstein (née Koch, 1858–1920), came from the family of wealthy corn merchant Julius Derzbacher (changed his surname to Koch in 1842) and Yetta Bernheimer.
Paulina Einstein
In the summer of 1880, the family moved to Munich, where Hermann Einstein, together with his brother Jacob, founded a small company selling electrical equipment.
Albert Einstein at the age of three. 1882
Albert's younger sister Maria (Maya, 1881-1951) was born in Munich.
Albert Einstein with his sister
Albert Einstein received his primary education at a local Catholic school. For about 12 years he experienced a state of deep religiosity, but soon reading popular science books made him a freethinker and forever gave rise to a skeptical attitude towards authorities. Of his childhood experiences, Einstein later recalled as the most powerful: the compass, Euclid's Principia, and (around 1889) Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. In addition, on the initiative of his mother, he began playing the violin at the age of six. Einstein's passion for music continued throughout his life. Already in the USA in Princeton, in 1934 Albert Einstein gave a charity concert, where he performed Mozart’s works on the violin for the benefit of scientists and cultural figures who emigrated from Nazi Germany.
Albert Einstein is 14 years old, 1893
At the gymnasium, he was not among the first students (with the exception of mathematics and Latin). The entrenched system of rote memorization of material by students (which, as he believed, harms the very spirit of learning and creative thinking), as well as the authoritarian attitude of teachers towards students, aroused rejection in Albert Einstein, so he often entered into disputes with his teachers.
In 1894, the Einsteins moved from Munich to the Italian city of Pavia, near Milan, where the brothers Hermann and Jacob moved their company. Albert himself remained with relatives in Munich for some time to complete all six classes of the gymnasium. Having never received his matriculation certificate, he joined his family in Pavia in 1895.
In the fall of 1895, Albert Einstein arrived in Switzerland to take the entrance exams to the Higher Technical School (Polytechnic) in Zurich and become a physics teacher. Having shown himself brilliantly in the mathematics exam, he at the same time failed the exams in botany and French, which did not allow him to enter the Zurich Polytechnic. However, the director of the school advised the young man to enter the graduating class of a school in Aarau (Switzerland) in order to receive a certificate and repeat admission.
At the cantonal school of Aarau, Albert Einstein devoted his free time to studying electromagnetic theory Maxwell. In September 1896, he successfully passed all the school leaving exams, with the exception of the French language exam, and received a certificate
Certificate of maturity issued to Albert Einstein in 1896, at the age of 17, after studying at the cantonal high school in Aarau, Switzerland. 
In October 1896 he was admitted to the Polytechnic at the Faculty of Pedagogy. Here he became friends with a fellow student, mathematician Marcel Grossman (1878-1936), and also met a Serbian medical student, Mileva Maric (4 years older than him), who later became his wife. That same year, Einstein renounced his German citizenship. To obtain Swiss citizenship, he was required to pay 1,000 Swiss francs, but the poor financial situation of the family allowed him to do this only after 5 years. This year, his father’s enterprise finally went bankrupt; Einstein’s parents moved to Milan, where Herman Einstein, already without his brother, opened a company selling electrical equipment.
The teaching style and methodology at the Polytechnic differed significantly from the ossified and authoritarian Prussian school, so further education was easier for the young man. He had first-class teachers, including the wonderful geometer Hermann Minkowski (Einstein often missed his lectures, which he later sincerely regretted) and the analyst Adolf Hurwitz.
In 1900, Einstein graduated from the Polytechnic with a diploma in teaching mathematics and physics. He passed the exams successfully, but not brilliantly. Many professors highly appreciated the abilities of the student Einstein, but no one wanted to help him continue his scientific career. Einstein himself later recalled: I was bullied by my professors, who did not like me because of my independence and closed my path to science.
Although the following year, 1901, Einstein received Swiss citizenship, he could not find a permanent job until the spring of 1902, even as a school teacher. Due to lack of income, he literally starved, not eating for several days in a row. This became the cause of liver disease, from which the scientist suffered for the rest of his life. Despite the hardships that plagued him from 1900 to 1902, Einstein found time to further study physics.
Albert Einstein with friends. 1903
In 1901, the Berlin Annals of Physics published his first article, “Consequences of the theory of capillarity” (Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen), devoted to the analysis of the forces of attraction between atoms of liquids based on the theory of capillarity. Former classmate Marcel Grossman helped overcome the difficulties, recommending Einstein for the position of third-class expert at the Federal Patent Office for Inventions (Bern) with a salary of 3,500 francs per year (during his student years he lived on 100 francs per month).
Einstein worked at the Patent Office from July 1902 to October 1909, primarily assessing patent applications. In 1903 he became a permanent employee of the Bureau. The nature of the work allowed Einstein to devote his free time to research in the field of theoretical physics.
Albert Einstein is 25 years old. 1904
In October 1902, Einstein received news from Italy that his father was ill; Hermann Einstein died a few days after his son's arrival.
On January 6, 1903, Einstein married twenty-seven-year-old Mileva Maric. They had three children.
Mileva Maric
The year 1905 went down in the history of physics as the “Year of Miracles” (Latin: Annus Mirabilis). This year, the Annals of Physics, Germany's leading physics journal, published three outstanding papers by Einstein, ushering in a new scientific revolution.
Many prominent physicists remained faithful to classical mechanics and the concept of the ether, among them Lorentz, J. J. Thomson, Lenard, Lodge, Nernst, Wien. At the same time, some of them (for example, Lorentz himself) did not reject the results of the special theory of relativity, but interpreted them in the spirit of Lorentz’s theory, preferring to look at the space-time concept of Einstein-Minkowski as a purely mathematical technique.
In 1907, Einstein published the quantum theory of heat capacity (the old theory at low temperatures was very at odds with experiment. At the same time, Smoluchowski, whose article was published several months later than Einstein, came to similar conclusions. His work on statistical mechanics, entitled “New Determination of Dimensions molecules", Einstein submitted to the Polytechnic as a dissertation and in the same 1905 received the title of Doctor of Philosophy (equivalent to a candidate of natural sciences) in physics. The following year, Einstein developed his theory in a new article “Towards the Theory of Brownian Motion”. Soon (1908) Perrin's measurements fully confirmed the adequacy of Einstein's model, which became the first experimental proof of the molecular kinetic theory, which was subject to active attacks by positivists in those years.
The work of 1905 brought Einstein, although not immediately, worldwide fame. On April 30, 1905, he sent the text of his doctoral dissertation on the topic “A New Determination of the Size of Molecules” to the University of Zurich. On January 15, 1906, he received his doctorate in physics. He corresponds and meets with the most famous physicists in the world, and Planck in Berlin includes the theory of relativity in his training course. In letters he is called “Mr. Professor,” but for another four years (until October 1909) Einstein continued to serve in the Patent Office; in 1906 he was promoted (he became an expert of class II) and his salary was increased. In October 1908, Einstein was invited to read an elective course at the University of Bern, however, without any payment. In 1909, he attended a congress of naturalists in Salzburg, where the elite of German physics gathered, and met Planck for the first time; over 3 years of correspondence, they quickly became close friends and maintained this friendship until the end of their lives. After the congress, Einstein finally received a paid position as extraordinary professor at the University of Zurich (December 1909), where his old friend Marcel Grossmann taught geometry. The pay was small, especially for a family with two children, and in 1911 Einstein without hesitation accepted an invitation to head the department of physics at the German University in Prague. During this period, Einstein continued to publish a series of papers on thermodynamics, relativity and quantum theory. In Prague, he intensifies research on the theory of gravity, setting the goal of creating a relativistic theory of gravity and fulfilling the long-standing dream of physicists - to exclude Newtonian long-range action from this area.
In 1911, Einstein participated in the First Solvay Congress (Brussels), dedicated to quantum physics. There his only meeting took place with Poincaré, who continued to reject the theory of relativity, although he personally had great respect for Einstein
Photos of participants of the first Solvay Congress in 1911 Brussels, Belgium.
The Solvay Congresses are a series of congresses that began on the visionary initiative of Ernest Solvay and continued under the leadership of the founder International Institute physics, represented a unique opportunity for physicists to discuss fundamental problems that had been the focus of their attention in different periods.
Seated (from left to right): Walter Nernst, Marcel Brillouin, Ernest Solvay, Hendrik Lorenz, Emil Warburg, Wilhelm Wien, Jean Baptiste Perrin, Marie Curie, Henri Poincaré.
Standing (from left to right): Robert Goldschmidt, Max Planck, Heinrich Rubens, Arnold Sommerfeld, Frederic Lindmann, Maurice de Broglie, Martin Knudsen, Friedrich Hasenorl, Georg Hostlet, Eduard Herzen, James Jeans, Ernest Rutherford, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, Albert Einstein , Paul Langevin.
A year later, Einstein returned to Zurich, where he became a professor at his native Polytechnic and lectured there on physics. In 1913, he attended the Congress of Naturalists in Vienna, visiting 75-year-old Ernst Mach there; Once upon a time, Mach's criticism of Newtonian mechanics made a huge impression on Einstein and ideologically prepared him for the innovations of the theory of relativity.
Second Solvay Congress (1913)
Seated (from left to right): Walter Nernst, Ernest Rutherford, Wilhelm Wien, Joseph John Thomson, Emil Warburg, Hendrik Lorenz, Marcel Brillouin, William Barlow, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, Robert Williams Wood, Louis Georg Gouy, Pierre Weiss.
Standing (from left to right): Friedrich Hasenorl, Jules Emile Verschafelt, James Hopwood Jeans, William Henry Bragg, Max von Laue, Heinrich Rubens, Marie Curie, Robert Goldschmidt, Arnold Sommerfeld, Eduard Herzen, Albert Einstein, Frederick Lindmann, Maurice de Broglie, William Pope, Edward Grüneisen, Martin Knudsen, Georg Hostlet, Paul Langevin. 
At the end of 1913, on the recommendation of Planck and Nernst, Einstein received an invitation to head the physics center being created in Berlin. Research institute; He is also enrolled as a professor at the University of Berlin. In addition to being close to his friend Planck, this position had the advantage that it did not oblige him to be distracted by teaching. He accepted the invitation, and in pre-war 1914, the convinced pacifist Einstein arrived in Berlin. Mileva and her children remained in Zurich; their family broke up. In February 1919 they officially divorced
Albert Einstein with Fritz Haber, 1914
In 1915, in a conversation with the Dutch physicist Vander de Haas, Einstein proposed a scheme and calculation of the experiment, which, after successful implementation, was called the “Einstein-de Haas effect.” The result of the experiment inspired Niels Bohr, who two years earlier created planetary model atom, since he confirmed that circular electron currents exist inside atoms, and electrons in their orbits do not emit. It was these provisions that Bohr based his model on. In addition, it was discovered that the total magnetic moment was twice as large as expected; the reason for this became clear when spin, the electron's own angular momentum, was discovered.
In June 1919, Einstein married his maternal cousin Elsa Leventhal (née Einstein, 1876–1936) and adopted her two children. At the end of the year, his seriously ill mother Paulina moved in with them; she died in February 1920. Judging by the letters, Einstein took her death seriously. 
Albert and Elsa Einstein meet with reporters
After the end of the war, Einstein continued to work in the previous areas of physics, and also studied new areas - relativistic cosmology and the “Unified Field Theory”, which, according to his plan, was supposed to combine gravity, electromagnetism and (preferably) the theory of the microworld. The first paper on cosmology, "Cosmological Considerations on the General Theory of Relativity", appeared in 1917. After this, Einstein experienced a mysterious “invasion of diseases” - in addition to serious problems with the liver, a stomach ulcer was discovered, then jaundice and general weakness. He did not get out of bed for several months, but continued to work actively. Only in 1920 did the diseases recede.
Photo of Albert Einstein in his office at the University of Berlin in 1920.
Einstein in the house of Leiden University physics professor Paul Ehrenfest 1920.
Einstein visiting Amsterdam with experimental physicist Peter Zeman (left) and his friend Paul Ehrenfest. (Circa 1920) 
In May 1920, Einstein, along with other members of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, was sworn in as a civil servant and legally considered a German citizen. However, he retained Swiss citizenship until the end of his life. In the 1920s, receiving invitations from everywhere, he traveled extensively throughout Europe (using a Swiss passport),
Albert Einstein in Barcelona, 1923
He lectured for scientists, students and the inquisitive public.
Albert Einstein during a lecture in Vienna in 1921
Einstein speaking in Gothenburg, Sweden.1923
He also visited the United States, where a special welcoming resolution of Congress was adopted in honor of the eminent guest (1921).
Albert Einstein and observatory staff near the 40-inch refractor of the Yerkes Observatory. 1921
Tour of Marconi Station in New Brunswick, New Jersey. Famous scientists are present in the photograph, including Tesla, 1921 
At the end of 1922, he visited India, where he had long contact with Tagore, and China. Einstein met winter in Japan.
Albert Einstein's visit to Tohoku University. From left to right: Kotaro Honda, Albert Einstein, Keichi Aichi, Shirouta Kusakabe.1922 
In 1923 he spoke in Jerusalem, where it was planned to open the Hebrew University soon (1925).
Einstein was repeatedly nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics, but members of the Nobel Committee for a long time hesitated to award the prize to the author of such revolutionary theories. In the end, a diplomatic solution was found: the prize for 1921 was awarded to Einstein (at the very end of 1922) for the theory of the photoelectric effect, that is, for the most indisputable and well-tested experimental work; however, the text of the decision contained a neutral addition: “... and for other work in the field of theoretical physics.”
On November 10, 1922, the Secretary of the Swedish Academy of Sciences, Christopher Aurvillius, wrote to Einstein:
Albert Einstein in Berlin. 1922
As I have already informed you by telegram, the Royal Academy of Sciences, at its meeting yesterday, decided to award you the Prize in Physics for the past year (1921), thereby noting your work in theoretical physics, in particular the discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect, without taking into account your work on the theory of relativity and the theory of gravity, which will be evaluated after their confirmation in the future.
Naturally, Einstein dedicated his traditional Nobel speech (1923) to the theory of relativity.
Albert Einstein. Official photograph of the 1921 Nobel Prize winner in physics.
In 1924, a young Indian physicist, Shatyendranath Bose, wrote to Einstein in a brief letter asking for help in publishing a paper in which he put forward the assumption that formed the basis of modern quantum statistics. Bose proposed to consider light as a gas of photons. Einstein concluded that the same statistics could be used for atoms and molecules in general. In 1925, Einstein published Bose's paper in a German translation, followed by his own paper in which he outlined a generalized Bose model applicable to systems of identical particles with integer spin called bosons. Based on this quantum statistics, now known as Bose-Einstein statistics, both physicists in the mid-1920s theoretically substantiated the existence of a fifth state of matter - the Bose-Einstein condensate.
Portrait of Albert Einstein. 1925
In 1927, at the Fifth Solvay Congress, Einstein decisively opposed the “Copenhagen interpretation” of Max Born and Niels Bohr, which interpreted the mathematical model of quantum mechanics as essentially probabilistic. Einstein said that supporters of this interpretation “make a virtue out of necessity,” and the probabilistic nature only indicates that our knowledge of the physical essence of microprocesses is incomplete. He sarcastically remarked: “God does not play dice” (German: Der Herrgott würfelt nicht), to which Niels Bohr objected: “Einstein, don’t tell God what to do.” Einstein accepted the “Copenhagen interpretation” only as a temporary, incomplete option, which, as physics progressed, should be replaced by a complete theory of the microworld. He himself made attempts to create a deterministic nonlinear theory, the approximate consequence of which would be quantum mechanics.
1927 Solvay Congress on Quantum Mechanics.
1st row (from left to right): Irving Langmuir, Max Planck, Marie Curie, Henrik Lorenz, Albert Einstein, Paul Langevin, Charles Guy, Charles Wilson, Owen Richardson.
2nd row (from left to right): Peter Debye, Martin Knudsen, William Bragg, Hendrik Kramers, Paul Dirac, Arthur Compton, Louis de Broglie, Max Born, Niels Bohr.
Standing (from left to right): Auguste Picard, Emile Henriot, Paul Ehrenfest, Eduard Herzen, Théophile de Donder, Erwin Schrödinger, Jules Emile Verschafelt, Wolfgang Pauli, Werner Heisenberg, Ralph Fowler, Léon Brillouin. 
In 1928, Einstein saw off Lorentz, with whom he became very friendly in his last years, on his last journey. It was Lorentz who nominated Einstein for the Nobel Prize in 1920 and supported it the following year.
Albert Einstein and Hendrik Anton Lorenz in Leiden in 1921.
In 1929, the world noisily celebrated Einstein's 50th birthday. The hero of the day did not take part in the celebrations and hid in his villa near Potsdam, where he enthusiastically grew roses. Here he received friends - scientists, Tagore, Emmanuel Lasker, Charlie Chaplin and others.
Einstein and Rabindranath Tagore
Albert Einstein received an honorary doctorate from the Sorbonne University in Paris in November 1929.
Albert Einstein plays the violin during a benefit concert at the New Synagogue in Berlin, January 29, 1930. 
Portrait of Albert Einstein taken by clairvoyant Madame Silvia in Berlin in 1930. For a long time it hung in the visitors' room in her office. 
Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein at the 1930 Solvay Congress in Brussels
Einstein opens a radio show. Berlin, August 1930
Einstein on a radio show Berlin, August 1930
In 1931, Einstein visited the USA again.
Einstein's departure to America. December 1930
Albert Einstein in 1931 was amazed by the enthusiasm of journalists in the United States who wanted him to explain his theory of relativity. Einstein said that this would take at least three days 
In Pasadena he was very warmly received by Michelson, who had four months to live.
Albert Einstein, Albert Abraham Michelson, Robert Andrews Millikan.1931
Returning to Berlin in the summer, Einstein, in a speech to the Physical Society, paid tribute to the memory of the remarkable experimenter who laid the first stone of the foundation of the theory of relativity.
Until about 1926, Einstein worked in many areas of physics, from cosmological models to research into the causes of river meanders. Next he, for a rare exception, focuses on quantum problems and Unified Field Theory.
Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein. December 1925
As the economic crisis in Weimar Germany grew, political instability intensified, contributing to the strengthening of radical nationalist and anti-Semitic sentiments. Insults and threats against Einstein became more frequent; one of the leaflets even offered a large reward (50,000 marks) for his head. After the Nazis came to power, all of Einstein’s works were either attributed to “Aryan” physicists or declared a distortion of true science. Lenard, who headed the German Physics group, proclaimed: “The most important example of the dangerous influence of Jewish circles on the study of nature is represented by Einstein with his theories and mathematical chatter, compiled from old information and arbitrary additions ... We must understand that it is unworthy of a German to be the spiritual follower of a Jew " An uncompromising racial cleansing unfolded in all scientific circles in Germany.
In 1933, Einstein had to leave Germany, to which he was very attached, forever.
Albert Einstein and his wife after exile in Belgium, where they lived at the Villa Savoyarde in Haan. 1933
Villa Savoyarde in Haan (Belgium), where Einstein lived briefly after his expulsion from Germany. 1933
Einstein gives an interview to journalists at the Villa Savoyarde in Belgium. 1933
Albert Einstein with his wife in 1933 at a villa in Savoyarde.
He and his family traveled to the United States of America with visitor visas.
Albert Einstein in Santa Barbara, 1933
Soon, in protest against the crimes of Nazism, he renounced German citizenship and membership in the Prussian and Bavarian academies of sciences.
After moving to the United States, Albert Einstein received a position as professor of physics at the newly created Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton, New Jersey). The eldest son, Hans-Albert (1904–1973), soon followed him (1938); he subsequently became a recognized expert in hydraulics and a professor at the University of California (1947). Einstein's youngest son, Eduard (1910-1965), fell ill with a severe form of schizophrenia around 1930 and ended his days in a Zurich psychiatric hospital. Einstein's cousin, Lina, died in Auschwitz; another sister, Bertha Dreyfuss, died in the Theresienstadt concentration camp.
Albert Einstein with his daughter and son. November 1930
In the USA, Einstein instantly became one of the most famous and respected people in the country, gaining a reputation as the most brilliant scientist in history, as well as the personification of the image of the “absent-minded professor” and the intellectual capabilities of man in general. The following January, 1934, he was invited to the White House to President Franklin Roosevelt, had a cordial conversation with him and even spent the night there. Every day Einstein received hundreds of letters of various contents, which (even children’s ones) he tried to answer. Being a world-renowned natural scientist, he remained an approachable, modest, undemanding and affable person.
Portrait of Albert Einstein. 1934
In December 1936, Elsa died of heart disease; three months earlier, Marcel Grossmann died in Zurich. Einstein's loneliness was brightened up by his sister Maya,
Sister Maya
stepdaughter Margot (Elsa's daughter from her first marriage), secretary Ellen Dukas and cat Tiger. To the surprise of Americans, Einstein never acquired a car or a television. Maya was partially paralyzed after a stroke in 1946, and every evening Einstein read books to his beloved sister.
In August 1939, Einstein signed a letter written on the initiative of Hungarian physicist Leo Szilard addressed to US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. The letter alerted the President to the possibility that Nazi Germany would acquire an atomic bomb.
Albert Einstein receives a certificate of American citizenship from Judge Philip Foreman. October 1, 1940
After months of deliberation, Roosevelt decided to take this threat seriously and launched his own atomic weapons project. Einstein himself did not take part in this work. He later regretted the letter he signed, realizing that for the new US leader Harry Truman, nuclear energy served as a tool of intimidation. Subsequently, he criticized the development of nuclear weapons, their use in Japan and tests at Bikini Atoll (1954), and considered his involvement in accelerating work on the American nuclear program to be the greatest tragedy of his life. His aphorisms became widely known: “We won the war, but not the peace”; "If the third World War will be fought with atomic bombs, then the fourth - with stones and sticks.”
Celebrating the 70th anniversary. 1949
In the post-war years, Einstein became one of the founders of the Pugwash Peace Scientists' Movement. Although its first conference was held after Einstein’s death (1957), the initiative to create such a movement was expressed in the widely known Russell-Einstein Manifesto (written jointly with Bertrand Russell), which also warned about the dangers of the creation and use of the hydrogen bomb. As part of this movement, Einstein, who was its chairman, together with Albert Schweitzer, Bertrand Russell, Frederic Joliot-Curie and other world-famous scientists, fought against the arms race and the creation of nuclear and thermonuclear weapons. Einstein also called for, in the name of preventing new war, to the creation of a world government, for which he received sharp criticism in the Soviet press (1947)
Niels Bohr, James Frank, Albert Einstein, October 3, 1954
Until the end of his life, Einstein continued to work on the study of cosmological problems, but he directed his main efforts to the creation of a unified field theory.
In 1955, Einstein's health deteriorated sharply. He wrote a will and told his friends: “I have fulfilled my task on earth.” His last work was an unfinished appeal calling for the prevention of nuclear war.
His stepdaughter Margot recalled her last meeting with Einstein in the hospital: He spoke with deep calm, even with slight humor about doctors, and awaited his death as an upcoming “natural phenomenon.” As fearless as he was during life, he met death so calmly and peacefully. Without any sentimentality and without regrets, he left this world.
Albert Einstein in the last years of his life (probably 1950)
The scientist who revolutionized mankind's understanding of the Universe, Albert Einstein died on April 18, 1955 at 1 hour 25 minutes, at the age of 77 in Princeton from a ruptured aortic aneurysm. Before his death, he spoke a few words in German, but the American nurse could not reproduce them later.
On April 19, 1955, the funeral of the great scientist took place without wide publicity, attended by only 12 of his closest friends. His body was burned at Ewing Cemetery and his ashes were scattered to the wind.
Newspaper headlines with obituaries. 1955
Einstein was passionate about music, especially the works of the 18th century. IN different years His preferred composers included Bach, Mozart, Schumann, Haydn and Schubert, and, in recent years, Brahms. He played the violin well, which he never parted with.
Albert Einstein plays the violin. 1921
Violin Concerto by Albert Einstein. 1941
Served on the advisory board of the First Humanist Society of New York with Julian Huxley, Thomas Mann, and John Dewey.
Thomas Mann with Albert Einstein at Princeton, 1938
He strongly condemned the “case of Oppenheimer,” who in 1953 was accused of “communist sympathies” and removed from secret work.
Physicist Robert Oppenheimer and Albert Einstein talk at Princeton's Institute for Advanced Study. 1940s 
Alarmed by the rapid rise of anti-Semitism in Germany, Einstein supported the call of the Zionist movement to create a Jewish national home in Palestine and made a number of articles and speeches on this topic. The idea of opening the Hebrew University in Jerusalem (1925) received especially active support on his part.
Upon arrival in New York, the leaders of the World Zionist Organization met with Albert Einstein. In the photograph are Mossinson, Einstein, Chaim Weizmann, Dr. Ussishkin.1921 
He explained his position:
Until recently I lived in Switzerland, and while I was there I was not aware of my Jewishness...
When I arrived in Germany, I first learned that I was a Jew, and more non-Jews than Jews helped me make this discovery... Then I realized that only a joint cause, which would be dear to all Jews in the world, could lead to the revival of the people... If If we didn't have to live among intolerant, soulless and cruel people, I would be the first to reject nationalism in favor of universal humanity.
Dr. Albert Einstein and Meyer Weisgal arrived at the Anglo-American Committee on Palestine. 1946
Albert Einstein testifies on behalf of the UN about the illegal restrictions on Jewish immigration to Palestine.
In 1947, Einstein welcomed the creation of the State of Israel, hoping for a binational Arab-Jewish solution to the Palestinian problem. He wrote to Paul Ehrenfest in 1921: “Zionism represents a truly new Jewish ideal and can restore the joy of existence to the Jewish people.” After the Holocaust, he noted: “Zionism did not protect German Jewry from destruction. But for those who survived, Zionism gave them the inner strength to endure the disaster with dignity, without losing healthy self-esteem.” In 1952, Einstein even received an offer to become the second president of Israel, which the scientist politely refused, citing a lack of experience in such work. Einstein bequeathed all his letters and manuscripts (and even the copyright for the commercial use of his image and name) to the Hebrew University in Jerusalem.
Albert Einstein with Ben Gurion, 1951
In addition
Albert Einstein on the Portland, December 1931
Albert Einstein arrives at Newark Airport in April 1939.
Albert Einstein lectures at Princeton's Institute for Advanced Study. 1940s
Albert Einstein 1947
Scientist Albert Einstein became famous for his scientific work, which allowed him to become one of the founders of theoretical physics. One of his most famous works is the general and special theories of relativity. This scientist and thinker has more than 600 works on a variety of topics.
Nobel Prize
In 1921, Albert Einstein won the Nobel Prize in Physics. He received the prize for discovery of the photoelectric effect.
At the presentation, other works of the physicist were also discussed. In particular, the theory of relativity and gravity was supposed to be evaluated after their confirmation in the future.
Einstein's theory of relativity
It is curious that Einstein himself explained his theory of relativity with humor:
If you hold your hand over the fire for one minute, it will seem like an hour, but an hour spent with your beloved girl will seem like one minute.
That is, time flows differently in different circumstances. The physicist also spoke in a unique way about other scientific discoveries. For example, everyone can be sure that it is impossible to do something definite until there is an "ignoramus" who will do it only because he does not know about the opinion of the majority.
Albert Einstein said that he discovered his theory of relativity completely by accident. One day he noticed that a car moving relative to another car at the same speed and in the same direction remains motionless.
These 2 cars, moving relative to the Earth and other objects on it, are at rest relative to each other.
The famous formula E=mc 2
Einstein argued that if a body generates energy in video radiation, then the decrease in its mass is proportional to the amount of energy released by it.
This is how the well-known formula was born: the amount of energy is equal to the product of the mass of the body and the square of the speed of light (E=mc 2). The speed of light is 300 thousand kilometers per second.
Even an insignificantly small mass accelerated to the speed of light will emit enormous amounts of energy. The invention of the atomic bomb confirmed the correctness of this theory.
short biography
Albert Einstein was born March 14, 1879 in the small German town of Ulm. He spent his childhood in Munich. Albert's father was an entrepreneur, his mother a housewife.
The future scientist was born weak, with big head. His parents were afraid that he would not survive. However, he survived and grew, showing increased curiosity about everything. At the same time, he was very persistent.
Study period
Einstein was bored studying at the gymnasium. In his free time, he read popular science books. Astronomy aroused his greatest interest at that time.
After graduating from high school, Einstein went to Zurich and entered the polytechnic school. Upon completion, he receives a diploma physics and mathematics teachers. Alas, 2 whole years of searching for a job did not yield any results.
During this period, Albert had a hard time, and due to constant hunger, he developed liver disease, which tormented him for the rest of his life. But even these difficulties did not discourage him from studying physics.
Career and first successes
IN 1902 year, Albert gets a job at the Berne Patent Office as a technical expert with a small salary.
By 1905, Einstein already had 5 scientific papers. In 1909 he became professor of theoretical physics at the University of Zurich. In 1911 he became a professor at the German University in Prague, from 1914 to 1933 he was a professor at the University of Berlin and director of the Institute of Physics in Berlin.
He worked on his theory of relativity for 10 years and only completed it in 1916. In 1919 there was solar eclipse. It was observed by scientists from the Royal Society of London. They also confirmed the probable correctness of Einstein's theory of relativity.
Emigration to the USA
IN 1933 The Nazis came to power in Germany. All scientific works and other works were burned. The Einstein family immigrated to the USA. Albert became a professor of physics at the Institute for Basic Research in Princeton. IN 1940 year he renounces German citizenship and officially becomes an American citizen.
In recent years, the scientist lived in Princeton, worked on a unified field theory, played the violin in moments of relaxation, and rode a boat on the lake.
Albert Einstein died April 18, 1955. After his death, his brain was studied for genius, but nothing exceptional was found.
Loading...