William Burnes, the poet's father, was born in Clochnahill, Kincardineshire.
1757
William Burnes marries Agnes Brown of Maybole (1732-1820)
1759 January 25
In the village of Alloway
Robert Burns was born
eldest son of William Burnes and Agnes Brown.
Robert and his brother Gilbert are taught by Murdoch at the village school organized by their father and neighbors.
1766
William Burnes moves to Mount Oliphant, a 70-acre farm near Alloway.
1768
Murdoch leaves Alloway. William Burns takes charge of his sons' education.
1772
Robert and Gilbert attend parochial school in Dalrymple.
1773
Robert has been studying grammar and French with Murdoch for three weeks. Burns works on a farm; For the first time he “sins with rhyme”.
1774
Hard times have fallen on Mount Oliphant.
1775
Burns is at Hug Roger's School in Kirkoswald, studying mathematics.
1777
William Burnes moves to Lochley, Tarbolton, to a 130-acre farm on the north bank of the Aire.
1779
Burns joins the Tarbolton dance class.
1780
Burns and others founded the Tarbolton Bachelors' Club "to make life easier for a person tired of life's labors."
1781
Burns works in Erwin, in a flax mill "with great prospects for making a living."
1782
January 1st. Burns returns to Lochley after the fire in Erwin's workshop.
1783
April. The first "Notebook" has been started.
May 17. William Bernes was sent a writ of execution.
Autumn. Robert and Gilbert take the lease of Mossgill, a 118-acre farm near Mauchlin.
1784
February 13. William Burnes dies. Robert moves to Mossgiel "with full determination" and "becomes famous in the area as a rhyme-maker"; becomes a member of the Tarbolton Masonic Lodge.
1785
May 22. Birth of Elizabeth, daughter by his mother's maid Betty Paton. Burns meets Jean Armour.
November 1st. Funeral of John Burns, the poet's younger brother.
1786
April 3 Proposal to send Kilmarnock Poems to the publisher; published April 14.
April Evidence of Burns's connection with Jean Armor "became more and more noticeable every day", the lovers entered into "some kind of marriage contract"; At the end of April, Jean's father does not recognize Burns as his adopted son.
May 14. Estimated date of farewell to Burns and Mary Campbell.
June. A copy of the Poems has been sent to the publisher.
July 9 Burns's first charge of adultery.
July 29. Burns presides over the Masonic Lodge at Mauchlin.
July 31, Monday. The poems were published in Kilmarnock.
September 3 Jean Armor gives birth to twins "Paternal feelings" force Burns to postpone and then cancel his plan to emigrate to Jamaica.
October. Death of Mary the Mountain Lady.
November 27-29. Burns goes to Edinburgh "to try to get a second edition out."
December 9. Henry Mackenzie reviews the Poems in the magazine ".Idler".
December 14. Subscription sheets for the second edition have been released.
1787
February. 1787 Burns commemorates Edinburgh poet Robert Fergusson.
April. The Second Notebook has been started.
April 17. William Creech publishes Poems.
April 23. Burns sells his copyright to Shout for 100 guineas.
May 5-June 1. Burns's journey with his friend, lawyer Robert Ainslie, to the border.
May 22. The first volume of James Johnson's Scottish Music Museum has been published.
End of June. Excursion to Western Scotland to Inveraray and Arrowchar.
August 2. Burns concludes his autobiographical letter to Dr. John Moore.
August 25 - September 16. Burns's journey with Edinburgh schoolmaster William Nicol to the Highlands of Scotland.
October 4-20. Burns travels with Dr. Adair and visits Sir William Murray of Ochterthayer. Returns to Edinburgh, where he lives with William Cruikshank.
October. Death of the poet's daughter, Jean.
november. The first London edition of the Poems is published. Burns begins to add to the Scottish Music Museum.
December 4th. Burns meets Mrs. McLiose, "Clarinda".
1788
February 14. The second volume of The Scottish Music Museum has been published.
February 18. Burns returns to Ayrshire to Jean Armor, despite the “sacrilege” of comparing her to Clarinda.
End of February. Burns visits Ellisland Farm near Dumfries, offered to him as a lease by Patrick Miller of Doleswinton.
March 3. Jean Armor gave birth to twin girls, one of whom died on March 10 and the other on March 18. After a brief visit to Edinburgh and Clarinda, Burns prepares to settle in Ellisland.
March 13. Burns returns to Edinburgh.
March 18. Burns leases a farm in Elisland.
1788
June. Burns goes to Ellisland (followed by Jean in December).
July 14. Burns is appointed exciseman. Beginning of friendship with the Riddell family.
August 5 Reverend William and the Mochlin Church recognize the legal marriage of Burns and Jean Armor.
1789
June-July. The Riddells introduce Burns to Captain Francis Grose, for whom Tam O'Shanter was written.
July 14 Fall of the Bastille.
August 18. Burns' son Francis Wallace is born.
September 1st. Burns starts working in the excise office for £50.
november Burns "has been sick all winter. Continuous headache, depressed mood and really bad consequences of a shattered nervous system"; struggles with his farm and travels "on excise business not less than 200 miles every week"; but “in no way broke with the Muses.”
1790
February The third volume of The Scottish Music Museum has been published.
July. General elections.
July 24 Death of William Burns in London.
November 1st. Work on the poem "Tam O" Shanter has been completed.
1791
January 30. Death of Burns' patron, the Earl of Glencairn.
March 31st. Burns' daughter Elizabeth was born in Dumfries by Anna Park.
April 9. Burns' son William Nicol was born in Ellisland.
April"Tam O' Shanter" is published in "Scottish Antiquities" by Francis Grose.
June 19 - 22 Burns at Brother Gilbert's wedding in Ayrshire.
August 25. Burns's crop was sold at auction in Ellisland with a remarkable scene of drunkenness, with "about thirty men taking part in the battle... within three hours of the auction."
September 10. Burns gives up his lease in Ellisland and devotes his time to working in the excise.
November 11 Burns moves to Dumfries.
November 29 - December 11. Burns goes to Edinburgh and says goodbye to Clarinda.
1792
February. Burns is appointed to the Excise Department of the Port of Dumfries on a salary of £70 per annum, with the prospect of an additional income of £15.
April. A new edition of the Poems, which were published by Creech in February, is planned.
August. The fourth volume of The Scottish Music Museum has been published. Sixty of the hundred songs were written or arranged by Burns.
September 16. Burns agrees to contribute to George Thomson's (1793-1818) Select Collection of Original Scottish Tunes.
November 21st. Burns' daughter Elizabeth Riddell is born. Mrs. Burns "seems determined to make me the leader of the gang."
December 31st. Burns is accused of political unreliability during the revolutionary unrest in Dumfries.
1793
January 5th. The political storm swept through, but Burns "henceforth imposed a seal of silence regarding these unsuccessful politicians."
February 1st. France declared war on Britain.
February 18. Second Edinburgh edition of Poems.
May. Thomson's Select Collection published for the first time.
July 30 - August 2. Burns's trip with John Syme to Galloway.
December 9 Isabella Burns gets married in Mossgiel.
December 31st. Burns quarrels with the Rydells.
1794
February. Burns sends 41 songs to Johnson despite his winter blues.
April 20. Death of Robert Riddell.
June 25 - 28 Burns's second trip with John Syme to Galloway.
August 12. Burns' son James Glencairn is born.
november. Burns' search for English songs for the Thomson collection.
December 22. Burns is appointed as Acting Inspector of Excise at Dumfries.
1795
January 12. The cooling of relations between Burns and Mrs. Dunlop.
January 31st. Burns takes part in organizing a detachment of Dumfries volunteers.
June 24. Death of William Smellie.
September. Burns' daughter Elizabeth Riddell dies.
December - January. Burns is suffering from a severe attack of rheumatic heart disease.
1796
January-March. Famine and unrest in Dumfries.
July 4th. Burns, in his final illness, fights to support the collection of songs for Thomson.
July 18. Burns writes his last letter.
July 21. Burns dies in Dumfries.
July 25. Burns' funeral. His fifth son Maxwell was born.
Information from the site: http://www.robertburns.plus.com/Chronology.htm supplemented with drawings from the book by R.Ya. Wright-Kovaleva “Robert Burns” from the series “Life of Remarkable People”, Moscow, “Young Guard”, 1961 .
Burns Robert (1759-1796)
Scottish poet. Born in the village of Alloway, near the city of Ayr in Scotland, into a poor peasant family. All my life I struggled with extreme poverty. He started writing poetry at the age of 15.
He combined poetic creativity with work on a farm, then with the position of an excise official (from 1789). Satirical poems. "The Two Shepherds" and "The Prayer of Holy Willie" circulated in manuscript and cemented Burns' reputation as a freethinker. His first book, Poems Written Primarily in the Scottish Dialect, immediately brought the poet wide fame.
Burns prepared Scottish songs for publication for the Edinburgh edition of The Scottish Musical Museum and A Select Collection of Original Scottish Tunes.
Burns welcomed the Great French Revolution(poem “Tree of Liberty”, etc.) and the rise of the revolutionary democratic movement in Scotland and England.
Based on folklore and old Scottish literature, having assimilated the advanced ideas of the Enlightenment, he created poetry that was original and modern in spirit and content.
Burns's work (“Honest Poverty”, etc.) affirms the personal dignity of a person, which the poet places above titles and wealth. Poems in praise of work, creativity, fun, freedom, selfless and selfless love and friendship coexist in his poetry with satire, humor, tenderness and sincerity with irony and sarcasm.
Burns's poems are characterized by simplicity of expression, emotionality, and internal drama, which often manifests itself in the composition (“Jolly Beggars”, etc.). Numerous of his songs are set to music and live in oral performance. Burns's poems have been translated into many languages of the world.
Burns died on 21 July 1796 in Dumfries. He was only 37 years old. According to contemporaries, the cause of Burns's early death was excessive alcohol consumption. Historians and biographers of the 20th century are inclined to believe that Burns died from the consequences of hard physical labor in his youth with congenital rheumatic carditis, which in 1796 was aggravated by diphtheria he suffered.
- January 3, 1891 Osip Mandelstam was born in Warsaw into the family of a merchant.
- 1907 Graduated from the Tenishevsky School in St. Petersburg.
- 1907-1910 Osip Mandelstam listens to lectures in Paris, in 1909-1910 in Heidelberg.
- 1911-1917 studies at the Romano-Germanic department of St. Petersburg University, studying Old French language and literature (did not complete the course).
- 1909 Meeting Vyach.Ivanov and I.Annensky.
- 1910 Mandelstam's poems first appear in print in the Apollo magazine. In his early poems the influence of Symbolist poetry is noticeable.
- 1911 Mandelstam became close to N.S. Gumilyov and A.A. Akhmatova; in 1913 his poems Notre Dame and Hagia Sophia were published in the program collection of Acmeists.
- 1913 The first book of poems is published - “Stone” (2nd, expanded edition, 1916)
- 1914
First world war Mandelstam first welcomes, then debunks (“Menagerie”).
In Mandelstam’s post-revolutionary poems, along with the acceptance of the revolution in a general democratic spirit (“January 1, 1924”), the personal theme of “renegade,” “sick son of the century,” etc., sounds increasingly louder, which leads to the gradual social and literary isolation of the poet. - 1919-1922 Mandelstam leaves hungry St. Petersburg to the south (Ukraine, Crimea, Caucasus: memoirs “Feodosiya”, 1925), but refuses to emigrate
- 1922 He settles in Moscow with his young wife N.Ya. Khazina (N.Ya. Mandelstam), who will become his support for the rest of his life, and after the death of her husband, she will save his legacy. In the same year, Mandelstam’s second book, “Tristia,” was published.
- 1923 The Second Book is published.
- 1924-1928
Since 1924, Mandelstam has lived in Leningrad, since 1928 in Moscow, without his own home, earning money through grueling translations.
After 1925, Mandelstam stopped writing poetry for five years; Only in 1928 the final collection “Poems” and the prose story “The Egyptian Brand” were published. - 1930 Mandelstam writes “The Fourth Prose,” a harsh denunciation of the new regime, and in 1933 a poetic invective (“epigram”) against Stalin (“We live without feeling the country beneath us...”). This break with the official ideology gives him the strength to return to creativity (for with rare exceptions, “on the table”, not for printing). At this time, the articles “Save my speech...”, “For explosive valor centuries to come...", "Armenia", essays "Travel to Armenia" (1833), "Conversation about Dante" (1933).
- 1934 Mandelstam was arrested (for the “epigram” and other poems), exiled to Cherdyn in the Northern Urals, and after an attack of mental illness and a suicide attempt, he was transferred to Voronezh. There he served exile until May 1937, living almost beggarly, first on small earnings, then on the meager help of friends. Mandelstam is waiting to be shot: the unexpected leniency of the sentence causes mental turmoil in him, which resulted in a series of poems with an open acceptance of Soviet reality and a readiness for sacrificial death (“Stanzas” 1935 and 1937, the so-called “ode” to Stalin 1937, etc.); however, many researchers see in them only self-coercion or “Aesopian language.” The central work of the Voronezh years is “Poems about the Unknown Soldier.”
- 1937 After Voronezh, Mandelstam lives for a year in the vicinity of Moscow.
- 1938 Mandelstam is arrested a second time “for counter-revolutionary activities” and sent to Kolyma
- December 27, 1938 Osip Emilievich Mandelstam dies in a transit camp, in a state close to madness, according to the official conclusion, from cardiac paralysis.
His name remained banned in the USSR for about 20 years.
In the period 1787-1794, the famous poems "Tam o'Shanter" (1790) and "Honest Poverty" ("A Man's A Man For A' That", 1795), "Ode Dedicated to the Memory of Mrs. Oswald" (“Ode, sacred to the Memory of Mrs. Oswald”, 1789). In a poem dedicated to John Anderson (1789), the thirty-year-old author unexpectedly reflects on the decline of life, on death.
In essence, Burns was forced to study poetry in between his main work. He spent his last years in poverty and a week before his death he almost ended up in debtor's prison.
Burns died on July 21, 1796 in Dumfries, where he had gone sick on official business 2 weeks before his death. He was only 37 years old. According to biographers of the 19th century, one of the reasons for Burns’s sudden death was excessive drinking. Historians of the 20th century are inclined to believe that Burns died from the consequences of hard physical labor in his youth and congenital rheumatic carditis, which in 1796 was aggravated by the diphtheria he suffered.
Main dates of the poet's life
- January 25, 1759 - Robert Burns is born.
- 1765 - Robert and his brother enter school.
- 1766 - move to Mount Oliphant farm.
- 1774 - Robert writes his first poems.
- 1777 - move to Lochley Farm.
- July 4, 1781 - initiated into the Brotherhood of Freemasons at St. David's Lodge No. 174, Tarbolton.
- 1784 - death of father, move to Mossgiel.
- 1785 - Robert meets Jean, “The Jolly Beggars”, “Field Mice” and many other poems are written.
- 1786 - Burns transfers rights to Mossgiel farm to his brother; birth of twins; trip to Edinburgh.
- 1787 - the poet was admitted to the Grand Lodge of Scotland; the first Edinburgh edition of the poems is published; trips around Scotland.
- 1789 - work as an excise man.
- 1792 - appointment to the port inspection.
- 1793 - second Edinburgh edition of poems in two volumes.
- December 1795 - Burns is in serious condition, possibly related to the removal of teeth.
- July 21, 1796 - death
- July 25, 1796 - funeral, on the same day Burns' fifth son, Maxwell, was born.
Burns language
Although Burns studied at a rural school, his teacher was a man with a university education - John Murdoch (1747-1824). Scotland was then experiencing the peak of national revival, was one of the most cultural corners of Europe, and had five universities. Under Murdoch's direction, Burns studied, among other things, the poetry of Alexander Pope. As the manuscripts testify, literary English Burns mastered it impeccably (he wrote “A Countryman’s Saturday Evening,” “Sonnet to a Blackbird,” and some other poems) on it. The use of Scots (“the dialect” of English, as opposed to Gaelic - the Celtic Scottish language) in most works is a conscious choice of the poet, declared in the title of the first collection “Poems predominantly in the Scottish dialect”.
"Burns stanza"
A special form of stanza is associated with the name of Burns: a six-line stanza according to the AAABAB scheme with shortened fourth and sixth lines. A similar scheme is known in medieval lyric poetry, in particular in Provençal poetry (since the 11th century), but its popularity has faded since the 16th century. It survived in Scotland, where it was widely used before Burns, but is associated with his name and is known as the “Burns stanza”, although its official name is the standard gabby, it comes from the first work that made this stanza famous in Scotland - “Elegy on Death” Gabby Simpson, Piper of Kilbarchan" (c. 1640) by Robert Sempill of Beltrees; "Gabby" is not a proper name, but a nickname for natives of the town of Kilbarchan in Western Scotland. This form was also used in Russian poetry, for example, in Pushkin’s poems “Echo” and “Collapse”.
Chronological table
1186 Henry VI, son of Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, and Constance of Sicily are married in Milan, giving Henry VI hope of the crown of Sicily.
1187 In October, Sultan Saladin of Egypt conquers Acre, Jerusalem with the Holy Sepulcher. This was the reason for the third crusade.
1189 On May 11, the crusader army under the leadership of Frederick I Barbarossa departs from Regensburg. In November, King William of Sicily dies childless - Henry VI claims the throne.
1190 Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Saleph River in Asia Minor. Merchants from Lübeck and Bremen found the Teutonic Order in the Holy Land (initially as an order for the care of the sick).
1191 April 15, Pope Celestine III crowns Henry and his wife Constance emperor and empress. Henry goes south to conquer Sicily. Due to an epidemic in the German army, the siege of Naples ends. Heinrich also falls ill and returns to Germany. His wife Constance is captured by the Sicilian anti-king Tancred di Lecce. The Hohenzollerns become Counts of Nuremberg.
1192 Conspiracy of princes against Emperor Henry VI with the active participation of Henry the Lion. After the capture of the English king Richard Lionheart the conspiracy falls apart. The million-dollar ransom received by Henry VI for the release of Richard the Lionheart strengthens the emperor's power so much that internal German opposition disappears.
1194 In February, after receiving a huge ransom sum, Richard the Lionheart gains freedom, recognizing the rights of the supreme overlord for the emperor. In February, the Sicilian anti-king Tancred of Leccia dies. On December 25, in the cathedral in Palermo, Henry VI was crowned King of Sicily. A day later, on December 26, the heir of Henry VI, the future Emperor Frederick I, is born in Jesi in Ancona. Initially, his mother, Constance, named him Constantine, but later the boy was renamed Frederick Roger in honor of his grandfathers.
1195 At the court council in Bari, Constance is declared regent, and Germans are appointed to the highest leading positions. In July, Henry VI returns to Germany to settle the issue of succession to the throne and prepare for the promised crusade. In December, he proposes to the imperial princes to make their imperial fiefs hereditary. In exchange, Henry VI demands that they agree to the Staufen succession to the throne. At first the princes agree. But a year later they revoke their agreement. From the point of view of political influence, the right to elect a king seems more important to them than inheriting a fief. On August 6, Heinrich the Lion, the main rival of the Staufens, dies in Brunswick.
1196 In December, the imperial princes elect the emperor's son, Frederick, as German king. The heyday of the cities of Flanders begins. Ghent and Bruges are developing especially rapidly, as well as Venice, Pisa, Milan and Genoa.
1197 The German crusaders are already on their way to Palestine, an uprising flares up in Sicily, which prevents the emperor from leaving. On September 28, he died suddenly in Messina at the age of thirty-one.
1198 In January, ninety-year-old Pope Celestine III dies. On the same day, thirty-seven-year-old Count Lothair di Segni is elected pope under the name Innocent III. In March, the twenty-year-old brother of Emperor Henry VI, Philip of Swabia, with the assistance of some imperial princes, was elected king of the Germans. The regency turned out to be unfavorable for Frederick, who had already been elected in 1196. On Trinity Sunday, Frederick is crowned King of Sicily in Palermo. In June, Henry's son Leo is elected king in opposition to Philip of Swabia. He is crowned in Aachen (the traditional coronation site) under the name of Otto IV. Philip will be crowned in Mainz in September. (In an inappropriate place, but with real signs of royalty.) In November, Constance, Empress and Queen of Sicily, Frederick's mother, appoints Pope Innocent III as her son's guardian and dies. The heyday of medieval love poetry, its best examples are presented in the works of Walter von der Vogelweide. The Teutonic Order, founded in 1190, becomes spiritual knightly order with residence in Acre (Palestine).
1201 In March, Pope Innocent III changes his neutral position in the dispute over the German throne in favor of Welf Otto IV. Philip of Swabia and his supporters are excommunicated. Frederick, under the tutelage of Count Gentile Manupello, brother of the bishop and Sicilian chancellor Walter Pagliara, is in the fortress of Castellammare.
1202 In the internal German conflict between the Schaufen and the Welf, preference is given to Philip of Swabia. The foundation stone for the cathedral in Freiburg, the construction of which was completed in 1536. In Italy, Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci introduced Arabic numerals.
1204 Start of construction cathedral in Molfetta (Apulia), which is characterized by a mixture of Byzantine, Saracen and Romanesque styles.
1205 Wolfram von Eschenbach creates the epic of Parzival.
1206 The last knight-adventurer, a native of the German lands, William Capparone, was expelled from Sicily.
1207 Singing competition in the Wartburg. Saint Elizabeth of Thuringia was born in Hungary.
1208 In June, Count Palatine Otto von Wittelsbach assassinates King Philip of Swabia in Bamberg. In November, Otto IV was elected king for the second time in Frankfurt. On December 28, Frederick becomes of age and gets the opportunity to rule on his own.
1209 In August, at the request of the pope, fifteen-year-old Frederick marries twenty-five-year-old Constance of Aragon, widow of the Hungarian king Emmerich. In October, Otto IV becomes emperor; The coronation takes place in Rome. Breaking all agreements and treaties with the pope, he goes south, trying to conquer Sicily and expel Frederick II.
1210 In November, Pope Innocent III declares Otto IV excommunicated and, with the participation of the French king Philip the Augustus, proposes Frederick of Hohenschaufen to the German throne. Gottfried von Strasburg writes Tristan.
1211 In September in Nuremberg, the German princes elect Frederick II as king (afterwards, according to G. Mitgeis, he immediately becomes emperor) and declare Otto IV deposed, which is why the latter is forced to return to Germany. Frederick's first son, Heinrich, was born.
1212 In January, the embassy of the German princes in Palermo offers Frederick the German crown. In March (in Palm Sunday) begins Friedrich's adventurous journey to Germany. Before leaving, he crowns his son, Henry, king of Sicily, and declares his wife, Constance, regent. In April, on Easter Sunday, Frederick meets Pope Innocent III for the first and only time. He takes an oath of allegiance to the pope, his overlord, as his Sicilian captive, solemnly promises to share royal (regnum) and imperial power and cede Sicily to his son, Henry, after a successful coronation. At the request of the pope, Berard Di Castaccia, Archbishop of Bari, and subsequently Palermo, becomes Frederick's advisor and companion. In July, Otto IV marries fifteen-year-old Beatrice, daughter of the murdered King Philip of Swabia, to attract Hohenschaufen adherents to his side. Beatrice dies a few days later. In September, Frederick II arrived in Constance, shortly before the arrival of Otto IV, and from there headed to Basel. In October, Frederick held the first court council in Haguenau in Alsace. The chancellor of Emperor Otto IV, Bishop Conrad of Schlagenberg, goes over to Frederick's side. In November, in Vancouleurs near Tours, Frederick II meets with the future French king Louis VIII. For a promise not to conclude a separate peace with Otto IV or with his English uncle John the Landless, Frederick receives twenty thousand silver marks from France. On December 9, Frederick's coronation took place in Mainz through the presentation of duplicate royal insignia. Their original is still in the hands of Otto IV. Beginning of construction of the Cathedral in Reims.
1213 Otto IV marries Mary, daughter and heiress of Duke Henry I of Brabant, intending to gain supporters among the Low German nobles.
On July 12, Trinity Sunday, in Eger, with the Golden Bull, Frederick II confirms the pope's rights to Central Italy. He, like his predecessor Otto IV, renounces the right to inherit the property of deceased priests and from interference in the election of bishops.
In addition, as payment for his election as king, he grants the German princes a number of privileges. The Golden Bull of Eger is seen as the starting point for the formation of territorial states in Germany.
1214 July 27, the French king Philip II Augustus at Bouvines (Lille) defeats the army of Emperor Otto IV and his English allies. In December, Frederick II concluded an agreement in Metz with the Danish king Valdemar, according to which he transferred German lands on the other side of the Elbe to Denmark.
1215 July 25 Frederick is crowned for the second time in Aachen, the traditional venue for coronation ceremonies, this time with the delivery of the true insignia. At the age of twenty-one, he suddenly makes a promise to go on a crusade, keeping it only thirteen years later. In November, Pope Innocent III opens the fourth council. The thesis about the transfiguration of the flesh and blood of Christ during the sacrament of communion is accepted. The validity of Frederick II's claims to the German crown is recognized. The Magna Carta is adopted in England. Frederick II grants fief to his follower Walter von der Vogelweide.
1216 Frederick II again promises the pope, immediately after his coronation with the imperial crown, to transfer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies to his son Henry.
Pope Innocent III dies on July 16. His successor is Pope Honorius III. Frederick II orders his wife Constance to arrive in Germany with her son Henry. Frederick II awards his five-year-old son the title of Duke of Swabia. A little later, after the Zähringers died out, he transfers Burgundy under his rule. Henry, crowned King of Sicily, becomes Imperial Prince.
1217-1218 Hungarian King Andras II, father of Saint Elizabeth, goes on a crusade.
1218 Otto IV, aged thirty-five, dies in Harzburg.
1220 On April 3, eight-year-old Henry was “unexpectedly” elected king at a court council in Frankfurt. Three days later, on April 26, in gratitude to the spiritual princes, Frederick granted them significant privileges (“Confederation based on church laws”). In August, Frederick travels to Rome, where Pope Honorius III crowns him emperor on November 22. In December, after an eight-year absence, Frederick returned to the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Following the introduction of the Capuan Assizes code of laws, he returned to the crown most of the alienated fiefs distributed after 1189.
1221-1225 Conquest and suppression of Sicily.
1222 In Veroli, Frederick II receives from Pope Honorius III a reprieve from participating in the crusade until victory over the island Saracens - Empress Constance dies on June 23.
1223 July 14, the French king Philip Augustus dies. His successor is Louis VIII. In Ferentino, the emperor makes a vow to the pope to begin the crusade before 1225. At the same meeting, a plan is discussed for Frederick to marry Isabella (Iolanthe) de Brienne, heir to the crown of Jerusalem. A palace is being built in Foggia.
1224 Relocation of the Saracens to the continent. A Saracen settlement emerges in Lucera. Frederick founded a university in Naples.
1225 The appointed time for Frederick to set out on the crusade passes. The Emperor is forced to sign the Treaty of San Germano: if he does not go on crusade before August 1227, he faces a heavy fine and excommunication.
On November 8, Frederick II marries Isabella (Iolanthe) de Brienne, heir to the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
Construction begins on St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna.
1226 In the Golden Bull adopted in Rimini, the Teutonic Order receives the right to create its own order territory in Prussia.
The Master of the Teutonic Order, Hermann von Salza, is in Germany as an intermediary for the Emperor. There he recruits people to participate in the planned crusade.
On September 5, Louis VIII dies, and Saint Louis IX becomes his successor on the throne of France. On October 3, Francis of Assisi (Giovanni Bernadone) dies.
1227 March 13 Pope Honorius III dies. Gregory IX, a relative of Pope Innocent III from the house of the Counts of Segni, known as Cardinal Hugo(lino) of Ostia, becomes pope.
At the beginning of September, the Crusader fleet sails for the Holy Land. Frederick, falling ill, returns and is excommunicated. Death of Genghis Khan.
1228 April 25, Frederick II's son Conrad is born. Frederick's wife Isabella (Iolanthe) de Brienne dies six days after giving birth, at the age of seventeen.
On June 28, Frederick II, having been excommunicated, goes on a crusade. On September 7 he arrives in Acre. Split in the army of the crusaders. Canonization of Francis of Assisi.
1229 February 18, Frederick II concludes an agreement with Sultan Malik el-Kamil, according to which Jerusalem, Bethlehem and Nazareth are handed over to Christians without a fight.
On May 1, Frederick II leaves the Holy Land and arrives in Brindisi on June 10. He expels the pope's troops and regains full power in the Kingdom of Sicily. Walter von der Vogelweide dies.
1230 August 28, at the conclusion of the Peace of San Germano, the pope releases the emperor from excommunication. The issue of Lombardy is not resolved in the treaty. The hunting castle of Emperor Gravina di Puglia is being built.
1231 In May, King Henry (VII) issues Statuum in favorem principum in Germany. It equates secular princes with spiritual ones. In August, Frederick II publishes the "Constitution of Melfi". It became the basis for the formation of a centralized totalitarian state. The Pope, as overlord of Sicily, protests. In November the Reichstag was held in Ravenna. The militia of the cities of Lombardy block the passes in the Alps, preventing the arrival of the German princes. The Emperor is forced to move the Reichstag. Death of Saint Elizabeth (November 17). Pope Gregory IX prohibits Aristotle's On the Nature of Things.
1232 In March, Frederick II issues new laws against heretics in Ravenna. On Easter, a court council was held in Aquileia. King Henry is deeply humiliated due to his policies against the princes. In “Statuum in favorem principum” the emperor enshrined the expansion of the rights of princes.
1233 Uprisings in Sicily and Italy. Friedrich rushes to help his dad. Frederick II gives the order to build a castle in Capua. “The Saxon Mirror” by Eike von Rephoff.
1234 The court council led by King Henry (VII) condemns the unjust persecution of heretics (Conrad of Marburg). 5 June, Pope Gregory IX, at the request of the emperor, excommunicates his son Henry (VII) from the church. In September, King Henry (VII) negotiated with cities hostile to the emperor and in December concluded an alliance with the cities of Lombardy directed against the emperor.
1235 In May, Frederick II leaves for Germany without an army, but accompanied by an exotic retinue. In Regensburg, he enters into the engagement of his son, Conrad IV, with Elizabeth, daughter of the Bavarian Duke Otto II. On July 2, King Henry (VII) was captured by his father in Wimpfen. He was subsequently put on trial. He was dethroned. On August 15, the Reichstag in Mainz proclaimed the so-called “Mainz General Peace” - the publication of the first written law, moreover, on German. Shortly before this, on July 15, Frederick II marries Princess Isabella of England in Worms; she turned 21. The German princes decide to go on a military campaign against Lombardy together with Frederick II. Welf Otto I becomes Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. Frederick II spent the winter of 1235-1236 in the Hohenstaufen domains in Alsace (Haguenau Palatinate).
1236 May 1 Frederick takes part in the consecration of the relics of St. Elizabeth. The emperor's son, Henry (VII), a prisoner, is being taken through Venice to Apulia. There he is imprisoned for four years in the Rocca San Felice in Venosa; he is then transferred to Nicastro, a mountain fortress in Calabria. In 1242 he dies in prison. In the summer, Frederick leaves Germany and heads to Lombardy. He enters into an alliance with Ezzelino di Romano, Margrave of Verona, against Lombardy. In November, Frederick II interrupts the Lombard military campaign and heads to Vienna.
1237 At the beginning of the year, Frederick II arrives in Vienna. He deprives Babenberg - Frederick the Shrew - of his ducal title. The election of Conrad IV as German king and heir to the imperial throne. Court council in Speyer on Whitsunday. Re-election of Conrad IV as king. In mid-September, Frederick appears in Verona with an army of twelve thousand. On October 1, Mantua surrenders. November 27 - victory over the Lombard League at Cortenuova. Frederick II rejects Milan's offer of unconditional loyalty for centuries and demands unconditional surrender.
1238 In July, a court council was held in Verona. On August 3, the siege of Brescia begins, which had to be interrupted in October without achieving success. In October, the pope accuses Frederick of violating the peace treaty of San Germano. At the same time, Frederick arranges the betrothal of his son Enzio to Adelasia, heir to two large provinces of Sardinia. He proclaims Enzio king of Sardinia, regardless of the pope's sovereign rights over Sardinia. Sultan Malik el-Kamil died.
1239 The Emperor questions the authority of the Pope and calls the College of Cardinals equal to the papal throne. On March 20, Frederick was again excommunicated. Hermann von Salza, the constant mediator between the emperor and the pope, died in Barletta. On June 21, the pope in his manifesto calls Frederick the Antichrist. King Enzio is appointed stadtholder of all Italy.
1240 In January, King Enzio invades the Papal State. The Emperor stands under the walls of Rome. Pope Gregory IX manages to once again win the Romans over to his side. The Emperor abandons the attack on Rome and returns to the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Military campaign in Romagna. Conquest of Ravenna. Beginning of the siege of Faenza.
1241 Faenza fell on April 14. On May 3, the imperial fleet won the naval battle of Monte Cristo. One hundred prelates are captured, thereby creating an obstacle to the council convened by the pope. A new military campaign against Rome. Pope Gregory IX dies on August 22. Tatar invasion of Silesia. Duke Henry of Silesia, son-in-law of Saint Elizabeth, fell on the battlefield at Liegnitz. Frederick again invades the boundaries of the papal state. On October 25, the “conclave under the yoke of fear” begins. A few weeks later, the ill-treated cardinals elected the Milanese Giofredo Castiglioni (Gaufridus) pope under the name Celestine IV. He dies seventeen days later. The throne remains vacant for twenty-two months. On December 1, the third wife of Frederick II, twenty-seven-year-old Isabella of England, dies.
1242 Frederick II advances to the outskirts of Rome. He remains there until May 1243.
1243 June 25, the Genoese Sinibaldo Fieschi is unanimously elected Pope Innocent IV. Negotiations between the pope and the emperor failed. Thomas Aquinas joins the Dominican Order.
1244 On March 31, the previous peace treaty between the pope and the emperor is terminated at the request of the Lombard League. On June 28, the pope manages to avoid meeting with the emperor: he flees to Genoa, and from there to Lyon, where he appoints a council for June 28. In August, Christians lose Jerusalem forever. Frederick II, having practically submitted, offers to go on a campaign to the Holy Land for three years to liberate the holy places, promising to liberate the papal state and completely leave the pope to resolve the Lombardy issue. Then the pope ordered Frederick to be lifted from excommunication on May 6, 1245. But the pope soon rescinds the pardon: Frederick II vindictively attacks Viterbo and thereby deprives all credibility of his statement about the desire for peace.
1245 June 26th Council of Lyon begins. Almost simultaneously, the emperor held the Reichstag in Verona. His plans to marry Gertrude of Austria from the Babenberg dynasty are upset. On July 17, the pope declares Emperor Frederick II deposed. His subjects are exempt from the oath of allegiance. Albertus Magnus teaches at the University of Paris.
1246 At Easter, a plot against Frederick II and King Enzio is revealed. The main conspirators were put to a painful death. In May, Landgrave Heinrich Raspe, as the pope's candidate, is elected king in Germany. On September 1, King Conrad IV marries Elizabeth of Bavaria, thereby strengthening his position in Southern Germany. Austria and Styria, after the death of Duke Frederick the Shrew, were returned to the empire and governed by captains general.
1248 February 18, Frederick's besieged city of Victoria near Parma is attacked and plundered by the besieged. The sixth crusade begins under the leadership of King Louis IX of France. It continues until 1254. In 1250, King Louis was captured by Mansur. Construction begins on Cologne Cathedral and the Sainte-Chapelle Church in Paris.
1249 In February, the fraud of Peter from Vinei is revealed; he commits suicide while in prison. Frederick II's personal physician tries to poison him. On May 26, the inhabitants of Bologna capture King Enzio. Around the same time, the first records of "Carmatana" and northern carapaces appeared.
1250 In August, the new anti-king William of Holland submits to the power of Hohenstaufen - King Conrad IV. At the end of November, Frederick II is struck infectious disease intestines. In the will, the emperor determines the order of succession to the throne in the empire. On December 13, Emperor Frederick II dies in Fiorentino in Apulia. He is buried in the cathedral in Palermo. Conrad IV, German king since 1237, takes over. His half-brother Manfred rules the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
1252 King Conrad IV goes to Sicily. On March 25, from his marriage to Elizabeth of Bavaria, a son, Conrad (the future Conradin), is born.
1254 March 21 King Conrad dies of malaria. December 7th marks the death of Pope Innocent IV; On December 12, Pope Alexander, Count of Segni, dies - he is replaced on the papal throne by Alexander IV, also Count of Segni (1254-1261).
1257 In double elections in Germany, Alphonse of Castile and Richard of Cornwall are elected kings.
1258 Manfred is crowned in Palermo with the Sicilian crown.
1266 January 6 Charles of Anjou is crowned in Rome with the Sicilian crown. He takes an indispensable oath about the inviolability of church freedoms and the separation of the kingdom and empire. On February 26, at the Battle of Beneventa, King Manfred dies and the throne passes to Charles of Anjou.
1268 Sixteen-year-old Conradin, grandson of Emperor Frederick II, crosses the Alps to reconquer the Hohenstaufen Empire. In August, at the Battle of Tagliacozzo, he was defeated by Charles of Anjou and captured. On October 29, he, along with his friend Frederick of Baden, was executed at the fairgrounds of Naples in the presence of Charles of Anjou.
1272 King Enzio dies after twenty-three years of imprisonment, during which he had to endure the death of the House of Hohenstaufen.
From the book Magellan. The man and his deeds by Zweig StefanChronological table Book “Magellan. Man and His Deeds” was published by Reichner Publishing House in 1938. As the author points out in the preface, he began working on this work during a trip to Brazil (August
From the book Personal Memoirs of H. P. Blavatsky by Neff Mary K From the book Newton author Kartsev Vladimir PetrovichChronological table 1831 Born in Yekaterinoslavl (August 12, July 30-31, Russian style). 1834 Birth of sister Vera 1842 Birth of brother Leonid. Death of mother, moving to grandparents. 1844-1845 Arrival in London with father. Also to France and Germany. 1848 Marriage in
From the book Shakespeare author Morozov Mikhail MikhailovichBRIEF CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 1642- Beginning of the Civil War in England.- December 25 - Isaac Newton was born in Woolsthorpe, near Grantham. 1644- Publication of R. Descartes' book "Principles of Philosophy". 1648- Newton visits village primary schools. 1649- Execution of Charles I England announcement
From the book Admiral Kolchak author Povolyaev Valery DmitrievichCHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF SHAKESPEARE'S WORKS The dating of Shakespeare's works is far from definitively established. In other books about Shakespeare the reader will find dates that in some cases differ from those we give in the following table. Reduced
From the book The Riddle of Christ by Flusser DavidChronological table Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak was born on November 4, 1874, 1888–1894. – studies in the Naval Cadet Corps. September 15, 1894 – promoted to midshipman. 1895–1899. – overseas voyage on the cruiser “Rurik” (as an assistant watch commander) and
From the book Nabokov in Berlin by Urban ThomasChronological table 330 BC e. - Alexander the Great conquers the Persian Empire and, within it, Palestine... BC. e. - Egyptian Ptolemaic dynasty: Ptolemy conquers Palestine... BC. e. - Syrian Seleucid dynasty: Antiochus III (the Great)
From the book by Franz Kafka. Prisoner of the Absolute by Brod MaxAppendix III CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE Some reference books indicate April 22, 1899 as the date of birth of Vladimir Nabokov, others indicate April 23, 1899. The reason is the difference between the Julian calendar in force in tsarist times, which today
From the book of Scipio Africanus author Bobrovnikova Tatyana AndreevnaChronological table 1883. Born in Prague on July 3, 1893 - 1901. Studied at the German state gymnasium. 1901. Began studying at the German University in Prague. Was in Munich for some time. 1902. Plans for studying at the Vienna Export Academy. Start of correspondence with
From the book Shkuro: Under the sign of the wolf author Rynkevich Vladimir PetrovichAPPENDIX I. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 246 - birth of Hannibal. 239 - birth of Cato (or 234 BC) and the poet Ennius. 237 - Hamilcar Barca and his sons leave for Spain. Oath of Hannibal.235 - birth of Scipio.230 - death of Hamilcar. c. 227 - birth of Titus Flamininus.221
From the book of Casanova author Morozova Elena VyacheslavovnaChronological table (old style to 1917, hereinafter - new) 1886 February 7 in the village of Pashkovskaya (suburb of Ekaterinodar) in the family of the captain of the Kuban Cossack army Grigory Fedorovich Shkuro and Anastasia Andreevna, a son Andrei was born. 1907 June - Andrei
From the book by Moliere author Bordonov GeorgesCHRONOLOGICAL TABLE Main stages life path Casanova, supplemented by events taking place in Europe at that time 1724 February 27 Marriage of Zanetta Farussi (1708–1776) and Gaetano Giuseppe Casanova (1697–1733) 1715–1774 - reign of the French king Louis XV 1725
Loading...