Presentation on the topic of the Entente and the Triple Alliance. Triple Alliance

1.28 July 1914 Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia on July 2.31, 1914. Russia announces general mobilization on August 3.1, 1914. Germany declares war on Russia on August 4.3, 1914. Germany declares war on France on July 5, 4, 1914. UK declares war on Germany after breach of Belgium's neutrality

Entente Quadruple Alliance Russia (from August 1, 1914) Austria-Hungary (from July 28, 1914) France (from August 3, 1914) Germany (from August 1, 1914) Great Britain (from August 4, 1914) Ottoman Empire(from October 30, 1914) Italy (from May 23, 1915) Bulgaria (from October 14, 1915) USA (from April 6, 1917)

Germany seize the colonies of France and Great Britain seize part of the European territory of Russia Austria-Hungary seize part of the western territories from Russia end Serbia and bring the Balkans under control Kaiser Wilhelm II Emperor Franz Joseph

France recapture Alsace-Lorraine seize Syria and Palestine Great Britain crush Germany as its main rival Russian Empire ensure control over the Black Sea straits annex Galicia provide assistance to the Balkan peoples President of France R. Poincaré King of Great Britain George V Russian Emperor Nicholas II The war was fair only for Serbia and Belgium

German General A. Schlieffen in 1905 developed a plan for a lightning war (blitzkrieg) Germany was supposed to first defeat France (invasion through Belgium), and then Russia (would not have time to mobilize forces) Chief of the German General Staff G. von Moltke Chief of the German General Staff G. von Moltke

Gain government regulation economics restriction of political rights and freedoms creation of an “enemy image” lengthening the working day growth of corporate profits introduction of the rationing system worsening living conditions of the population increasing discontent as the war drags on Bread line Bombing of London

Defeats of 1915 led to mass discontent. The Cadets put forward the idea of a government of “people's trust.” A Progressive bloc of several parties supporting this idea is being created in the Duma. November 1, 1916 – speech by the leader of the cadets P.N. Miliukova with the question: “What is this: stupidity or treason?”

In August 1915 Nicholas II takes office supreme commander in chief. Now he was responsible for the failures in the war. Previously, this post was held by Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich. The role of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, who was influenced by the dissolute old man Grigory Rasputin, increased. The “ministerial leapfrog” began (4 prime ministers during the war years). Discontent was growing. In December 1916. monarchist leader V.M. Purishkevich, Prince F.F. Yusupov kill Rasputin

12.8 million peasants went to the front. The mobilized demanded a reduction in taxes for their families and payment of benefits. The peasants did not want to hand over their grain. 1916 - introduction of surplus appropriation surplus is the obligatory delivery of all surplus grain to the state at fixed prices.

February 1917 - overthrow of the monarchy October 1917 - overthrow of the Provisional Government of A.F. Kerensky and the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks on March 3, 1918. - conclusion Soviet Russia separate peace with Germany in Brest-Litovsk, Russia lost Poland, part of the Baltic states, Bessarabia, Western Ukraine and Belarus

Strategic initiative in the hands of the Entente April 1917 - “Nivelle massacre” (unsuccessful French offensive) (500 thousand French died) November 1917 - Battle of Cambrai. The British first used a massive tank attack (400 tanks) at Mogila. Northern France German Albatross

1. Soroko-Tsyupa O.S., Soroko-Tsyupa A.O. Recent history foreign countries, XX-beginning of the XXI century: textbook for 9th grade of educational institutions / O.S. Soroko-Tsyupa, A.O. Soroko-Tsyupa. - 7th ed. - M.: Enlightenment, p. 2. Danilov A.A. History of Russia, XX-early XXI centuries: textbook for 9th grade of educational institutions / A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulina, M.Yu. Brandt. - 2nd edition. - M.: Enlightenment, p. 3.Site materials

“The end of the First World War” - French General F. Foch. October: Ottoman Empire surrendered, Austria-Hungary collapsed, Germany surrendered. Spring, 1918. Lev Davidovich Trotsky. September: There was an uprising in the Bulgarian army. The end of the First World War. Completed by: Marina Parfenova, Tatyana Rzhannikova. Counter-offensive of Entente troops under the command of F. Foch.

“History of the First World War” - Generations killed in 1914-1918 are calling to us from obscurity.” L. Anninsky. The project will take 5 hours. Cultivating a sense of patriotism and citizenship among students. ovative: Tasks. “It’s scary to count the millions of people killed. What problems did the first one identify? world war? Target. List the main causes of the First World War.

“The beginning of the First World War” - Soldiers in gas masks. German "Albatross D". - Flamethrowers - aviation. Bosnia. Zelinsky's carbon gas mask. The largest aircraft of the First World War was the Ilya Muromets bomber. Light cruiser Brimingham against the German submarine U-15. French President Raymond Poincaré. ______________________________.

“The First World War 1914-1918” - The war became protracted. RESULTS OF 1914. Military-political alliances on the eve of the war. “VERDEN MEAT GRINDER” (21.02 -18.12. 1916). FIRST WORLD WAR 1914-1918 Brusilovsky breakthrough. France. The Russian army left Ukraine and Finland. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk – March 1918. Soviet Russia Germany.

“The Years of the First World War” - Great Britain. England. 1916 is the third year of the war. Causes of the February Revolution of 1917 On April 6, 1917, the United States entered the war. Russia. Major combat actions and events. 1.5 million people took part in the Battle of the Marne River. Decree on peace. The most important political events at the end of 1916. The first year of the war.

“War of 1914” - You are in our hearts. Born July 23, 1900 in Ontario near Kingston (Canada). Polish soldiers during the battles for Poland (September 1939). 62 states took part in the war. Veteran living in Australia - 1 person - Claude Stanley Choles. And the squares looked like landfills, where fascist crosses were taken.

There are a total of 24 presentations in the topic

Inserting a picture

First World War (1914-1918)

Prepared by: history teacher Yu.V. Shusherov.

1. Main characteristics of war

2. The beginning of the war

3. Goals of the warring powers

4. Major combat actions and events

5. Results and consequences of the war

Military-political alliances on the eve of the war.

Triple Alliance 1882 .

Entente 1907

England, France, Russia,

Germany, Austria-Hungary

and 30 more countries

General features : 1. Active colonial policy.

2.Each country pursues its own selfish goals.

Differences : 1. The Entente develops in response to the creation of a block

Central Powers.

and economic balance in Europe.

3. The Triple Alliance unites the countries of the second

echelon of modernization.

Cause

Balkans –

Hotbed of international tension

Balkan wars. The threat of a pan-European conflict

The "Bosnian crisis" caused by annexation Austria-Hungary Bosnia and Herzegovina with German support

The struggle of European countries for the Turkish inheritance and influence on politics in the Balkans

Beginning of the First World War

Entente

1914-1918

Triple Alliance

Austria-Hungary

Germany

Assassination of the heir to the Austrian throne in Sarajevo

Goals of the warring powers

Crush France and Russia

Annex the Baltic and Polish lands of Russia

Capture French colonies in Africa

Settle in the Middle East and Turkey

Subjugate the Balkan states

Capture the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits

Establish your dominance in the Balkans

Reunite all Polish lands

Stop German expansion

Return of Elsies, Lorraine and capture of the Saarland

Division of Turkish territories

Major combat actions and events

1914 –1915

Eastern Front

Western Front

German invasion of Belgium, France by " Schlieffen plan ».

The offensive of Russian troops in East Prussia and Galicia.

Battle of the Marne. Retreat of German troops to the Aisne River.

Retreat of Russian troops from East Prussia.

September

Breakthrough by German troops of the front in Galicia. Retreat of Russian troops. September 1915 – formation of the Quadruple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Türkiye)

End of 1914

The transition from maneuver to positional warfare.

The first use of chemical warfare agents (chlorine) by the German command in the area of Ypres.

April-May 1915

Front stabilization. Trench warfare.

September

1916 –1917

-Battle of Verdun. -Jutlandic sea battle.

March 1916

Brusilovsky breakthrough German-Austrian front.

English-French Somme offensive , the first use of tanks.

June-August.

July-August.

Germany's transition to strategic defense.

German submarine warfare. Declaration of war on Germany by the United States in April 1917.

Late 1916

Miliukov's note on Russia's participation in the war to a victorious end.

April 1917

Unsuccessful French offensive near Arras "Massacre of Nivelle".

July-Autumn

British troops are trying to break through the German front in the Ypres region.

Capture of Riga by German troops, occupation of part of the Baltic states.

1918

Armistice between Soviet Russia and Germany.

December 1917

Occupation of Bessarabia by Romania.

1918, winter.

The offensive of German troops in the Paris direction, the use of troops transferred from the Eastern Front (Arras, Marne). Hindenburg plan.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk between Germany and Russia

Battle of Amiens.

March-July

September-November

General offensive of the Entente troops. Defeat of the countries of the Quadruple Alliance. Truce of Compiègne.

Results and consequences of the war

Truce of Compiègne

Terms Compiègne truce:

1. Immediate withdrawal of German troops from the western occupied territories and the left bank of the Rhine

2. Immediate repatriation without reciprocity of all prisoners of war

3. Concession by the German army of the following military material: 5 thousand cannons, 25 thousand machine guns, 3 thousand mortars and 1,700 airplanes

4. Return of all German troops to Germany

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

1. Russia’s renunciation of the territories of Estonia and Latvia

2. Conclusion Russian troops from Finland, Ukraine

3. Return to Turkey of the fortresses of Kars, Ardahan, Batum

4. Demobilization of the Russian army and navy

5 . Contribution at 6 billion stamps

Treaty of Versailles

Terms of the agreement:

colonies .

2. Germany had to pay reparations with a total amount of 132 billion gold marks (52% - France, 22% - Great Britain, 10% - Italy, 8% - Belgium).;

3. The imposition of military restrictions on Germany - it was forbidden to have a submarine fleet, large surface ships, tank formations, military and naval aviation, the maximum army size was determined at 100 thousand people. Universal conscription was abolished.

4. Demilitarization of the Rhineland. Occupation of the Rhineland by Allied troops for a period of 15 years.

5. Germany was recognized as the culprit for starting the world war.

Germany lost 1/8 of its territory and all its colonies .

Slide 1

Causes of the First World War. The beginning of the war between the Entente countries and the Triple Alliance materials for a world history lesson in the 10th grade Author-compiler: Alexander Khudobet Kyiv [email protected]

Slide 2

LESSON PLAN Causes and cause of war Military strategic plans of the parties Beginning of hostilities in 1914

Slide 3

Reasons and reason for the war Exacerbation of contradictions between leading states: - Anglo-German - in the economic sphere and in the colonial issue (on China and Africa); - Franco-German - in the territorial issue (Alsace and Lorraine), because of the colonies (in Africa), in the economic sphere; - Russia and Austria-Hungary - due to influence in the Balkans; - Russian-German – in the economic sphere.

Slide 4

Reasons and reason for the war The arms race of leading states led to their accumulation of military reserves. Germany, which had managed to rearm earlier, had a real chance of military victory in the “lightning war.”

Slide 5

Reasons and reason for war The existence of military-political blocs - the Entente and the Triple Alliance gave rise to the aggressiveness of the countries participating in the alliances, since strengthening their military potential made them less compliant in critical situations.

Slide 6

Causes and reason for the war The reason for the war was the assassination on June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo of the principle of the successor to the Austrian and Hungarian throne Ferdinand and the refusal of the Serbian government on July 25, 1914 to accept the terms of the Austrian ultimatum of July 23, 191.

Slide 7

VEL. BRITAIN FRANCE RUSSIAN EMPIRE 1904 1893 1902 ENTENTE FORMATION OF THE ENTENTE

Slide 8

Military-strategic plans of the Entente Russia, in response to the demands of France, planned simultaneous military operations on two fronts - against Germany in East Prussia and against Austria-Hungary in Galicia. If Germany attacked Russia first, then the Russian-German front became the main one, if France was attacked, then the main blow was dealt to Austria-Hungary. The French “Plan No. 17” provided for French troops to go on the offensive against the Germans in the Verdun region (eastern France), but only in response to enemy actions. England envisaged a blockade of Germany with its fleet. Actions on land were not planned.

Slide 9

FORMATION OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE GERMAN EMPIRE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE ITALY TRIPLE ALLIANCE 1882

Slide 10

Military-strategic plans of the Triple Alliance The German Schlieffen Plan (which was adopted in 1905) provided for, in the event of a war on two fronts, the lightning defeat of France in 6-8 weeks, while the Russian army was being mobilized, and then the transfer of all forces to the east and the defeat of Russia . The Austro-Hungarian plan provided for military operations against Russia and in the Balkans. Depending on Russia’s actions, either a quick defeat of Serbia and strategic defense against Russia, or a common defeat of Russia with Germany with an offensive defeat of Serbia was assumed.

Slide 11

The outbreak of hostilities in 1914 On July 28, 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Russia, in order to contain Austria-Hungary, declared mobilization on July 31. Germany used this as a pretext to declare war on Russia. On August 1, 1914, Germany declared war on Russia and began its own mobilization. This was the beginning of the First World War. On August 2, German troops entered the territory neutral state- Luxembourg (to ensure an attack on Belgium and France). On August 3, 1914, Germany declared war on France. On August 4, 1914, German troops invaded Belgium, violating its internationally recognized neutrality. Taking advantage of this, Great Britain declared war on Germany on the same day. On August 6, 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia. And a few days later she found herself in a state of war with other Entente states. On August 23, 1914, Japan declared war on Germany and seized its colonies in China. On October 29, 1914, without a declaration of war, German ships under the Turkish flag fired at the Russian Black Sea coast. On November 1, 1914, Russia declared war on Turkey, England on the 5th, and France on the 6th. On November 12, Türkiye declared a “holy war” (jihad) against England, France and Russia.

Slide 12

The outbreak of hostilities in 1914 In early August, German troops, in accordance with the Schlieffen plan, went to France through the territory of Belgium, bypassing French troops from the north (the so-called “sickle strikes”). The threat of the defeat of the French army and the fall of Paris forced the Russian command to abandon the guards corps under the command of Samsonov and Renenkampf to East Prussia even before the end of the mobilization of troops. Saving the estates of the Prussian Junkers, the German command transferred part of the troops from France to the east, which defeated the Russian troops, but could not completely defeat them. This slowed down the pace of the German offensive in France. In August-September, a successful offensive of Russian troops began in Galicia, which led to the capture of Western Ukraine (Lviv, the siege of Przemysl) and access to the Carpathian passes by the end of the year. In September, when German troops approached Paris, the Battle of the Marne River took place, in which the French managed to stop the German advance. The front has stabilized. Attempts to bypass each other from the north (the so-called “flight to the sea”) caused the extension of the front line to 600 km. The exhaustion of the parties and the expenditure of ammunition led to the beginning of a “positional war” on the Western Front.

Slide 13

The beginning of hostilities in 1914 In the Balkans, the Serbian army, taking advantage of the weakening of the Austro-Hungarian troops as a result of the “Galician Operation,” launched a counteroffensive and liberated Belgrade on December 15, driving the enemy beyond the borders of Serbia. On the Caucasian front, which was formed after Turkey entered the war, Russian troops repelled the Turkish attempts to seize Russian territories and carried out the successful Sarikamish operation (December 22, 1914 - January 7, 1915), which ended in the defeat of the Turkish 3rd Army. In Mesopatamia, British troops tried to take control of oil-bearing areas (Basra), and in Palestine they managed to stop the advance of Turkish troops towards the Suez Canal. Japan, having entered the war, seized the German colonies in China and did not take further active action. In Africa, German troops, given the advantage of the Entente forces, switched to partisan warfare. Thus, in 1914 Neither side was able to implement its strategic plans to defeat the enemy. The depletion of military supplies and the equivalent confrontation caused a transition to trench warfare (primarily on the Western Front).

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